自由意志 : 实证心理学的视角 1 引言生命诚可贵, 爱情价更高 若为自由故, 两者皆可抛 ( ) 2 自由意志存在吗? (Nichols, 2011), (Petofi Sandor)

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1 2012, Vol. 20, No. 11, Advances in Psychological Science DOI: /SP.J 自由意志 : 实证心理学的视角 (, ) 自由意志是哲学史上最古老 最持久和最艰难的问题之一, 并且一直是哲学, 包括实证主义哲学和人文主义哲学关注的问题 近年来, 心理学家开始尝试用实证科学的方法探索自由意志的心理机制 影响及表达 研究发现虽然自由意志是一种错觉, 但人们仍然相信它的存在, 并受到它的影响 自由意志与道德责任 道德行为 创造力 自尊和幸福等概念有密切关系 未来研究应在自由意志的概念界定 产生机制 作用功能等方面进行更深入的探索, 并从实证 理论和常识三种水平上综合考察 理解自由意志问题 自由意志 ; 实验哲学 ; 决定论 B849:C91 1 引言生命诚可贵, 爱情价更高 若为自由故, 两者皆可抛 ( ) (Petofi Sandor),,, (, 1994),,,,, (, 2006) 2008, Knobe Nichols, (Knobe & Nichols, 2008),,, (, 2011) Nichols : :, pengkp@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn, (Nichols, 2011),,, (, 2007; Müller & Walter, 2010; Rakos, Laurene, Skala, & Slane, 2008),, 2 自由意志存在吗? 1869

2 (, 2008),, ;, 2.1 自由意志存在的证据,,,,, (,, 2003), (Lamb, Lalljee, & Jaspars, 1985; Nettler, 1959; Stroessner, & Green, 1989; Viney, Waldman, & Barchilon, 1982; Waldman, Viney, Bell, Bennett, & Hess, 1983) Nettler (1959), 5 /,,, Viney 7 9 (Viney et al., 1982), (Orne, 1962; Weber & Cook, 1972) Rakos 22 (5 ),, ;, (Rakos et al., 2008), (, 2006),,,,,, (Feltz & Cokely, 2009; Nahmias, Morris, Nadelhoffer, & Turner, 2005; Nichols & Knobe, 2007),, (, 2011),,,,,, (, 2011) Nichols Knobe (2007),, (A), (B), 想象存在这样的一个世界 A 或 B, 它们关键的区别是 在世界 A 中, 每一个决定完全是先前决定的结果 每一个决定都是按既定的方式发生 相反, 在世界 B 中, 决定并非完全是过去的结果, 每个人的决定不一定按既定的方式发生, (B), (Sarkissian et al., 2010),, (Nichols, 2011),,,

3 11 : 自由意志不存在的证据, Libet Wegner Bargh (Bargh, 2008; Bank & Isham, 2009; Green & Cohen, 2004; Libet, 1985; Hallet, 2007; Wegner, 2002),,, (Roediger, Goode, & Zaromb, 2008),, 神经科学的证据 (voluntary acts), (conscious intention) Libert (Libet, Gleason, Wright, & Pearl, 1983), (Libet, 1985),, (1), ; (2) ; (3) Libet, (Libet et al., 1983),, 107ms, 204ms, 535ms 300ms Libet, Soon (1) (supplementary motor area, SMA),, SMA ; (2) ; (3) (Soon, Brass, Heinze, & Haynes, 2008), Soon Libet, (fmri) 1, 10, (frontopolar cortex) (parietal cortex) 10 Libet, Libet, (Fried, Mukamel, & Kreiman, 2011; Haggard & Elimer, 1999; Lafargue & Duffau, 2008; Rigoni, Kühn, Sartori, & Brass, 2011; Sirigu et al., 2004; Trevena & Miller, 2002), 行为科学的证据 Wegner Bargh Baumeister (Bargh, Chen, & Burrows, 1996; Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998; Muraven, Tice, & Baumeister, 1998; Wegner & Wheatley, 1999) Wegner (2002)

4 (1),, ; (2),, Wegner,,,,, 50 ( ), 30, 10, ( ),,,,,, (Wegner & Wheatley, 1999) (Aarts & van den Bos, 2011; Aarts, Custers, & Wegner, 2005) Bargh (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999),, ;, 4 ; (Bargh et al., 1996) Baumeister (Baumeister et al., 1998), 自由意志错觉的产生机制, Wegner,, (theory of apparent mental causation) (thought) (action), (conscious will) (Wegner, 2002), Wegner ( ), ;, (actual causal path), (apparent causal path),, 3 (1), ; (2), ; (3), 2.3 哲学家与科学家的对峙, (Smith, 2011) (1) ; (Nahmias, 2011); (2) (Klemm, 2010) Wegner, Libet Soon

5 11 : 1873,, ; (3), (Nahmias, 2011), (Smith, 2011),, (Muraven, Shmueli, & Burkley, 2006), (Nahmias, 2011) Libet(1999),,, , John Templation, Alfred R. Mele, William, H. Lucy T. Werkmeister 4 (Big Question in Free will) ( ),, 3 自由意志的心理后效,,, (, 2006),, 3.1 自由意志对道德责任的影响 (, 2006),,,,, (Nahmias, Morris, Hadlhoffer, & Turner, 2004, 2005, 2006), Nichols Knobe (2007) (1) ; (2) ; (3) ;,, ( ),, ; ( ), Nahmias (Nahmias, Coates, & Kvaran, 2007) (

6 ), (, ),, 40% ;, 85%, 3.2 自由意志对道德行为的影响,,, (Baumeister, Masicampo, & DeWall, 2009; Stillman, Baumeister, Vohs, Lambert, Fincham, & Brewer, 2010; Vohs & Schooler, 2008) Baumeister,, (Baumeister et al., 2009) Vohs Schooler (2008), Stillman (Stillman et al., 2010) 3.3 自由意志对创造力的影响 (, 2006), (2007),, 3.4 自由意志对自尊的影响 (, 1994) (, ),, (, 2006) Rakos Rosenberg (Rakos et al., 2008),,,,,, (, 1994), 3.5 自由意志对幸福的影响,,,,,,,

7 11 : 1875 (Leotti, Iyengar, & Ochsner, 2010),,,, (, 2010),, (, 1994), 4 评价与展望,, Baer,, (1) ; (2), (Baer, Kaufman, & Baumeister, 2008) Baer,,,,, (voluntary action) (self-control) (choice) (conscious will) (personal agency) (illusion of control) (pursuit of goals) (self-agency) (Aarts & van den Bos, 2011; Bandura, 2008; Baumeister, 2008; Custers & Aarts, 2010; Langer, 1975; Leotti et al., 2010; Libet, 1985; Wegner, 2002),,,, (, 2006),,,, 3-5, (Nichols, 2004) Arts (Arts, Oikawa, & Oikawa, 2010) 8, S, enter, 8 ( ),,,,,, Feltz (Feltz & Cokely, 2009)

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10 Orne, M. T. (1962). On the social psychology of the psychological experiment: With particular reference to demand characteristics and their implications. American Psychologist, 17, Rakos, R. F., Laurene, K. R., Skala, S., & Slane, S. (2008). Belief in free will: Measurement and conceptualization innovations. Behavior and Social Issues, 17(1), Rigoni,D., Kühn, S., Sartori, G., & Brass, M. (2011). Inducing disbelief in free will alters brain correlates of preconscious motor preparation: The brain minds whether we believe in free will or not. Psychological Science, 22(5), Roediger, L. H., Goode, M. K., & Zaromb, F. M. (2008). Free will and the control of action. In J. Baer, J. C. Kaufman, & R. F. Baumeister (Eds.), Are we free? Psychology and free will (pp ). New York: Oxford University Press. Sarkissian, H., Chatterjee, A., Brigard, F., Knobe, J., Nichols, S., & Sirker, S. (2010). Is belief in free will a cultural universal? Mind & Language, 25(3), Sirigu, A., Deprati, E., Ciancia, S., Giraux, P., Nighossian, N., Posada, A., et al. (2004). Altered awareness of voluntary action after damage to the parietal cortex. Nature Neurosience, 7, Smith, K. (2011). Taking aim at free will. Nature, 477, Soon, C. S., Brass, M., Heinze, H. J., & Haynes, J. D. (2008). Unconscious determinants of free decisions in the human brain. Nature Neuroscience, 11, Stillman, T. F., Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., Lambert, N. M., Fincham, F. D., & Brewer, L. E. (2010). Personal philosophy and personnel achievement: Belief in free will predicts better job performance. Social Psychology and Personality Science, 1(1), Stroessner, S. J., & Green, C. W. (1989). Effects of belief in free will or determinism on attitudes toward punishment and locus of control. The Journal of Social Psychology, 130(6), Trevena, J. A., & Miller, J. (2002). Cortical movement preparation before and after a conscious decision to move. Consciousness and Cognition, 11, Viney, W., Waldman, D. A., & Barchilon, J. (1982). Attitudes toward punishment in relation to beliefs in free will and determinism. Human Relations, 35(11), Vohs, K. D., & Schooler, J. W. (2008). The value of believing in free will: Encouraging a belief in determinism increases cheating. Psychological Science, 19, Waldman, D. A., Viney, W., Bell, P. A., Bennett, J. B., & Hess, S. (1983). Internal and external locus of control in relation to beliefs in free will and determinism. Psychological Reports, 53, Weber, S. J., & CooK, T. D. (1972). Subject effects in laboratory research: An examination of subject roles, demand characteristics, and valid inference. Psychological Bulletin, 77, Wegner, D. (2002). The illusion of conscious will. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Wegner, D. M., & Wheatley, T. (1999). Apparent mental causation: Sources of the experience of will. American Psychologist, 54, The Empirical Psychological Perspectives on Free Will DONG Rui; PENG Kai-Ping; YU Feng; ZHENG Ruo-Qiao (Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijng , China) Abstract: Free will is one of the oldest and most debated topics in the history of philosophy. Both positivist philosophy and humanist philosophy considered the problem of free will to be the most difficult issues to untangle. In recent years, psychologists have begun to apply the methods of empirical science to study the psychological mechanism, impact and expression of free will. The general consensus is that free will is an illusion, but people still believe in its existence. Free will has been found closely related to moral responsibility, moral behavior, creativity, self-esteem and subjective well-being. Future research should define free will in more psychological sense, and to explore the generation mechanism and function of free will in everyday life. Theoretical and methodological advances are need to extend our understanding of free will and its psychological impacts to human being. Key words: free will; experimental philosophy; determinism