Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species K.P.C.O.F.G.S. acronyms. Taxonomy

Transcription

1 Taxonomy

2 Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species K.P.C.O.F.G.S. acronyms Taxonomy

3 Taxonomy: Kingdoms Animals (us) Plants Fungi Protists Bacteria

4 Kingdom Animalia Ingestive heterotrophs Lack cell wall Motile at at least some part of their lives Embryos have a blastula stage (a hollow ball of cells) Usually an internal digestive chamber

5 Phyla in Kingdom Animalia Phylum Meaning Group Acanthocephala Thorny head Thorny-headed worms Acoelomorpha Without gut Acoels Annelida Little ring Segmented worms Arthropoda Jointed foot Arthropods Brachiopoda Arm foot Lamp shells Bryozoa Moss animals Moss animals, sea mats Chaetognatha Longhair jaw Arrow worms Chordata Cord Chordates Cnidaria Stinging nettle Coelenterates Ctenophora Comb bearer Comb jellies Cycliophora Wheel carrying Symbion Echinodermata Spiny skin Sea Urchins Echiura Spine tail Spoon worms Entoprocta Inside anus Goblet worm Gastrotricha Hair stomach Meiofauna Gnathostomulida Jaw orifice Jaw worms Hemichordata Half cord Acorn worms Kinorhyncha Motion snout Mud dragons Loricifera Corset bearer Brush heads Phylum Meaning Group Mesozoa Middle animals Mesozoans Micrognathozoa Tiny jaw animals Mollusca Thin shell Mollusks / molluscs Myxozoa Slime animals Nematoda Thread like Round worms Nematomorpha Thread form Horsehair worms Nemertea A sea nymph Ribbon worms Onychophora Claw bearer Velvet worms Orthonectida Straight swim Phoronida Zeus' mistress Horseshoe worms Placozoa Tubular animals Platyhelminthes Flat worms Flat worms Porifera Pore bearer Sponges Priapulida Penis Priapulid worms Rhombozoa Lozenge animal Rotifera Wheel bearer Rotifers Sipuncula Small tube Peanut worms Tardigrada Slow step Water bears Xenoturbellida Strange flatworm

6 Phylum Chordata Hollow dorsal nerve cord Trends Increasing cephalization Increased activity levels Increased predatory lifestyle

7 Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata (Tunicates: filter-feeding sea squirts) Subphylum Cephalochordata (Lancelets) Subphylum Vertebrata (animals with backbones) Infraphylum Agnatha (jawless vertebrates) Infraphylum Gnathosomata (jawed vertebrates) Superclass Osteichthytes (bony fishes) Superclass Tetraposa (four-legged vertebrates)

8 Subphylum Vertebrata Dorsal hollow nerve, brain, eyes Paired kidneys Heart, aorta Transitions Superclass: Tetrapoda (4 limbs to locomote on land) Amniotes: tetrapod vertebrates where embryos, whether laid as eggs or carried by the female, are protected and aided by several extensive membranes; in humans, these membranes include the amniotic sac that surrounds the fetus; these embryonic membranes, and the lack of a larval stage, distinguish amniotes from tetrapod amphibians Shell, yolk, amnion, internal fertilization Synapsids (pre-mammals) Nocturnal niche that dinosaurs didn t dominate Increased metabolism to keep warm (bugs) Chewing (mastication); specialized teeth Legs under body to turn more easily (c.f., lizards)

9 Class mammalia Mammals Survived age of dinosaurs First were tiny, nocturnal insectivores Escaped predation Survived global cooling Adaptive Radiation(~ 0-65 mya) Three groups: Monotremes Marsupials Placental Eutherians

10 Mammals Milk/mammary glands: LACTATION (all mammals lactate) Hair (protein: keratin) Fur Specialized teeth Cephalization (large brains key in human evolution) Warm-blooded; heart; circulation (respiratory system connected to circulatory system); diaphragm = powerful muscle to enhance respiration About 5400 species around today Particular jaw feature defines mammals to paleontologists Vivipary (but not limited to mammals) Most are placental (egg without shell retained in uterus) Most are terrestrial Many with complex social behaviors including parental care

11 Mammals Monotremes Platypuses and Spiny Anteaters Lay reptilian, shelled, yolked eggs! (not viviparous) But have hair and produce milk to nourish their young Marsupials Viviparous (no shell, birth to embryo that needs to acquire food outside the mother s body via lactation) Opossums, kangaroos, koalas, sugar gliders Born early Complete embryonic development in pouch Nourished by milk (mammary glands) in the pouch Diversified in Australia Convergent Evolution with Placental (Eutherian) Mammals Eutherians (Placentals) Long pregnancy Viviparous (birth to infant that needs to acquire food outside the mothers body via lactation) All embryonic development in utero Nourished by a placenta fetal membranes (chorion) and maternal tissues intimately associated for gas exchange, nutrient supply, and waste removal! *viviparity not restricted to mammals: some sharks, reptiles, worms

12 Class Mammalia Subclass Prototheria (monotremes: platypuses and echidnas: lay eggs but have hair and produce milk) Subclass Theria - live-bearing mammals Infraclass Metatheria - marsupials Infraclass Eutheria - placentals Order Macroscelidea: elephant shrews (Africa) Order Afrosoricida: tenrecs and golden moles (Africa) Order Tubulidentata: aardvark (Africa south of the Sahara) Order Hyracoidea: hyraxes or dassies (Africa, Arabia) Order Proboscidea: elephants (Africa, Southeast Asia) Order Sirenia: dugong and manatees (ctropical) Order Pilosa: sloths and anteaters (Neotropical) Order Cingulata: armadillos (Americas) Order Scandentia: treeshrews (Southeast Asia) Order Dermoptera: flying lemurs or colugos (Southeast Asia) Order Primates: prosimians, monkeys, apes Order Lagomorpha: pikas, rabbits, hares (Eurasia, Africa, Americas) Order Rodentia: rodents Order Erinaceomorpha: hedgehogs Order Soricomorpha: moles, shrews, solenodons Order Chiroptera: bats Order Cetartiodactyla: whales, dolphins and porpoises, even-toed ungulates, including pigs, hippopotamus, camels, giraffe, deer, antelope, cattle, sheep, goats Order Perissodactyla: odd-toed ungulates, including horses, donkeys, zebras, tapirs, and rhinoceroses Order Pholidota: pangolins or scaly anteaters (Africa, South Asia) Order Carnivora: carnivores

13 Primate Trends Separating them from the Other Mammals Delayed maturation Increased infant dependency Long gestation Long lifespan Low reproductive rate Large, complex brain Gregarious (many permanently live in groups) Male-female social associations Singleton births Arboreal Diurnal Grooming (practical and social functions)

14 Primates The order Primates consists of two major suborders: the Prosimians and the Anthropoidea. The prosimians were the first of the suborders to evolve; they are often called the "lower primates" The word prosimian literally means "pre-monkey." Strepsirhines = prosimians Haplorhines = anthropoids (monkeys and apes)

15 Rhinarium = nose wet, connected to upper lip strepsirhine Dry, not connected to lip haplorhine

16 Primates Prosimians Dental comb Smaller brain Grooming claw Many nocturnal species More seasonal breeding Baby parking in many species Anthropoids Dental comb absent Larger brain Nails on all digits Few nocturnal species Less seasonal breeding Heavy baby carrying by mothers (and, rarely, by dads)

17 Aye Aye (lemur group) Body size Activity Period General Social Pattern "Special" Features Medium Nocturnal Solitary - continuously growing incisors (rodent-like) - thin spindly middle finger - largest nocturnal primate

18 The earliest primates were probably specialized for hunting bugs. Loris

19 Anthropoids Haplorhines Dry, unconnected noses Africa, Asia, South America Monkeys, apes, and humans ***prosimians are NOT monkeys Two groups Catarhines (apes and Old World monkeys) Platyrhines (New World Monkeys)

20 Rhine = nose Catarrhine: human Platyrrhine: red-faced uakari

21 Example of New World Monkeys: Cebids

22 Example of New World Monkeys:Callitrichids juvenile golden lion tamarin *very high paternal investment! Dads carry twins all of the time except when they are nursing; dads do NOT feed infants, however. Pygmy marmoset (smallest primate)

23 Old World Monkeys (orange = New World Monkeys)

24 Old World Monkeys: Cercopithecines (baboons and macaques) Japanese macaque Gelada baboon

25 OWM: Cercopithecines most are female-bonded Celebes macaque

26 Transfer and Dispersal In most animals, both sexes leave their parents at sexual maturity But primates are social In order to avoid inbreeding depression, all members of at least on sex must transfer to a new social groups at sexual maturity natal groups = the group you were born into The sex that leaves its natal group is the dispersing or transferring sex The sex that stays in its natal group is the philopatric or bonded sex Most primates, especially the baboons and macaques, are female-bonded Different consequences for social life trajectories of the sexes Humans?

27 Colobines Proboscis monkey: sexual selection!

28 Colobines eat a lot of leaves Specialized gut adaptations for digesting cellulose and neutralizing toxins (humans? )

29 Autotrophs (make own food) Roots Anchors water-getters Storage devices: Tubers Rhizomes Trunks/stems Structure Support Leaves Seeds Gum Fruits: eat me! Plants have adaptations that facilitate their OWN reproduction--they do not want to die to help out their predators nutrition, survival, or reproduction Plant predators vs. plants: Eat fruits: mutualism Eat rest of plant: selfishness by predator Plant toxins: selfishness by plant ( eat me and get sick or die! ) arms race: livers Parts of a Plant

30 Hominoidea: the Apes Hylobatidae Hominidae Category The lesser apes The great apes The human apes Common names Gibbons and siamangs Orangutans Gorillas Chimpanzees Bonobos humans Distribution Southeast Asia Borneo, Sumatra -Lowland gorilla in West Central Africa -Mountain gorilla in volcanic mountains bordering Rwanda, Uganda, and Congo Tropical rainforests and tropical forests of West, East, and North-central Africa Central African Rainforests South of the big bend of the Congo River Global (plus?) Size Large (5-11 kg) Huge (35-70 kg) Huge ( kg) Huge (30-45 kg) Huge (30-45 kg) Huge Grouping Pattern Socially monogamous Solitary Group (1 alpha male, his harem, and their kids) Large fissionfusion communities Large fissionfusion communities Large multimal/ multifemae community

31 Ape Distribution

32 Apes: High-quality diets

33 Lesser apes gibbon siamang

34 Monogamy Monogamous and low sexual dimorphism (humans? )

35 Orangutan Solitary: the only group is mom and dependent offspring

36 Gorilla Polygyny, male-male competition, and infanticide (humans? )

37 Male-bonded, femaletransfer; raids in males; babies REALLY reliant on mother (Flo and Flint); LEARNING; cooperative hunting; promiscuous mating but dominant males mate more; Culture; Tools; Humans? Chimpanzee

38 Bonobo Mothers help adult sons achieve dominance; Non-reproductive sex; Humans?

39 Humans Between monogamy and polygyny Some sexual dimorphism Mode: male-bonded, female transfer Mothers (and fathers) invest in adult kids Male raids and warfare Infanticide Delayed maturation Increased infant dependency Long gestation Long lifespan Low reproductive rate (singleton births) Large, complex brain Gregarious (permanently live in groups) Male-female social associations Terrestrial Diurnal Grooming (practical and social functions) Nails on all digits No seasonal breeding Bipedalism Heavy baby carrying by mothers (and, less-frequently, by dads); use of slings Babies REALLY reliant on mother (but adoption) LEARNING cooperative hunting dominant males mate more Culture Tools Non-reproductive sex High quality diets Menopause Allomothering Male provisioning of mothers and offspring: a big deal! Marriage = a contract for biparental care