Plant Reproduction. In a nutshell
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1 Plant Reproduction In a nutshell
2 Plant Diversity mosses ferns conifers flowering plants Bryophytes non-vascular land plants Pteridophytes seedless vascular plants Gymnosperm pollen & naked seeds Angiosperm flowers & fruit flowers & fruits pollen & seeds common ancestor vascular system xylem cells tracheids
3 Animal vs. Plant life cycle mitosis Animal diploid multicellular individual 2n meiosis diploid multicellular sporophyte mitosis 2n fertilization gametes Plant meiosis spores fertilization haploid unicellular gametes mitosis haploid multicellular gametophyte mitosis alternation of generations
4 Bryophytes Mosses & liverworts Seedless, non-vascular swimming sperm dominant haploid gametophyte dependent sporophyte spores for reproduction diploid multicellular sporophyte mitosis 2n fertilization gametes meiosis spores mitosis haploid multicellular gametophyte mitosis alternation of generations
5 Pteridophytes Ferns Seedless, vascular swimming sperm dominant sporophyte independent gametophyte fragile spores for reproduction haploid diploid multicellular sporophyte mitosis 2n fertilization gametes meiosis spores antheridia archegonia mitosis haploid multicellular gametophyte mitosis alternation of generations
6 Gymnosperm Conifers Naked seeds, vascular pollen (sperm) dominant sporophyte dependent reduced gametophyte cones, seeds for reproduction diploid multicellular sporophyte mitosis 2n fertilization gametes meiosis spores male female mitosis haploid multicellular gametophyte mitosis
7 Angiosperm Flowering plants vascular pollen (sperm) dominant sporophyte dependent reduced gametophyte flowers, fruits, seeds for reproduction male gametophyte in pollen (haploid) female gametophyte in ovary (haploid) diploid multicellular sporophyte mitosis 2n fertilization gametes mitosis haploid multicellular gametophyte meiosis spores mitosis
8 Angiosperm: flowering plants
9 Angiosperm life cycle male gametophyte in pollen (haploid) pollen grains polar nuclei egg cell fertilization female gametophyte in ovary (haploid) sporophyte in seed (diploid)
10 Flower Modified shoot with 4 rings of modified leaves sepals petals stamens male pollen carpel female egg Stamen Petal Anther Filament Sepal Ovule Stigma Style Ovary Carpel sepals petals stamens carpel
11 Double Fertilization What s the adaptive advantage? pollen grain pollination sperm cells pollen tube ovule ovary pollen tube polar nuclei endosperm (3n) Endosperm (3n) food in seed grains beans coconut milk zygote (2n) egg cell
12 Seed & Plant embryo Seed offers protection for embryo stored nutrients for growth of embryo endosperm 3n cotyledons embryo seed coat cotyledons = seed leaves, first leaves of new plant
13 Identify the flower structures
14 Flower variations
15 Corn reproduction flowers & seeds silk stigma & style tassel seeds pollen female carpel male stamens
16 Co-evolution: flowers & pollinators How a bee sees a flower insects see UV light = a bulls-eye to the nectar
17 Angiosperm: fruiting plants
18 Other fruits
19 Fruit development Peach, plum, apricot, cherry 1 flower : 1 carpel : 1 ovary : 1 seed
20 Fruit development Apple, pear 1 flower : 5 carpels : many ovaries : many seeds
21 Fruit development Citrus fruit 1 flower : many carpels : many ovaries : many seeds
22 Fruit development Raspberry, strawberry 1 flower : many ovaries : many seeds
23 Seed dispersal R-strategy: make lots of offspring; little investment; high mortality K-strategy: make fewer offspring, but invest more; lower mortality Many plants produce enormous numbers of seeds to compensate for low survival rate vast amount of genetic variation for natural selection to screen r-strategy K-strategy
24 Any Questions??
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