Sleep and School Readiness Sleep Habits and Cognitive Development! An important developmental transition!

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// Sleep and School Readiness Sleep Habits and Cognitive Development An important developmental transition The point when many children are first evaluated for school readiness.

Molfese University of Nebraska - Lincoln Many different definitions Usually refers to the social-emotional, physical, behavioral, and cognitive skills children need to learn and function successfully

.. Learning-Related behaviors Self-Regulation Self-Regulation Self-regulation is a critical component of learning-related behaviors Also called temperamental self-regulation or effortful control

1 // Sleep and School Readiness Sleep Habits and Cognitive Development An important developmental transition The point when many children are first evaluated for school readiness. School Readiness Victoria J. Molfese Dennis L. Molfese University of Nebraska - Lincoln Many different definitions Usually refers to the social-emotional, physical, behavioral, and cognitive skills children need to learn and function successfully in school School readiness requires emergent content knowledge and more... Learning-Related behaviors Self-Regulation Self-Regulation Self-regulation is a critical component of learning-related behaviors Also called temperamental self-regulation or effortful control Cognitive side of self-regulation is called Executive Function Skills Behaviors: Pay attention on purpose Remember information Function socially by getting along with others Delaying gratification Refers to skills needed for learning and problem solving Behaviors: Kindergarten Persisting on difficult tasks Working in the face of distractions Remembering rules Inhibiting inappropriate behaviors Flexibility in approaching tasks Skills of working memory, focusing, planning, inhibiting, shifting Boyd, Barnett, Bodrova, Leong and Gomby (00) School Readiness & Self Regulation School readiness is a combination of cognitive skills and skills needed for controlled and focused behaviors Sleep and School Readiness Sleep plays an important role in learning and behavior development Less research on sleep in children compared research with adults What we know Regular bedtimes and sufficient sleep time are important Children need more sleep time than adult - to - year-olds are estimated to sleep 0 to hours at night (National Sleep Foundation, 00). Estimates of sleep using parent reports may not be accurate

week) Note bedtime and rise time (sleep duration) hourly information between pm to am in which the parents try to report on whether the child is out of bed, in bed and asleep.

2 // How Is Sleep Time Measured? Actigraphs Small, portable devices (Astronaut watches) Parent reports Record information about the child s sleep in logs or diaries Record day by day information across a specific period of time ( week) Note bedtime and rise time (sleep duration) hourly information between pm to am in which the parents try to report on whether the child is out of bed, in bed and asleep. Sense physical motion Record information on Sleep onset time and offset time (sleep duration) True sleep time (sleep duration with night wakefulness subtracted) Longest sleep interval Activity level (level of activity during sleep) Number of arousals during the night. Actigraphy + Diary Data Track Daily Sleep D. Molfese, Gozal et al. Research Sample included 0 typically developing children to 9. years old (M =. years) Sleep duration data were obtained using parent sleep logs and actigraphs. Sleep duration was recorded across a week baseline period Parent reports overestimated sleep duration by minutes when compared to actigraph data Sleep Insufficiency Sleep Insufficiency affects behaviors, day time sleepiness, health, weight Sources of sleep insufficiency Resistance to going to bed/sleep Night time awakenings requiring parental interactions Difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep Fears Lack of sufficient sleep time due to the child s sleep schedule Sleep disordered breathing - sleep apnea Impact of Hour of Sleep Loss On The Brain Children participated for a Week period Week - All maintained their regular sleep schedule. Week - Half went to bed hour later at night. hallmark is snoring

// Procedures Sample N = ( females) Age = 7. years (s.d. = 0.8, range =.

88, range = 9-0) No Differences in Age by Sleep time, F(,0)=.

8 Polysomnography Screening Assigned Randomly to Control Assigned

of each week Directional Stroop Task Have Electrode. Will Travel.

Incongruent block (0 trials) Mixed block (0 trials) - Mix of Congruent

3 // Procedures Sample N = ( females) Age = 7. years (s.d. = 0.8, range =. to 8.8 years) Sleep Duration: M= 9. hours (s.d. = 0., range = ) PPVT = 08. (s.d. = 0.88, range = 9-0) No Differences in Age by Sleep time, F(,0)=.9, PPVT scores by Sleep time, F(,0)=.8 Polysomnography Screening Assigned Randomly to Control Assigned Randomly to Sleep Restriction ERP and Behavior testing occurred at end of each week Directional Stroop Task Have Electrode. Will Travel. (Diamond, et al, 998, 999)" Procedure: Congruent block (0 trials) Incongruent block (0 trials) Mixed block (0 trials) - Mix of Congruent & Incongruent Trials" " " " Test Advantage: No age related effects from to years of age. WEEK ERP Testing In Schools & Hospitals Summary of Effects Across 00 ms Period 0-9 ms Front<>Back Electrodes CONTROL SLEEP -00 ms LH <>RH 80-8 ms LH: Conguent <>Incongruent Same: LH <>RH µv 00 ms HOUR RESTRICTED SLEEP ms Conguent <>Incongruent 8- ms LH <>RH SLEEP RELATED STROOP RELATED STROOP & SLEEP RELATED

// 78-00 ms : Congruent <> Incongruent Week -Before Sleep Restriction Congruent vs.

SLEEP RELATED Broadman Area 8: Lingual Gyrus Broadman Area : Medial Frontal Gyrus Broadman Area 8: Lingual Gyrus RESTRICTED

00 [Greenhouse-Geisser] Week -After Sleep Restriction Broadman Area : Medial Frontal Gyrus Snoring vs.

Incongruent µv 78-00 ms Congruent CONTROL Incongruent Congruent STROOP & SLEEP RELATED Broadman Area 0: Medial Frontal Gyrus Snored x

8: Superior Temporal Gyrus RESTRICTED Incongruent Broadman Area 0: Medial Frontal Gyrus Why Focus on Sleep?

Good sleep habits (regular bedtimes and sufficient sleep time) are related to children's learning and behavior.

4 // ms : Congruent <> Incongruent Week -Before Sleep Restriction Congruent vs. Incongruent ms Restricted Congruent CONTROL Incongruent Red Line = Incongruent Blue Line = Congruent Congruent µv STROOP & SLEEP RELATED Broadman Area 8: Lingual Gyrus Broadman Area : Medial Frontal Gyrus Broadman Area 8: Lingual Gyrus RESTRICTED Incongruent Sleep X Stroop F(,0) =.00, P<.00 [Greenhouse-Geisser] Week -After Sleep Restriction Broadman Area : Medial Frontal Gyrus Snoring vs. Non-Snoring Children Congruent vs. Incongruent µv ms Congruent CONTROL Incongruent Congruent STROOP & SLEEP RELATED Broadman Area 0: Medial Frontal Gyrus Snored x per week Broadman Area 0: Medial Frontal Gyrus Child attends to Target that occurs on 0% of trials No Snoring Reported Broadman Area 8: Superior Temporal Gyrus RESTRICTED Incongruent Broadman Area 0: Medial Frontal Gyrus Why Focus on Sleep?" Barnes, Molfese et al, 009 Take Away Points". Good sleep habits (regular bedtimes and sufficient sleep time) are related to children's learning and behavior." Parents very receptive to information about Children s sleep The development of good sleep habits Ways to address sleep problems Parent sometime do not realize the importance of sleep. The brains of people (adults and children) who get insufficient sleep Engage More Brain Areas Less efficiently, are Slower To Start Processing information AND take Longer To Process information. " All of these Factors Impair Learning & problem solving abilities.". Sleep problems related to sleep disordered breathing in children and adults should be taken seriously."

5 // QUESTIONS??? Intervention Normal Learning Development Normal: Time Time of activation Hudac et al, 0 Brain Tissue Activated Normal: Time Normal: Time

6 // At-Risk Learning Development Impaired: Time Impaired: Time Slow or No Transition to Fewer Areas Areas Activated Change From Trial-to-Trial Unstable Temporal Links Between Areas Impaired: Time

YOU REALLY NEED TO SLEEP: Several methods to improve your sleep

YOU REALLY NEED TO SLEEP: Several methods to improve your sleep Sleep is essential to our well-being. When humans fail to get good sleep over a period of time, numerous problems can occur. CAN T SLEEP!!