BIOLOGI UMUM Priyambodo, M.Sc.
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1 BIOLOGI UMUM Priyambodo, M.Sc.
2 KONSEP REPRODUKSI TUMBUHAN
3 KONSEP REPRODUKSI TUMBUHAN
4 Vegetatif vs generatif
5 VEGETATIF VS GENERATIF Menurut pendapat Anda, makanah jenis reproduksi yang lebih baik bagi tumbuhan? Jelaskan alasan Anda!
6 REPRODUKSI LUMUT
7 REPRODUKSI PAKU
8 Reproduksi tumbuhan biji
9 REPRODUKSI TUMBUHAN BIJI Stamen Anther Stigma Style Carpel Anther at tip of stamen Germinated pollen grain (n) (male gametophyte) on stigma of carpel Filament Ovary Pollen tube Ovary (base of carpel) Ovule Embryo sac (n) (female gametophyte) Sepal Egg (n) FERTILIZATION Petal Receptacle (a) An idealized flower. Key Mature sporophyte plant (2n) with flowers Seed Sperm (n) Seed (develops from ovule) Zygote (2n) Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Figure 38.2a, b (b) Simplified angiosperm life cycle. See Figure for a more detailed version of the life cycle, including meiosis. Germinating seed Embryo (2n) (sporophyte) Simple fruit (develops from ovary)
10 REPRODUKSI TUMBUHAN biji
11 REPRODUKSI TUMBUHAN biji
12 POLINASI vs fertilisasi
13 mikrosporogenesis (a) Development of a male gametophyte (pollen grain) Pollen sac (microsporangium) 1 Each one of the microsporangia contains diploid microsporocytes (microspore mother cells). Microsporocyte MEIOSIS Microspores (4) 2 Each microsporocyte divides by meiosis to produce four haploid microspores, each of which develops into a pollen grain. Each of 4 microspores Generative cell (will form 2 sperm) Male Gametophyte (pollen grain) MITOSIS Figure 38.4a 3 A pollen grain becomes a mature male gametophyte when its generative nucleus divides and forms two sperm. This usually occurs after a pollen grain lands on the stigma of a carpel and the pollen tube begins to grow. (See Figure 38.2b.) 75 m 20 m Nucleus of tube cell Ragweed pollen grain KEY to labels Haploid (2n) Diploid (2n)
14 100 m megasporogenesis (b) Development of a female gametophyte (embryo sac) MEIOSIS Ovule Megasporangium Megasporocyte Integuments Micropyle 1 Within the ovule s megasporangium is a large diploid cell called the megasporocyte (megaspore mother cell). MITOSIS Key to labels Haploid (2n) Diploid (2n) Ovule Integuments Surviving megaspore Female gametophyte (embryo sac) Antipodel Cells (3) Polar Nuclei (2) Egg (1) Synergids (2) Embryo sac 2 3 The megasporocyte divides by meiosis and gives rise to four haploid cells, but in most species only one of these survives as the megaspore. Three mitotic divisions of the megaspore form the embryo sac, a multicellular female gametophyte. The ovule now consists of the embryo sac along with the surrounding integuments (protective tissue). Figure 38.4b
15 Pembuahan ganda Pollen grain 1 If a pollen grain germinates, a pollen tube grows down the style toward the ovary. Polar nuclei Egg Stigma Pollen tube 2 sperm Style Ovary Ovule (containing female gametophyte, or embryo sac) Micropyle 2 The pollen tube discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte (embryo sac) within an ovule. 3 One sperm fertilizes the egg, forming the zygote. The other sperm combines with the two polar nuclei of the embryo sac s large central cell, forming a triploid cell that develops into the nutritive tissue called endosperm. Ovule Polar nuclei Egg Two sperm about to be discharged Endosperm nucleus (3n) (2 polar nuclei plus sperm) Zygote (2n) (egg plus sperm) Figure 38.6
16 Perkembangan embrio tumbuhan Ovule Endosperm nucleus Integuments Zygote Zygote Terminal cell Basal cell Proembryo Suspensor Figure 38.7 Cotyledons Shoot apex Root apex Basal cell Suspensor Seed coat Endosperm
17 Dikotil vs monokotil Seed coat Epicotyl Hypocotyl Radicle Cotyledons (a) Common garden bean, a eudicot with thick cotyledons. The fleshy cotyledons store food absorbed from the endosperm before the seed germinates. Scutellum (cotyledon) Coleoptile Coleorhiza Pericarp fused with seed coat Endosperm Epicotyl Hypocotyl Radicle (c) Maize, a monocot. Like all monocots, maize has only one cotyledon. Maize and other grasses have a large cotyledon called a scutellum. The rudimentary shoot is sheathed in a structure called the coleoptile, and the coleorhiza covers the young root.
18 perkecambahan Foliage leaves Cotyledon Epicotyl Foliage leaves Hypocotyl Hypocotyl Cotyledon Cotyledon Coleoptile Coleoptile Hypocotyl Radicle (a) Seed coat Common garden bean. In common garden beans, straightening of a hook in the hypocotyl pulls the cotyledons from the soil. (b) Radicle Maize. In maize and other grasses, the shoot grows straight up through the tube of the coleoptile.
19 Bioteknologi dan reproduksi tumbuhan Kultur jaringan Fusi protoplasma GMO
20 Kultur jaringan Figure 38.12a, b (a) Just a few parenchyma cells from a carrot gave rise to this callus, a mass of undifferentiated cells. (b) The callus differentiates into an entire plant, with leaves, stems, and roots.
21 Fusi protoplasma 50 m
22 GMO Genetically modified rice Ordinary rice
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