EXAM II Biology 2013_001 Evolution - Ray Page 1/5 Name 1iObh

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1 EXAM II Biology 2013_001 Evolution - Ray Page 1/5 Name 1iObh Multiple choice questions (3 points each unless otherwise noted) 1. The Hardy-Weinberg theorem is an important mathematical concept because A It demonstrates that in the absence of evolutionary forces, allele frequencies of a population will not c ange from one generation to the next. B. It demonstrates that dominant alleles are more common than recessive alleles. C. It demonstrates that a locus can have only one of two alleles. D. It demonstrates that heterozygotes are always better. E. It demonstrates evolution. 2. In a population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, if the starting p for allele A 1 is 0.4, what will be the frequencies of alleles A 1 and A 2, and the genotypes A 1 A 1, A 1 A2, AA at the 1000th generation? A. 0.5, 0.5, 0.25, 0.5, , 0.6, 0.16, 0.48, , 0.5, 0.5, 0, 0.5 D. 0.4, 0.6, 0.4,0, In a species of bird, individuals with genotype MM and mm are susceptible to avian malaria, Mm birds are resistant to avian malaria. How will allele frequencies change over time? A. This is a case of underdominance. Eventually one allele will be lost. B. This is a case of selection for the dominant allele. Eventually the recessive allele will be lost. C. This is a case of frequency-dependent selection. Both alleles will be maintained. This is a case of heterozygote advantage. Both alleles will be maintained in the population. 4. Choose the statement that best describes evolution when selection is acting against a rare dominant or a recessive allele. A. When either a dominant allele or a recessive allele is rare, selection will act very slowly in removing the lele from the population. B. When a dominant allele is rare, natural selection will drive its frequency down very fast, whereas when a recessive allele is rare, it practically remains hidden from selection. C. When either a dominant allele or a recessive allele is rare, selection will act very rapidly in removing the allele from the population. D. When a dominant allele is rare, natural selection will drive its frequency down very slowly, but when a recessive allele is rare, selection will act very fast. 5. In the southern European plains, a species of flower comes in two distinct colors, purple and light pink. Botanists noticed that when the pink variant takes over the field, bees more often visit the purple ones, and vice versa. This pattern of switch of the pollinator s preference is likely an example of: A. heterozygote advantage (.. frequency dependent selection C. heterozygote disadvantage D. selection against recessive allele 6. Which of the following illustrates mutation-selection balance? A. After a rare beneficial mutation is introduced once into a population, natural selection will increase its frequency to a stable high level. B. A deleterious mutation is maintained through selection favoring heterozygotes. L9 While selection removes deleterious alleles from a population, mutation constantly supplies new copies. D. Rare mutations can slow down selection to a stable point. 7. In the evolutionary context, migration means. Migration tends to A. genetic drift; decrease heterozygosity in a population B. gene flow; increase heterozytosity in a population gene flow; homogenize allele frequencies across populations b. genetic drift; cause the random fixation of alleles

2 EXAM II Biology 2013_001 - Evolution - Ray - Page 2/6 Na 8. Imagine a population of 100 individuals, with the initial frequencies A 1 = 0.7, and A 2 = 0.3. If A 1 and A, are selectively neutral, what is the probability that the A 2 allele will drift to fixation? A. 0.7 D Which statement about genetic drift is not correct? (4 points) A. Genetic drift is a random process, and it can cause a population to evolve. Genetic drift occurs in small and large populations, but has its greater impact on small populations. Genetic drift results in adaptation. D. If genetic drift is allowed to continue over many generations, there will be random fixation of alleles..10. The major genetic effect of inbreeding is to IA) increase the frequency of homozygotes.. increase the frequency of recessive alleles. C. cause sexual selection. D. cause more genetic drift. E. cause the random fixation of alleles. 11. The population of the prairie chicken in Illinois declined nearly to extinction, even after conservation measures were put in place. Which of the following is not one of the reasons: A. small isolated population B. inbreeding that exposes deleterious recessive alleles to natural selection C. vicious cycle between population decline and inbreeding (abundant gene flow that introduces deleterious alleles into the population 12. During most of the spring and summer, Volvox reproduce asexually; but at times they switch and reproduce sexually instead, such as late summer. According to the "changing environment" hypothesis for the selective advantage of sexual reproduction, which one of the following is not plausible? A. In the spring and early summer, the temperature is moderate and relatively constant, and competition for light and other resources is almost absent, so asexual reproduction is the most beneficial in terms of the number of offspring a female produces. B. In later summer, biotic conditions become unfavorable. It s more beneficial to create new genotypes through sexual reproduction in a changing environment. YAsexual reproduction usually occurs at the harshest times of the year because it will produce more offspring to go through natural selection. D. Sexual reproduction occurs when selection pressures are likely to be the most variable and strongest, such as later summer in this case, when other lake organisms have become diverse and abundant and competition is stronger. 13. A trait can be regarded as an adaptation if A. one species has it while another species doesn t. B. its contribution to fitness is intuitively obvious. C. it is present at a high frequency in a population. it is shown in a well-designed study to have a function and to increase fitness. 14. How did researchers study the thermoregulatory behavior of the garter snake in nature? A. experiments cobservations C. comparative study D. trade-off

3 EXAM II Biology 2013 _OO1 - Evolution - Ray - Page 3/5 grna 15. Which of the following statements is not correct? A. A trade-off is a situation in which an increase in fitness of one trait will inevitably lead to a decrease in fitness of another trait. B. A trade-off may occur due to developmental constraints, or simply because organisms have a limited fp.pol of energy and cannot develop all traits to a maximum degree simultaneously. C A trade-off implies an incomplete adaptation, which in time will be solved through natural selection. 4 The occurrence of trade-offs demonstrates that not all traits are perfectly adaptive. 16. Selection at different levels demonstrates that A. an adaptive trait enjoys a selective advantage in all levels a positively selected trait at the tissue level may be a maladaptive trait at the individual level. ~_Iwith enough time, natural selection can be expected to produce perfect traits. D. a maladaptive trait is only a happenstance, and it can t be explained through natural selection. 17. Which of the following statements about sexual dimorphism is incorrect? A. Sexual dimorphism is usually caused by sexual selection. B. Sexual dimorphism is an evolutionary consequence of different levels of investment by males and females in gametes and parental care. C. Sexual dimorphism is a difference between the males and females of a species. D Sexual dimorphism is having two reproductive modes: sexual and asexual O 18. Competition between members of one sex for mating access to the other sex is often much stronger among males than among females. Which of the following is correct: ggs are more expensive than sperm. Females should be the choosier sex. _BTeggs are the limiting resource. Females should be subject to stronger sexual selection than males...-c. eggs are the limiting resource, which makes access to mates a limiting resource for females.,-13 sperm are the limiting resource. Males are the more competitive sex. 19. Greater parental investment by females than by males A. results in stronger sexual selection on females than on males. B. is associated with "choosiness" in males. causes females to develop more showy features. D makes the capacity to produce and rear offspring a limiting resource for females. 20. Which one of the following statements is not correct? 3)Long tails in male red-collared widowbirds and calling in male frogs are examples of intersexual selection. This form of sexual selection tends to lead to "display" or "advertisement" traits. Intrasexual selection tends to lead to weaponry, armor, fighting ability. C. Sexual selection can t work contrary to natural selection for survivorship.,9-. Sperm competition is a type of intrasexual selection when a female mates with multiple males in a short period of time. 21. In tiny Hyalella amphipods the males carry the females while mating, using large, clawlike appendages. Females prefer mates with larger appendages. When a predator (the larval dragonfly) attacks the pair, females that mated with larger males were much less likely to be eaten by predators. Which model of female choice is the best fit for this example? A. direct benefits intrasexual selection C. runaway sexual selection D. sensory bias

4 EXAM II - Biology Evolution - Ray - Page 4/6 Name. 22. The video "Why sex" observed that peacock s tails posed a major problem to Charles Darwin s theory of natural selection. It is a problem because: A. it s puzzling why polar bears all have heavy coats the evolution of something like peacock s tails that are difficult to carry around, take a lot of energy to grow, are conspicuous, and slow the animal down if it is escaping from a predator C. female choice in a society where women didn t have a choice of mates D. social choice of monogamy 23. The video "Why sex" showed A" One of the reasons for the abuse of females by males in Chimpanzees communities is because they eavily depend on trees for food, which means that females have to forage alone and it s difficult for them to form female-group bonds which would allow them to dominate males. B. The communities of Bonobos and Chimpanzees live in similar jungles in equatorial Africa, look alike, eat the similar food, and they are similar in physical and social characteristics. C. Bonobos are more peaceful because sexual selection is very strong on male Bonobos, and it leaves them with a meeker temperament. D. Both Bonobos and Chimpanzees enjoy sex, with female choice as the major strategy for courtship, because the females have more parental investment. 24. Based on the video "Why sex", which one of the following statements is not correct according to evolutionary psychologists?.a Evolutionary psychologists point out that regardless of the culture in which we grow up, we all tend to respond the same way to a surprising variety of things (such as snakes and spiders).,..b A lot of instincts, such as the ability to smell a genetically compatible mate, are shaped by evolution, even though we usually are not aware they are at work. QExperiments showed that when women are asked to choose a male for a short-term relationship, they tend to choose high-testosterone masculine features; while choosing a male for a long-term relationship, they tend to choose someone with softer kinder features. Humans can still find parenting rewarding even if they are not biological parents, because through human evolution we have developed this altruistic behavior for the good of our species. 25. According to the evolutionary theory of senescence, one explanation for aging is the accumulation of pleiotropic genes that are early in life and late in life. A. advantageous/advantageous () advantageous/disadvantageous C. disadvantageous/disadvantageous D. disadvantageous/advantageous 26. According to the evolutionary theory of senescence, a population with a lower rate of mortality due to predation will evolve delayed senescence because more of the population is surviving to an advanced age, natural selection for survival and reproduction at advanced ages will be stronger. accumulation of late-acting deleterious mutations is caused primarily through strong natural selection on them late in life. mutation that causes death before the age of reproduction is more weakly selected than the mutation that causes death after the age of reproduction.,organisms are not capable of evolving longer life spans.? 27. Based on the grandmother hypothesis for the evolution of menopause, what kind species are most likely to evolve menopause? A. Species that lack parental care. B. Species in which reproduction and repair are in serious conflict. Species in which grandmothers aren t part of the essential social group. D. A social animal with a long life span and a long period in which young need parental care.

5 EXAM II Biology 2013_001 - Evolution - Ray - Page 5/5 Name 28. Pathogen populations evolve quickly because A. they have small population size, tong generation times, and high mutation rates. B. they have large population size, short generation times, and low mutation rates. (9)they have large population size, short generation times, and high mutation rates. D. they have small population size, long generation times, and low mutation rates. 29. According to a hypothesis for the evolution virulence, which of the following pathogens should be the east virulent? kfgiardiasis is a diarrheal disease caused by the protozoan Giardia intestinalis. It is passed into the water via the feces of infected humans and other animals. It is a serious contaminant of recreational waterways throughout the United States. B. Lyme disease is caused by a bacterium that is transmitted from host to host via ticks. C. Chaga s disease is caused by a trypanosome (a single-celled eukaryotic parasite) and is transmitted via an insect known as the kissing bugs" for their tendency to bite (and take blood from) the face of humans. D. Group A streptococcus bacteria are most commonly transmitted by direct contact with mucus secretions from the nose or throat of an infected individual. 30. Which of the following support(s) the hypothesis that breast cancer is a maladaptive consequence of life in a novel environment (specifically, one in which women experience more menstrual cycling). A. Epidemiological studies show that a woman s risk of breast cancer is higher the earlier she begins to menstruate, the later she has her first child, and the less time she spends nursing. B. Our hunter-gatherer ancestors (like the pre-modern Dogon people) experienced less than a third of the number of menstrual cycles modern women do. C. Urban West African women who experience the same menstrual history as the pre-modern Dogon people have a breast cancer rate about one-twelfth (1/12) of that of North American women. All of the above. 31. [Video "Evolutionary Arms Race"] A rough skinned newt has enough skin toxin to kill tens of thousands of mice or perhaps a hundred people. The evolutionary explanation for the extreme toxicity of the newt is:,. Environmental factors such as climate, habitat loss, are the driving force behind it. It evolves in response to its predator, the common garter snake. When the snakes get better at resisting the effects of the toxin, the prey has to evolve higher levels of toxin. C. The toxicity of the newts hasn t been influenced by natural selection. In order to make newts less toxic, natural selection should be applied. D. It is a byproduct of evolution, and the newts have been losing the strength of their toxicity, since the factor that caused the co-evolution of the toxin in the first place has become a mal-adaptation to environmental changes. 32. [Video "Evolutionary Arms Race"] An example of how to use evolution in our favor is to reduce the harmfulness of cholera bacteria by: A. not interfering with the spread of the bacteria, and letting it select a resistant human population to survive and reproduce. B. retaining their transmission by water, since it s easier to clean up the water C. cleaning the contaminated water, forcing them to transmit by direct contact instead of being waterborne using antibiotics to target a wide range of microbes, to maintain a germ-free environment

6 N EXAM II Biology 2013_001 - Evolution - Ray - Page 6/6 Name 33. [Video "Evolutionary Arms Race"] Which of the following is not true: A. Maintenance of a germ-free environment is an effective and feasible way to fight microbes. FIV (feline immunodeficiency virus) doesn t cause much trouble in wild cats, because today s wild cats descended from those that survived the FIV infection that decimated the cat population long ago. X. The symbiosis of leafcutter ants and fungus provides defense against aggressive molds in the fungus garden by means of evolving bacteria living on the ants that fight against the molds. Rough skinned newts extreme toxicity evolves in response to the newts predator, the common garter snakes. When the snakes get better at resisting the effects of the toxin, the prey has to evolve higher levels of toxin.