18 Chasmanthe N.E.Br. 1 species naturalized Aust.; NSW, Vic., Tas., S.A., WA. 19 Aristea Sol. ex Aiton 1 species naturalized Aust.; NSW, Vic.

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1 2 Perianth tube c. as long as the lobes Perianth lobes with tapering undulate tips. Leaves linear, up to 75 cm long, 5 15 mm wide. Flowers in a distichous spike. Perianth greenish white to cream, 9 12 cm long. Garden escape near habitation. Introd. from S. Africa *G. undulatus L. 3 Perianth lobes acute without tapering tips. Leaves linear, up to 60 cm long, 6 20 mm wide. Flowers in a distichous spike. Perianth white to pink or lavender, 5 8 cm long. Garden escape near habitation. Introd. from S. Africa *G. carneus D.Delaroche 18 Chasmanthe N.E.Br. 1 species naturalized Aust.; NSW, Vic., Tas., S.A., WA Erect, perennial herb with corms. Leaves linear, c. 90 cm long and 3 cm wide. Flowers irregular, oblique, in spikes c. 25 cm long; spathes scarious. Perianth segments red, connate into a curved tube c. 4 cm long, narrow below, widening abruptly c. 1 cm above the ovary; inner lobes somewhat larger than outer ones; posterior lobe largest. Stamens arranged onto the upper side of the flower. Stylar branches entire, only slightly dilated. Capsule ovoid. Garden escape near habitation. Introd. from S. Africa. Fl. summer *C. floribunda (Salisb.) N.E.Br. 19 Aristea Sol. ex Aiton 1 species naturalized Aust.; NSW, Vic. Erect herb to 70 cm high. Leaves linear cm long, 5 11 mm wide, bases sometimes red. Inflorescence a lose panicle, spathe bracts brown acuminate 5 14 mm long. Flowers on pedicels 2 10 mm long, opening for only a few hours. Perianth bright blue tube short and green. Stamens exserted, filamens free. Style with 3 branches. Fruit an oblong capsule c. 20 mm long. Occasional garden escape northern suburbs. Introd. from Africa *A. ecklonii Baker 176 ORCHIDACEAE Perennial herbs; epiphytic or terrestrial; some terrestrial species saprophytic. Epiphytes with creeping stems or rhizomes and fibrous roots with velamen, or with erect or pendulous stems and without rhizomes; pseudobulbs sometimes present. Terrestrial or saprophytic species with fleshy rhizomes or tubers (Fig. 44). Leaves usually alternate or basal, sometimes reduced to scales. Inflorescence a spike, raceme or panicle or the flower solitary. Flowers bisexual, usually very irregular, often twisted through 180 (resupinate). Sepals 3, often similar to the lateral petals but usually larger. Petals 3, alternating with the sepals; one of them (the labellum, originally nearest the floral axis but often remote from the axis as a result of resupination) usually different in size, shape and colour from the other 2. Stamens, stigma and style fused into a single, central structure (the column) (Fig. 44). Anther 1 (or 2 in genera not in the area), usually with 2 pollen sacs, sunken in the apex of the column; pollen waxy, granular, rarely mealy, aggregated into 1, 2 or 4 pairs of pollen masses (pollinia) (pollinia absent in some genera not in the area); pollinia usually lying free in the apical cavity of the column and sometimes held together by a thin thread which later elongates into a stalk (caudicle). Stigma convex or concave, in front of the column, viscid and in the upper margin usually produced into a platform-like appendage (the rostellum). Ovary inferior, 3-carpellary, 1-locular; placentas 3, parietal. Fruit a capsule dehiscing longitudinally. Seeds minute, extremely numerous. c. 788 gen.; worldwide, the epiphytes chiefly trop. and subtrop. 521

2 Figure 44 (e) (b) (a) (c) (f) (d) Fig. 44 ORCHIDACEAE: (a) Dendrobium aemulum, showing ajointed pseudobulb; (b) Acianthus exsertus, with a single cordate leaf and smaller tuber; (c) Pterostylis baptistii, with several leaves and 2 tubers; (d) Sarcochilus falcatus; (e) Pterostylis sp. flower, insert column and labellum, the former with pendulous wings, the latter with a brush-like appendate; (f) Bulbophyllum exiguum. 522

3 Figure 45 Petal Sepal (cut) Anther Cap (cut) pollinium Rostellum Stigma Sepal Labellum (cut) Column Crest Column Wing ovary Hair Tufts (a) Fig. 45 ORCHIDACEAE: (a) parts of the flower, illustrated from a median section through the flower of Dendrobium (only a few of the ovules are shown) ; (b) column of Thelymitra ixioides from the outside ( X8) (anther and stigma not visible). (b) Colour forms, hybrids, and some ill-defined varieties are not included in the key below. Key to the genera 1 Plants epiphytic on trees, logs, rocks group 1 1 Plants terrestrial with tubers or rhizomes. Leaves basal and/or cauline, large or scale-like Saprophytes. Leaves scale-like group 2 2 Autotrophs with green leaves and stems; stems sometimes coloured. Leaves sometimes absent at flowering time Leaves 2 or more. Stem-bracts present or absent GROUP 3 3 Leaves 1 or none or leaves absent at flowering time. Stem-bracts present or absent GROUP 4 Group 1 Epiphytes 1 Leaves short, usually no more than 5 times longer than broad Leaves linear, many times longer than broad Pseudobulbs usually present. Lateral sepals dilated at the base and united with the projecting foot of the column to form a spur. Labellum not spurred Pseudobulbs absent Pseudobulbs ± globular (Fig. 44). Labellum entire BULBOPHYLLUM 3 Pseudobulbs elongate, jointed (Fig. 44). Labellum 3-lobed DENDROBIUM 523

4 4 Saprophytes with scale-leaves only. Stems climbing ERYTHRORCHIS 4 Autotrophs with green leaves Leaves leathery Leaves membranous or thick and/or succulent and ribbed or warted Labellum articulate on the column foot SARCOCHILUS 6 Labellum adnate to the column foot Callus absent on posterior of labellum spur PAPILLILABIUM 7 Callus present on posterior of labellum spur PLECTORRHIZA 8 Leaves membranous RIMACOLA 8 Leaves thick and/or succulent, ribbed or warted DENDROBIUM 9 Leaves not basal, terete DENDROBIUM 9 Leaves basal, flat or folded. Plants tufted Column elongate, incurved, shortly winged at the top CESTICHIS 10 Column erect or slightly incurved at the top, semi-terete CYMBIDIUM Group 2 Saprophytes 1 Climbing plants with short sucker-like aerial roots ERYTHRORCHIS 1 Plants not climbing Plants flowering underground RHIZANTHELLA 2 Plants flowering above the ground Sepals and petals whitish or brown, fused together into a 5-lobed tube GASTRODIA 3 Sepals and petals free Petals reddish to pink DIPODIUM 4 Petals yellow CRYPTOSTYLIS Group 3 Terrestrial autotrophs with 2 or more leaves 1 Leaves large and cauline, leathery, spreading, cm long EPIDENDRUM 1 Leaves not as above Dorsal sepal and lateral petals fused to form a hood (Fig. 44) PTEROSTYLIS 2 Hood absent Labellum 3-lobed near the base Labellum not 3-lobed near the base Petals well developed, spreading or recurved DIURIS 4 Petals minute, incurved over the column ORTHOCERAS 5 Flower solitary CHILOGLOTTIS 5 Flowers several to many Flowers not resupinate CRYPTOSTYLIS 6 Flowers resupinate Leaves prostrate on the ground, usually absent at flowering time ARTHROCHILUS 7 Leaves not prostrate

5 8 Basal leaves petiolate; cauline leaves sheathing the stem RIMACOLA 8 Petioles absent Flowers 2 5. Perianth reddish to purplish-brown outside, white inside BURNETTIA 9 Flowers many in a spike. Perianth pink. Labellum white SPIRANTHES Group 4 Terrestrial autotrophs with 1 leaf or none 1 Leaves hairy. Labellum without hairs, or with calli Leaves glabrous, or absent at flowering time Labellum sitting at ± right angle to the column. Labellum sessile, with calli at the base only GLOSSODIA 2 Labellum standing erect against the column, shortly clawed, with calli along the lamina Flowers blue CYANICULA 3 Flowers not blue CALADENIA 4 Leaves absent at flowering time Leaves present at flowering time, glabrous Flowers hooded PTEROSTYLIS 5 Flowers not hooded. Petals and sepals reflexed ARTHROCHILUS 6 Stems glandular-pubescent. Labellum covered with long hairs ERIOCHILUS 6 Stems glabrous Flower solitary Flowers 2 or more Leaf linear CALEANA 8 Leaf ovate orbicular or broad-lanceolate Dorsal sepal and labellum greatly developed; the outer perianth segments inconspicuous. 24 CORYBAS 9 Perianth segments unequal but all well developed ADENOCHILUS 10 Leaf orbicular to broad-lanceolate (Fig. 44) Leaf linear to narrow-lanceolate Stem-bracts absent Stem-bracts Lateral petals more or less as long as sepals. Leaf basal, lower surface green CYRTOSTYLIS 12 Lateral petals much shorter than sepals. Leaf cauline, lower surface reddish-purple or green Labellum with 2 well developed basal glands ACIANTHUS 13 Labellum without well developed basal glands ACIANTHELLA 14 Leaf ovate-cordate. Dorsal sepal hooded PYRORCHIS 14 Leaf ovate-lanceolate. Dorsal sepal concave BURNETTIA 15 Labellum 2 3 times as long as the other perianth segments, covered with long hairs. 2 CALOCHILUS 15 Labellum not conspicuously longer than the other perianth segments Perianth segments similar in shape and size; perianth almost radially symmetrical.. 1 THELYMITRA 16 Flower conspicuously irregular Flowers few (usually 3 5) Flowers numerous (usually more than 10)

6 18 Dorsal sepal conspicuously hooded LYPERANTHUS 18 Dorsal sepal erect, incurved Labellum smooth, shining CALEANA 19 Labellum tuberculate PARACALEANA 20 Labellum 3-lobed; the central lobe bifid CALANTHE 20 Labellum otherwise Flowers resupinate. Dorsal sepal hooded MICROTIS 21 Flowers not resupinate. Dorsal sepal concave Free part of leaf terete. Labellum not articulate on a claw PRASOPHYLLUM 22 Free part of leaf flattened. Labellum articulate on a claw GENOPLESIUM 1 Thelymitra J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. Sun Orchids c. 37 species in Aust. (c. 23 endemic); all states and territories except NT Terrestrial herbs usually glabrous, with ovoid tubers. Leaf solitary, narrow, channelled, of varying length, stem-clasping in its lower portion, with 1 2 foliaceous bracts above it. Flowers in a terminal raceme, rarely solitary, usually expanding only on bright sunny days. Perianth almost regular; the labellum differing only slightly from the paired petals; sepals petaloid. Column rather short and stout, prominently winged (Fig. 45 b); the wings united at the base in the front; then either expanding upward behind the anther, or extending only on one side of the anther; in all cases each wing is furnished with a lateral lobe, which in many species terminates in a conspicuous tuft of hairs; the apex of the column wings is sometimes referred to as a hood. Anther erect or bent forward between the lobes of the wings. Pollinia granular. 1 Lateral lobes of the column-wings terminating in hair tufts (Fig. 45 b) Column-wings without hair tufts Hair tufts yellow or cream Hair tuffs white, pink or blue Perianth bright rose-pink, c. 25 mm diam. Hair tufts on column wings yellowish. Column between the lateral arms crested. Plant up to 40 cm high. Flowers 2 4. Coast. Fl. Sept. Oct. (A hybrid between T. ixioides and T. carnea) T. X irregularis Nicholls 3 Perianth blue to purplish occasionally white Column between the lateral arms hooded, deeply notched. Hair tuffs on column arms sparse, 2. Perianth deep blue to mauve. Hair tufts on lateral arms sparse. Uncommon. Bundanoon. Fl. Nov. Dec T. holmesii Nicholls 4 Column between the lateral arms not hooded, warty or toothed with fringed lobes. Hair tufts on column arms dense, 3; the middle one facing the labellum; the hairs yellow. Perianth pale or dark lilac. Plant up to 60 cm high. Leaf leathery, keeled. Flowers Blue Mts Damp situations. Fl. Dec. Feb T. circumsepta Fitzg. 5 Column between the lateral arms tuberculate, dentate or fringed with glands Column between the lateral arms entire, emarginate or deeply v-cleft Perianth with spots. Flowers mm diam. Plants c. 70 cm high. Middle lobe of the column papillose. The upper 3 segments with darker spots; segments up to c. 20 mm long. Column up to 5 mm long. Plants c. 70 cm high. Flowers few to numerous. Widespread. DSF and heath. Fl. Sept. Nov. Dotted Sun Orchid (hybrids occur between this species, T. nuda and T. pauciflora giving rise to T. X merraniae Nicholls and T. X truncata R.S.Rogers respectively. Both have blue purple flowers but show variation in the characters of the column.) T. ixioides Sw. var. ixioides 526

7 6 Perianth without spots Leaf 5 10 mm wide. Perianth pale to dark blue, c. 20 mm diam., 1 6 flowers per inflorescence. Perianth segments 8 12 mm long, mm wide. Plants to 40 cm high. Coastal. Fl. Oct. Dec T. longiloba D.L.Jones 7 Leaf mm wide. Perianth blue or purple, c. 30 mm diam, 7 30 flowers per inflorescence. Perianth segments mm long, 6 10 mm wide. Plant up to 90 cm high. Mainly coastal to lower Blue Mts DSF and heath. Fl. Oct. Jan. Tall Sun Orchid T. media R.Br. var. media 8 Perianth segments less than 11 mm long Perianth segments 15 mm long or longer Plants glaucous. Lower sterile bracts leaf-like, up to 4 in number. Post-anther lobe semi-cylindrical and widely open on the lower side. Plants to 45 cm high. Uncommon. Heath and grasslands. Fl. Oct. Nov T. planicola Jeanes 9 Plants without the above combination of characters. Lower sterile bracts not leaf-like Leaf lanceolate, flat, thin, less than half the length of the inflorescence, often with purplish markings. Usually 3 10-flowered. Perianth purple, rarely pink or white. Column between lateral arms emarginate to deeply and irregularly split into lobes, brown or reddish orange. Plant to 60 cm high. Widespread. Fl. Sept. Nov T. brevifolia Jeanes 10 Leaf linear to lanceolate, fleshy or thin, usually more than half the length of the inflorescence. Column between lateral arms not irregularly split, usually brown to black with a yellow tip. Hair tufts on the column pointing upward. Perianth white, blue, pink or purple Leaf thin, 75% the length of the inflorescence. Flowers 2 10, purplish-blue. Lateral lobes of the column mm long. Column between the lateral arms shallowly bi-lobed at apex. WSF. Coastal. Fl. June Oct T. angustifolia R.Br. 11 Leaf leathery or fleshy, <75% the length of the inflorescence Leaf leathery. Flowers 4 10, mauve or deep purplish-blue. Lateral lobes of the column 1.2 mm long. Column between lateral arms deeply bi-lobed at apex. Widespread. Fl. Sept. Nov T. peniculata Jeanes 12 Leaf fleshy. Flowers 1 3, pale blue, occasionally pink or white. Lateral arms of the column 1 mm long. Column between lateral arms entire to emarginate. Widespread. Fl. Sept. Nov. Slender Sun Orchid T. pauciflora R.Br. 13 Hairs on lateral arms of the column forming a ciliate margin to the arm, horizontal. Plant up to 45 cm high. Flowers Perianth segments usually blue, up to 20 mm long. Widespread. Open forest and heath. Fl. Sept. Nov T. nuda R.Br. 13 Hairs on lateral arms of the column in dense tufts Hairs on lateral arms of the column white to yellowish. Column between the lateral arms emarginate. Flowers fragrant, 3 8. Perianth usually mauve, up to c. 16 mm long. Plant up to 30 cm high. Widespread in the north of the area. DSF and heath. Fl. Sept. Nov T. aristata Lindl. 14 Hairs on lateral arms of the column mauve. Column between the lateral arms notched. Flowers fragrant, Perianth segments blue or white to deep violet, to 20 mm long. Plant to 70 cm high. Coast and adjacent plateaus. DSF in wet sites and wet heath. Fl. Nov. Jan T. malvina M.A.Clem., D.L.Jones & Molloy 15 Perianth segments deep pink to cream or yellow Perianth segments blue with darker veins or rarely white to pale pink Perianth usually more than 8 mm long. Outer perianth segments acute ending in a fine point. Column to 5 mm long. Lateral arms of column with long, warty teeth. Plant up to 40 cm high. Flowers 1 4. Uncommon in the area. Heath and DSF. Fl. Sept. Nov. Red Sun Orchid T. rubra Fitzg. 527

8 16 Perianth up to 7 mm long. Outer perianth segments obtuse or with very short points. Column up to 4 mm long. Lateral arms of column without warty teeth. Plant up to 45 cm high. Flowers 1 4. Widespread. Open communities, often in disturbed sites. Fl. Sept. Nov. Pink Sun Orchid T. carnea R.Br. 17 Perianth segments mm long. Column up to 8 mm long; lateral arms, not lobed, twisted or tightly coiled. Plant up to 70 cm high. Flowers 1 6. Blue Mts on Ss. Damp situations. Fl. Oct. Dec. Veined Sun Orchid T. venosa R.Br. 17 Perianth segments up to 16 mm long. Column up to 6 mm long lateral arms often lobed, twisted or loosely coiled. Plant up to 50 cm high. Flowers 1 6. Blue Mts Damp situations at high altitudes. Fl. Nov. Mar T. cyanea R.Br. 2 Calochilus R.Br. Beardies c. 28 species in Aust. (25 endemic, 3 native); all states and territories Terrestrial, glabrous herbs with ovoid tubers. Leaf basal, usually long and narrow, conspicuously channelled; loose stem-bracts 1 3. Flowers few c. 15, in a terminal raceme. Perianth green with red or purplish striae. Dorsal sepal broad, ± hooded; lateral sepals narrower, acute, spreading. Petals much shorter, broad, usually erect. Labellum longer than the sepals, sessile, undivided, with an oblong basal portion and triangular or almost trapezoid lamina most frequently ending in a ribbony filament and with long brilliant purplish or red hairs. Column short and broad, with wide wings. Anther terminal, incumbent or horizontal, with an obtuse beak, with 2 pollen sacs. Pollinia 2 or 4, deeply bilobed: pollen granular. 1 Column without basal glands. Plants cm high. Leaf cm long. Stem-bracts 2 4. Flowers Perianth green; labellum 2 cm long, beset with red hairs. Widespread. Swamps or dry land. Fl. Sept. Oct C. paludosus R.Br. 1 Column with a dark gland on either side at the base Column glands connected by a prominent coloured ridge. Plants cm high. Leaf c. 20 cm long. Stem-bracts 2 4. Flowers 2 8. Labellum 2 cm long, beset with purple hairs. Open forest. Fl. Sept. Nov. (Occasionally a specimen occurs which has a labellum without calli or hairs. Here it is considered to be a variant of this species but is recognized as C.imberbis R.S.Rogers by some)... C. robertsonii Benth. 2 Column glands not connected by a coloured ridge or band or band present but obscure Flowers large. Labellum to 45 mm long, tip elongated and glabrous. Perianth pale yellow-green to golden bronze. Leaf to 50 cm long and 5 mm wide. Plants often spindly, to 60 cm high. Coastal heath. North from Gosford. Fl. winter spring C. grandiflorus (Benth.) Domin 3 Labellum to 35 mm long, clothed with calli and hairs for nearly all its length. Perianth green with purple striae Labellum c. 20 mm long, narrow, becoming filiform towards the apex, densely beset with long reddishpurple hairs almost to the tip. Plants cm high. Stem-bracts 2. Flowers 2 8. Woy Woy; Mt Irvine. Open forest. Fl. midsummer C. gracillimus Rupp 4 Labellum c. 15 mm long, two smooth blue purple plates at top; almost lanceolate, or with a short glabrous ribbon-like prolongation of the apex, rather sparsely beset with coppery red or reddish blue hairs. Leaf erect, cm long, sometimes absent. Stem-bracts 1 3, 5 8 cm long. Plant up to 60 cm high. Flowers Perianth yellowish-green with reddish-brown or purplish markings. Widespread. WSF. Fl. Sept. Nov C. campestris R.Br. Calochilus therophilis D.L.Jones and C. montanus D.L.Jones as described by D.Jones (2006) may occur in the region. They are found in montane habitats above 700 m. 528

9 3 Diuris Sm. 45 species endemic Aust.; all states and territories except NT Terrestrial glabrous herbs with ovoid tubers. Leaves few or occasionally numerous, linear, basal, passing into sheathing bracts above. Flowers several in a terminal raceme, usually with long pedicels and floral bracts. Dorsal sepal erect or reflexed, broad, its basal portion embracing the column. Lateral sepals ± deflexed, usually linear, most frequently green, but occasionally petaloid in shape and colour, sometimes very long. Petals broad, usually on linear claws. Labellum deeply 3-lobed; the middle lobe often much longer and broader than the lateral lobes. Column consisting of a separate stamen and style. Stamen with 2 wings arising from a very short filament, and an anther bearing 2 pollinia facing the back of the style. Style broad, with a viscid disc behind on which the pollinia stick; stigma and rostellum facing the labellum. 1 Lateral lobes of the labellum c. equal to or longer than the middle lobe Lateral lobes of the labellum smaller than the middle lobe Flowers orange to golden, 2 5 per spike, 25 mm diam., usually without dark markings, c Lateral sepals 8 13 mm long, c. as long as the petals. Plant up to 50 cm high. Blue Mts; Cumberland Plain. Open forest. Endangered. Fl. spring summer. Buttercup Double-tail D. aequalis F.Muell. ex Fitzg. 2 Flowers yellow, with darker markings Perianth spotted with brown chiefly on the back. Lateral sepals mm long; dorsal sepal 7 10 mm long. Flowers 2 8. Plant up to 30 cm high. Leaves 2 3. Widespread. Open forest. Fl. July Sept. Leopard Orchid or Spotted Double-tail D. maculata Sm. 3 Perianth heavily diffused and blotched with darker colour. Lateral sepals 8 18 mm long; dorsal sepal 5 12 mm long. Flowers Plant up to 50 cm high. Leaves 2 3. Widespread. Open forest. Fl. spring early summer. Leopard Orchid D. pardina Lindl. 4 Perianth white to purple Perianth yellow to orange sometimes with purplish markings Flowers more than 40 mm diam. Perianth purplish to lilac. Lateral sepals mm long, more than twice as long as the petals. Petals mm long. Plants up to 35 cm high, with 2 3 leaves. Flowers Widespread. Open forest. Purple Donkey Orchid D. punctata Sm. var. punctata 5 Flowers up to 40 mm diam Perianth mauve with darker markings. Lateral sepals mm long, usually more than twice as long as the sepals. Petals 6 12 mm long. Plants up to 40 cm high, with 1 2 leaves. Blue Mts Open forest. Fl. spring summer D. dendrobioides Fitzg. 6 Perianth white with purple markings. Lateral sepals mm long. Petals mm long. Plants up to 40 cm high, with 1 3 leaves. Coast in north of the area. Open forest D. alba R.Br. 7 Lateral sepals much longer than the petals, c. 30 mm long, green. Petals mm long. Perianth yellow with purple splashes about the centre; petal claws purple. Plant up to 42 cm high, with 2 3 leaves. Flowers 3 6. Blue Mts Open forest. Vulnerable. Fl. Oct. Nov D. tricolor Fitzg. 7 Lateral sepals c. as long as the petals Lateral sepals crossed beneath the labellum Lateral sepals parallel or divergent Peduncles with c. 5 leafy bracts 2 5 cm long. Perianth yellow, with a few dark brown spots; the dorsal sepal with 2 brown blotches at the base; the lateral sepals brown with green at the ends, c. 10 mm long. Gladesville in Endangered. Fl. Aug. Sept D. bracteata Fitzg. 9 Peduncles with 2 3 bracts which are not leafy Perianth orange to golden yellow. Dorsal sepal broad-ovate, 7 14 mm wide. Plant cm high. Leaves 2. Flowers 2 5. Widespread. Open forest and heath. Fl. Aug. Oct D. aurea Sm. 529

10 10 Perianth lemon yellow. Dorsal sepal ovate, c. 5 mm wide. Plant up to 60 cm high. Leaves 2. Flowers 2 8. Blue Mts Open forest. Fl. Oct D. platichila Fitzg. 11 Petals erect or divergent Petals drooping Labellum with a single callus ridge. Plant up to 70 cm high, with 2 3 leaves. Flowers 3 6. Perianth yellow with brown markings; the lateral sepals green; dorsal sepal c. 20 mm long. Petals mm long. Widespread. Open forest. Fl. Aug. Nov. Tiger Orchid D. sulphurea R.Br. 12 Labellum with two callus ridges. Plant up to 40 cm high, with 2 3 leaves. Flowers Perianth yellow with a few darker markings. Lateral sepals mm long; dorsal sepal 9 11 mm long. Petals 8 12 mm long. Coast in north of the area. Open forest. Vulnerable. Fl. July Sept D. praecox D.L.Jones 13 Leaves 2. Perianth clear yellow, with orange labellum, with green lateral sepals. Lateral sepals mm long, directed upwards. Plant up to 20 cm high. Flowers Recorded from Hawkesbury River area. Open forest. Endangered. Fl. spring summer D. pedunculata R.Br. 13 Leaves 3 9. Perianth clear yellow. Lateral sepals mm long, brownish-green, directed upwards. Petals 8 20 mm long. Plant up to 40 cm high. Flowers 1 4. Widespread. Open forest. Fl. winter spring. Snake Orchid D. chryseopsis D.L.Jones HYBRIDS: Many named hybrids between species of Diuris occur. D. X polymorpha is a hybrid between D. chryseopsis and D. platichila it has a light yellow perianth with dark marks on the sepals and labellum and occurs in the Blue Mts D. X nebulosa is a hybrid between D. punctata and D. aurea it has a pink and yellow perianth and labellum and occurs across the region. 4 Orthoceras R.Br. 1 species native Aust.; Qld, NSW, Vic., Tas., S.A. Monotypic genus Terrestrial, glabrous herb cm high, with ovoid tubers. Leaves basal, linear, 2 5, channelled below. Flowers 1 9, with large floral bracts, almost sessile, in a terminal raceme, or rarely solitary. Dorsal sepal erect, incurved, hooded, mm long; lateral sepals linear, long and straight, erect or spreading, brown or green. Petals very short, blunt, erect. Labellum sessile, 9 12 mm long, 3-lobed, recurved; lateral lobes much shorter than the middle lobe. Column short, with 2 wings which are not as high as the anther. Anther incurved, tapering to an obtuse point, with 2 pollen sacs; pollinia 2, bilobed, mealy, without a caudicle. Stigma erect in front of the anther. Chiefly sandy soils. Horned Orchid, Bird s-mouth Orchid O. strictum R.Br. 5 Microtis R.Br. Onion Orchids c. 12 species in Aust.; all states and territories except NT Terrestrial, glabrous herbs with globular tubers. Leaf solitary, sheathing from the base of the stem to half or two-thirds of the distance to the base of the inflorescence, then extending into a free terete lamina. Flowers very small, numerous in a terminal spike. Perianth green. Dorsal sepal ± hooded, 2 3 mm long. Lateral sepals lanceolate to oblong, not appreciably longer than the dorsal one, spreading or much reflexed. Petals narrower and not much shorter than the sepals, spreading or incurved. Labellum sessile, not lobed, very obtuse, occasionally emarginate, usually oblong, deflexed or recurved, with raised callosities on the upper surface. Column very short and broad with 2 wings or auricles which are not as high as the apex of the anther. Anther erect, with 2 pollen sacs; pollinia 2, bilobed, granular; caudicle usually present. 1 Upper surface of the labellum with 2 calli at the base and none at the apex. Margin of labellum entire or ± crenulate, tip apiculate; lamina granulated near the tip, with 2 cushion-like elevations towards the base and 2 inconspicuous horizontal glands at the extreme base (these may be absent). Plant cm high. Widespread. Fl. spring summer M. parviflora R.Br. 530

11 1 Upper surface of the labellum with 2 callosities at the base and 1 at the apex Petals spreading below dorsal sepal. Labellum at least ⅔ as long as ovary, 3 5 mm long, emarginate, margins wavy. Flowers well spaced, yellowish-green to bright green. Petals more than 2 mm long. Lateral sepals spreading, recurved or tightly revolute. Plant up to 50 cm high (usually much less). Widespread. Fl. Oct. Nov. Scented Onion Orchid M. rara R.Br. 2 Petals erect held within the dorsal sepal. Labellum less than half as long as ovary. Flowers crowded, green Calli at the base of the labellum not united. Petals 2 mm long. Labellum 1 3 mm long, emarginate. Lateral sepals reflexed or rolled. Ovary Plant cm high. Widespread. Chiefly in grassland. Fl. Sept. Nov. Common Onion Orchid M. unifolia (G.Forst.) Rchb.f. 3 Calli at the base of labellum united. Petals less than 2 mm long. Labellum mm long, emarginate, papillose on margin. Plant to 60 cm high. Known only from Mona Vale. Shale. Woodland. Endangered. Fl. May Oct M. angusii D.L. Jones 6 Prasophyllum R.Br. Leek Orchids 58 species in Aust. (57 endemic, 1 native); all states and territories except NT Terrestrial glabrous herbs, usually with ovoid tubers. Leaf solitary, closely sheathing the stem for half to the whole of the distance to the base of the inflorescence, then produced into a terete lamina. Flowers not resupinate, usually numerous but occasionally few, in a terminal spike. Dorsal sepal ± lanceolate, concave on the inner side, often recurved; lateral sepals usually narrower but quite as long as the dorsal one, free or ± connate. Petals shorter and narrower than the sepals. Labellum sessile, undivided, oblong to lanceolate-acuminate; margins crisped, denticulate, fringed or quite smooth; upper surface with a longitudinal callus of varying form, often bordered at least in part by a membrane; basal portion ± erect; the lamina often variously curved. Column short, with a variable lateral wing on either side. Anther with 2 pollen sacs, erect behind the stigma; pollinia 2, bilobed; caudicles present. 1 Lateral sepals free Lateral sepals connate for at least part of their length Labellum reflexed back on itself, margins undulate; callus bright green, extending beyond the bend. Perianth white with yellow-green or pink, mm long. Dorsal sepal 9 11 mm long. Plant cm high. Widespread. Fl. Aug Jan P. odoratum R.S.Rogers 2 Labellum variously bent but not reflexed back on itself. Perianth predominantly green or brown but white and green in P. patens Labellum margins undulate, crenate or pleated Labellum margins not as above, ± entire Callus slightly raised, not extending past the bend. Labellum pale or white. Flowers 8 11 mm long. Dorsal sepal 5 6 mm long. Plant up to 30 cm high. Widespread. Fl. Sept. Dec P. patens R.Br 4 Callus distinctly raised, extending beyond the bend to tip of labellum Flowers reddish-brown. Labellum sharply recurved in middle and extending into tapering tail. Dorsal sepal c. 9 mm long. Plants cm high. Georges River. Fl. Oct. Dec P. fuscum R.Br. 5 Flowers pink or green-white. Labellum sharply recurved and constricted near the middle. Dorsal sepal c. 10 mm long.; Plant cm high. Blue Mts Fl. spring summer P. pallens D.L.Jones 6 Callus well developed before the bend and extending to ¾ labellum length. Column wings pink. Plant cm high. Swampy areas. Moss Vale area. Endangered. Fl. early summer.. P. uroglossum Rupp 6 Callus developed at bend and extending past it. Column wings dull red. Heath or DSF in damp places. Fl. early summer P. appendiculatum Nicholls 531

12 7 Perianth yellow. Plant cm high, tubers on rhizomes distant from base of stem. Petals and sepals 10 mm long. Widespread. Fl. Nov. Jan P. flavum R.Br. 7 Perianth not yellow. Plants with tubers at base of stem Labellum green to purplish. Ovary ovoid, turgid, not appressed to the stem. Flowers very strongly scented, c. 40. Perianth segments up to 12 mm long. Plants up to 50 cm high. Coast and adjacent plateaus. Dry heath. Endangered. Fl. summer P. affine Lindl. 8 Labellum white. Ovary appressed to stem or not Ovary narrow-ovoid almost appressed to stem. Perianth brown or purple. Plant up to 40 cm high. Dorsal sepal 7 11 mm long. Labellum reflexed at an angle greater than 90. Widespread. Fl. Aug. Jan P. brevilabre (Lindl.) Hook.f. 9 Ovary cylindrical, appressed to the stem Plant 6 30 cm high. Petals and sepals striate green and white. Dorsal sepal triangular, acute, 10 mm long. Labellum with narrow claw. Widespread. Fl. April June P. striatum R.Br. 10 Plants usually more than 30 cm and up to 120 cm high. Dorsal sepal ovate to lanceolate Labellum gibbous at the base, reflexed at an angle greater than 90. Dorsal sepal 8 mm long. Plant cm high. Perianth green white and brown, striate. Widespread. Fl. Nov. Dec.. P. australe R.Br. 11 Labellum not gibbous at the base, reflexed at an angle less than 90. Dorsal sepal up to 11 mm long. Plant up to 120 cm high. Perianth green yellow-green or brown. Widespread. Fl. Aug. Oct P. elatum R.Br. 7 Genoplesium D.L.Jones Midge Orchids 40 species in Aust. (37 endemic, 3 native); all states and territories except NT Glabrous terrestrial herbs with paired tubers. Leaf solitary, sheathing the stem for most of its length, terete below, flattened above the sheath. Flowers not resupinate, usually numerous in a terminal spike. Dorsal sepal ± lanceolate, free, concave on the inner side; lateral sepals usually narrower and slightly longer, free or ± connate. Petals shorter and narrower than the dorsal sepal. Labellum clawed, usually articulate to the base of the column, with a single longitudinal callous; margin fringed to smooth. Column short, with a variable lateral wing on either side; anther with 2 pollen sacs, erect behind the stigma; pollinia 2, bilobed; caudicles present. D.L.Jones (2006) places most of the following species in a new genus Corunastylis 1 Yellowish-green to purplish saprophytic plant up to 15 cm high. Flowers c. 15 mm diam., green to reddish. Coast and adjacent plateaus. DSF and heath. Vulnerable. Fl. summer autumn G. baueri R.Br. 1 Green autotrophic plants Labellum entire to dentate but never ciliate Labellum ciliate Bract emerging just below the flowers and just touching them; the tip sometimes exceeding the inflorescence. Flowers c. 3 mm diam. Labellum ± toothed. Plant up to 18 cm high. Widespread. DSF and heath. Ss. Fl. summer G. nudiscapum (Hook.f.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. 3 Bract emerging well below the flowers, usually appressed to the stem Labellum acuminate. Flowers 3 4 mm diam., dark purple to greenish purple. Labellum entire or toothed. Plant up to 25 cm high. Coast in south of area and Illawarra range. DSF and heath. Fl. summer autumn G. despectans (Hook.f.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. 4 Labellum acute or obtuse Perianth red to reddish-brown, 3 4 mm diam. Labellum entire to toothed. Plant up to 25 cm high. Widespread. DSF and heath. Fl. summer autumn G. rufum (R.Br.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. 532

13 5 Perianth green to yellowish-green, sometimes with red markings. Flowers c. 3 mm diam. Plant up to 20 cm high. Coast to lower Blue Mts DSF and heath. Fl.summer autumn G. pumilum (Hook.f.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. 6 Labellum ciliate; other perianth segments not ciliate Labellum, and at least one other perianth segment, ciliate Flowers 2 3 mm diam., green and red to purplish. Dorsal sepal entire. Plant up to 30 cm high. Widespread. DSF in damp areas. Fl. summer autumn.. G. nudum (Hook.f.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. 7 Flowers 4 6 mm diam Flowers purplish Flowers green to brownish Flowers c. 4 mm diam. Dorsal sepal entire. Petals ovate, mm long. Plant up to 20 cm high. Widespread. Open forest. Fl. summer autumn G. archeri (Hook.f.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. 9 Flowers c. 5 mm diam. Dorsal sepal entire. Petals lanceolate narrow ovate, mm long. Plant to 18 cm tall. Heath on sand. Wyong area. Endangered. Fl. spring G. insignis D.L.Jones 10 Lateral sepals more than 7 mm long. Labellum oblong, c. 5 mm long. Dorsal sepal entire. Plant up to 20 cm high. Coast and adjacent plateaus south of Sydney. DSF. Ss. Endangered. Fl. summer autumn g. plumosum (Rupp) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. 10 Lateral sepals up to 6 mm long. Labellum obovate, c. 4 mm long. Dorsal sepal entire. Plant up to 20 cm high. Widespread. DSF and heath. Fl. summer autumn G. sagittiferum (Rupp) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. 11 Petals and labellum ciliate Petals, dorsal sepal and labellum ciliate Lateral sepals deflexed. Flowers purplish, 5 6 mm diam. Petals coarsely ciliate. Plant up to 25 cm high. Kanangra-Boyd National Park. Open forest. Fl. summer G. morinum D.L.Jones 12 Lateral sepals erect. Flowers c. 4 mm diam., purplish G. archeri (see above) 13 Cilia usually glandular, very short Cilia not glandular, long (c. 0.5 mm) Lateral sepals spreading. Labellum thin. Flowers c. 5 mm diam., greenish to purple. Plants up to 40 cm high. Widespread north of Sydney. DSF and heath. Fl. summer autumn g. filiforme (Fitzg.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. 14 Lateral sepals deflexed. Labellum fleshy Flowers less than 4 mm diam., purple to brownish purple. Plants up to 20 cm high. Mt Wilson. DSF and heath. Fl. summer G. eriochilum (Fitzg.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. 15 Flowers 4 6 mm diam Flowers greenish with purple labellum. Plants to 15 cm high. In north of region. Swampy to heath areas. Fl. summer autumn G. ruppii (R.S.Rogers) D.L.Jones 16 Flowers purple with darker markings. Plants up to 40 cm high. Widespread. Open forest and heath. Fl. autumn g. woollsii (F.Muell.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. 17 Labellum with red to pink cilia Labellum with brown or dark purplish cilia Labellum hinged and movable on the hinge. Flowers c. 10 mm diam., lemon-scented. Plant up to 30 cm high. Widespread. DSF and heath. Fl. summer autumn G. fimbriatum (R.Br.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. 18 Labellum not hinged and not movable. Flowers c. 5 mm diam., sometimes remaining closed. Plant up to 40 cm high. Coast and adjacent plateaus; lower Blue Mts Open forest and heath. Fl. summer autumn G. apostasioides (Fitzg.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. 533

14 19 Flowers c. 5 mm diam., very dark purple, lemon-scented. Plants up to 40 cm high. Blue Mts DSF in moist sites. Fl. summer autumn G. citriodorum D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. 19 Flowers 7 8 mm diam., very dark purple, without a strong lemon-scent. Plants up to 50 cm high. Blue Mts; Illawarra ranges. DSF and heath. Fl. summer autumn G. simulans D.L.Jones 8 Caleana R.Br. Terrestrial herb cm high, with underground tubers. Leaf solitary, basal, oblong to lanceolate, 6 10 cm long. Flowers 1 4, not resupinate. Sepals and petals linear, red-brown, rarely green, 20 mm long. Labellum smooth. Column without an elongated foot, appressed to the ovary. Widespread. Fl. spring summer. Bee Orchid or Duck Orchid C. major R.Br. 9 Paracaleana Blaxell Terrestrial herb 6 17 cm high, with tubers. Leaf solitary, linear, 4 12 cm long. Flowers 1 4, not resupinate. Perianth green or dull red-brown, c. 8 mm long. Labellum tuberculate. Column with an elongated foot; the wings decurrent on the column. Coast; Blue Mts Fl. spring summer P. minor (R.Br.) Blaxell 10 Arthrochilus F.Muell. 10 species in Aust. (8 endemic); all states and territories except WA Terrestrial herbs with small tubers. Leaves 2 5 (absent in one species), basal, oblong to lanceolate, prostrate, usually but not always separate from the flowering stem, sometimes absent at flowering time. Flowers in a terminal raceme, sometimes numerous. Sepals and petals very slender, somewhat similar. Dorsal sepal erect; lateral sepals and petals spreading or deflexed. Labellum articulate by a long slender claw with the column foot; lamina narrow, peltate, hammer-shaped or insectiform; upper lobe either emarginate or separated into 2 long divergent filiform tails. Column elongate, very slender, incurved or erect or reflexed towards the ovary, with 2 wing-like auricles on either side of its upper part; foot either absent or rudimentary or long. Anther erect, obtuse, with 2 pollen sacs. Rostellum almost obsolete. 1 Basal leaves absent. A few loose bracts present on the stem. Sepals and petals 5 mm long, green with darker tints. Plant 6 15 cm high. Flowers 3 5. Blue Mts Uncommon. Fl. summer. Elbow Orchid A. huntianus (F.Muell.) Blaxell 1 Basal leaves prostrate, 2 5. Dorsal sepal mm long; lateral sepals and petals shorter, green with darker tints. Plants 5 37 cm high. Flowers 3 20, in a loose spike. Coast. Fl. chiefly summer A. prolixus D.L.Jones 11 Chiloglottis R.Br. 18 species in Aust. (15 endemic); Qld, NSW, Vic., Tas., S.A. Small terrestrial herbs with ovoid or globular tubers. Leaves 2, basal ± prostrate. Flowers usually solitary, on a comparatively short stem which usually elongates considerably after fertilization of the ovary. Dorsal sepal erect or incurved, ± contracted at or towards the base. Lateral sepals linear. Petals narrowlanceolate. Labellum undivided, sessile, but the lamina contracted into a long or short horizontal claw towards the base, beyond this expanding widely and provided on the upper surface of the expansion with variously shaped and arranged prominent calli. Column elongate, slender, rather narrowly winged. Anther erect, higher than the rostellum; pollinia granular. 1 Petals diverging, sometimes curving upwards Petals reflexed against the ovary

15 2 Perianth green to yellowish. Petals c. 15 mm long. Labellum with c. 12 calli not forming a flange towards the base with the margin. Plant up to c. 15 cm high. Coast and adjacent plateaus. Damp, sheltered places. Fl. spring summer C. chlorantha D.L.Jones 2 Perianth reddish to purplish-brown. Petals mm long. Labellum with c. 12 calli forming a flange towards the base with the margin. Plant up to c. 15 cm high. Blue Mts Open forest. Fl. summer C. pluricallata D.L.Jones 3 Lateral sepals with osmophores less than 1 mm long. Flowers mm across. Labellum with a shiny black callous Lateral sepals with osmophores more than 2 mm long Labellum with a callus at the base only. Perianth brownish. Plant up to c. 10 cm high. Widespread. Open forest. Moist places. Fl. spring C. trapeziformis Fitzg. 4 Labellum with a callus reaching to the apex. Perianth greenish brown. Plant up to c. 10 cm high. Widespread. Open forest. Moist places. Fl. spring. Ant Orchid C. formicifera Fitzg. 5 Osmophores yellowish Osmophores reddish Flower more than 28 mm long, greenish brown. Lateral sepals ± parallel with osmophores more than 5 mm long. Plant up to c. 12 mm high. Coast and adjacent plateaus. Open forest. Moist places. Fl. summer autumn c. diphylla R.Br. 6 Flower up to c. 25 mm long, greenish pink. Lateral sepals divergent, with osmophores up to 3 mm long. Widespread. Open forest and RF. Moist places. Fl. summer autumn C. sylvestris D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. 7 Labellum with a black callus on the lower two-thirds, obtuse. Lateral sepals decurved. Petals reflexed. Flowers green to reddish, mm long. Plants up to c. 15 cm high. Blue Mts Open forest in moist sheltered sites. Fl. summer autumn C. seminuda D.L.Jones 7 Labellum with a black callus almost to the apex Labellum mucronate to almost obtuse. Lateral sepals reflexed and incurved beneath the labellum. Petals reflexed. Flowers greenish to reddish, mm long. Plants up to c. 15 cm high. Widespread. Open forest in moist places. Fl. summer autumn C. reflexa (Labill.) Druce 8 Labellum usually with a short tail. Lateral sepals recurved but not incurved beneath the labellum. Petals reflexed. Flowers greenish brown, mm long. Plants up to c. 15 cm high. Widespread. Open forest in moist places. Fl. summer autumn c. trilabra Fitzg. 12 Acianthus R.Br. 13 species in Aust. (12 endemic); Qld, NSW, Vic., Tas., S.A. Small terrestrial glabrous herbs with globular tubers. Leaf solitary, often close to the base of the stem, cordate to ovate or reniform, lower surface reddish-purple (Fig. 44). Flowers in a terminal raceme, rarely solitary, usually very small. Dorsal sepal erect or incurved, occasionally hooded, often produced into a fine point. Lateral sepals narrower than the dorsal sepal, usually spreading. Petals often shorter, reflexed or spreading. Labellum undivided, spreading, with 2 basal calli. Column long, rather slender, almost terete, incurved, seldom winged. Anther broad, erect, with 2 pollen sacs, valvate; pollinia granular or mealy; caudicle absent. 1 Sepals long-filiform; the dorsal sepal up to 40 mm long. Stems 6 16 cm high. Flowers 1 6, reddishpurple. Chiefly coast. Sandy soils. Fl. July Sept. Mayfly Orchids A. caudatus R.Br. 1 Sepals not long-filiform, up to 20 mm long. Perianth brown, green or pinkish Petals spreading. Column covered by the dorsal sepal Petals reflexed against the ovary. Column prominently exserted