PARIS PACT DRUG SITUATION REPORT TRAFFICKING IN OPIATES ORIGINATING IN AFGHANISTAN

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3 PARIS PACT DRUG SITUATION REPORT TRAFFICKING IN OPIATES ORIGINATING IN AFGHANISTAN March 2013

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5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report consolidates data collected by the network of Paris Pact National Strategic Analysts, based in the Islamic Republics of Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan, the Central Asian Republics of Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, the Russian Federation, Serbia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, with the support of staff of the Afghan Opiate Trade Project (AOTP) based in Ukraine. The report was prepared under the supervision of the Paris Pact Coordinator, Integrated Programme and Oversight Branch (IPB), Division for Operations (DO), and the technical guidance and supervision of the Programme Management Officer, AOTP, Statistics and Surveys Section (SASS), Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs (DPA), and benefited from the work and expertise of staff in the UNODC Offices of the West and Central Asia region as well as South Eastern Europe. UNODC is grateful to the national and international institutions that shared their knowledge and data with the report team. The ability to draw on their expertise and experience, along with their continued support, has been invaluable for the Paris Pact Initiative. Report Team UNODC Offices in West & Central Asia: Uzbekistan (covering Kazakhstan; Tajikistan): Coordination and Analysis Unit (CAU): Rakhima MANSUROVA (National Strategic Analyst, Paris Pact) Odil KURBANOV (National Strategic Analyst, Paris Pact) Irina TSOY (Database Assistant, Afghan Opiate Trade Project) Kyrgyzstan: Denis TOICHIEV (National Strategic Analyst, Paris Pact) Turkmenistan: Mihail RAHMANOV (National Strategic Analyst, Paris Pact) Islamic Republic of Afghanistan: Hamid AZIZI (National Strategic Analyst, Paris Pact & Afghan Opiate Trade Project) Islamic Republic of Iran: Leila AHMADI (National Strategic Analyst, Paris Pact) Islamic Republic of Pakistan: Shaukat Ullah KHAN (National Strategic Analyst, Paris Pact & Afghan Opiate Trade Project) South Eastern Europe: Serbia (covering Bosnia & Herzegovina; Montenegro): Sinisa DURKULIC (National Strategic Analyst, Paris Pact) The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (covering Albania; Kosovo under UNSCR 1244/99): Valentina ANCHEVSKA (National Strategic Analyst, Paris Pact) East Europe: Russian Federation: Alexander SEMENYUK* (National Strategic Analyst, Paris Pact) Ukraine (covering Azerbaijan, Armenia; Belarus; Georgia; Republic of Moldova): Volodymyr BEZNOGYKH (National Research Officer, Afghan Opiate Trade Project) * At the time of publication of this report, an official clearance of the fact sheet of the Russian Federation by the respective national authorities had not yet been received, therefore it was decided not to insert this particular fact sheet into the report.

6 UNODC Headquarters in Vienna: Marie Anne MENIER (Paris Pact Coordinator, IPB, DO) Hakan DEMIRBÜKEN (Programme Management Officer, Afghan Opiate Trade Project, SASS, DPA) Katharina KIENER MANU (Paris Pact Secretariat, IPB, DO) Emma BALE (English Editor) ******* This report is not an official document of the United Nations and it has not been formally edited. The boundaries, names and designations used in this publication do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

7 CONTENTS CONTENTS...1 GLOSSARY...3 INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW FACT SHEETS...29 WEST and CENTRAL ASIA...29 Afghanistan (Islamic Republic of)...29 Iran (Islamic Republic of)...37 Pakistan (Islamic Republic of)...44 Kazakhstan (Republic of)...50 Kyrgyz Republic...56 Tajikistan (Republic of) Turkmenistan...67 Uzbekistan (Republic of)...71 TRANSCAUCASIA...76 Armenia (Republic of)...76 Azerbaijan (Republic of)...80 Georgia (Republic of)...85 EAST EUROPE...89 Belarus (Republic of)...89 Moldova (Republic of)...94 Ukraine...98 SOUTH EASTERN EUROPE Albania (Republic of) Bosnia and Herzegovina Kosovo (under UNSCR 1244/99) Macedonia (the Former Yugoslav Republic of) (under UNSCR 817 (1993)) Montenegro Serbia (Republic of)

8 MAPS Map 1: Opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan (2012)...9 Map 2: Reported heroin seizures in Afghanistan ( )...14 Map 3: Heroin trafficking routes to Western and Central Europe, with the exception of the Balkan Route...15 Map 4: Trade routes and opiate seizures reported in Central Asia ( )...18 Map 5: Opiate seizures reported in Afghanistan and Pakistan and transportation corridors ( )...19 Map 6: Opiate seizures and transportation corridors in the Islamic Republic of Iran and Afghanistan...20 Map 7: Opiate seizures reported along the Iranian and Pakistani coastline ( )...21 Map 8: Heroin seizures reported in East and South East Asia ( )...22 Map 9: Heroin seizures reported in Africa ( )...23 Map 10: Acetic anhydride trajectories in South and East Asia ( )...25 Map 11: and neighbouring countries: main acetic anhydride seizures reported ( )...27 Map 12: Drug and precursor seizures in Afghanistan (2012)...31 Map 13: Estimated minor drug trafficking networks in Afghanistan...32 Map 14: Estimated major drug trafficking networks in Afghanistan...33 Map 15: Estimated unregistered hawaladars in Afghanistan...34 Map 16: Drug seizures in the I.R. of Iran ( )...39 Map 17: Drug seizures in Pakistan ( )...46 Map 18: Drug seizures in the Republic of Kazakhstan ( )...51 Map 19: Drug related crime rate by province of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2011)...53 Map 20: Drug and precursors seizures in Kyrgyz Republic ( )...57 Map 21: Drug related crime rate by province in Kyrgyz Republic (2011)...58 Map 22: Drug and precursor seizures in the Republic of Tajikistan ( )...62 Map 23: Drug related crime rate by province in the Republic of Tajikistan (2011)...64 Map 24: Drug seizures in Turkmenistan ( )...67 Map 25: Criminal cases related to seizures of drugs over 100 gr in Turkmenistan (2011)...68 Map 26: Drug and precursor seizures in the Republic of Uzbekistan, Map 27: Criminal cases related to seizure of drugs over 100 gr in the Republic of Uzbekistan (2011)...73 Map 28: Drug seizures in the Republic of Armenia ( )...77 Map 29: Drug seizures in the Republic of Azerbaijan ( )...81 Map 30: Drug seizures in the Republic of Georgia ( )...86 Map 31: Drug seizures in the Republic of Belarus ( )...90 Map 32: Drug seizures in the Republic of Moldova ( )...95 Map 33: Drug seizures in Ukraine ( )...99 Map 34: Heroin and cannabis seizures over 1,000 grams in Albania ( ) Map 35: Drug seizures in Bosnia and Herzegovina ( ) Map 36: Heroin seizures in Kosovo ( ) Map 37: Drug seizures in the FYR of Macedonia ( ) Map 38: Drug seizures in Montenegro ( ) Map 39: Drug seizures in the Republic of Serbia ( )

9 GLOSSARY AA AIIAP ANF AOTP ARQ ATS BBIAP BiH CADAP CARICC CD CDC/CAR CNPA COPAC CSTO DCA DCHQ EMCDDA ESPAD EU EULEX FATA FDCS GUAM IDU INCSR INCB JIAP LEA LSC MCN MSM MoI NCDC OC OCTA PLWHA Acetic Anhydride Allama Iqbal International Air Port (Lahore, Pakistan) Anti Narcotics Force (Pakistan) Afghan Opiate Trade Project Annual Reports Questionnaire Amphetamine Type Stimulant Benazir Bhutto International Air Port (Islamabad, Pakistan) Bosnia and Herzegovina Central Asia Drug Action Programme Central Asian Regional Information and Coordination Centre Controlled Delivery (operation) Centre for Disease Control and Prevention/ Regional Office for Central Asia Counter Narcotics Police of Afghanistan Committee for the Promotion and Advancement of Cooperatives Collective Security Treaty Organization Drug Control Agency (Tajikistan) Drug Control Headquarters European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs European Union European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo Federally Administered Tribal Areas Federal Drug Control Service (Russian Federation) Organization for Democracy and Economic Development (Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Moldova) Injecting Drug User International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (U.S. Department of State) International Narcotics Control Board Jinnah International Air Port (Karachi, Pakistan) Law Enforcement Agency Legal Statistics Committee (General Prosecutor s Office of Kazakhstan) Ministry of Counter Narcotics (Afghanistan) Men who have sex with men Ministry of the Interior National Center on Drug Control (Uzbekistan) Organized Crime Organised Crime Threat Assessment People Living with HIV/AIDS 3

10 RCADRA ROCA RP SCO SCODC SFSC SELEC UMMCAN UNAIDS UNGASS UNHCR UniSYS UNODC USAID Republican Centre for Applied Research on Drug Addiction (Kazakhstan) UNODC Regional Office for Central Asia Regional Programme (for Afghanistan and Neighboring Countries) Central Statistics Organization (Afghanistan) South Caucasus Office on Drugs and Crime State Forensic Science Center (Ukraine) Southeast European Law Enforcement Center Ukrainian Medical and Monitoring Center for Alcohol and Drugs United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS United Nations General Assembly United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Unified Interdepartmental Statistical Information System (Russian Federation) United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime United States Agency for International Development 4

11 INTRODUCTION The National Strategic Analyst component of the Paris Pact Initiative The National Strategic Analyst (NSA) network 1 emerged as the UNODC field presence for the Paris Pact Initiative (PPI) at the request of the Paris Pact partners. The NSAs give roots to the project and provide valuable links between policymakers, experts on the ground and multiple UNODC projects, thus ensuring consistency between policy and action under the PPI. Since the launch of Phase II in 2007, Paris Pact activities have comprised three principal components: the Consultative Mechanism, the Automated Donor Assistance Mechanism (ADAM) and the NSA network. The latter was funded and established to provide a complete picture of opiate trafficking to UNODC and the Paris Pact partners and to address partners concerns over gaps of evidence required for strategic planning, policymaking and action. Map of NSA locations, coverage and cost sharing 1 For more detailed information on the National Strategic Analyst network please refer to: The National Strategic Analysts A Support Network for the Paris Pact Initiative, Paris Pact Coordination Unit, UNODC, August

12 As elaborated in the Paris Pact project document and endorsed by Paris Pact partners during their respective Policy Consultative Group Meetings, there are 10 fully operational NSAs based in priority countries that have requested varying levels of support from UNODC and other stakeholders to combat the threat of opiates. Six NSAs are based in the eight countries covered by the UNODC Regional Programme for Afghanistan and Neighbouring Countries, considered as the priority countries of the P; two are based in the six countries of the UNODC Regional Programme for South Eastern Europe. The NSAs work in tandem with UNODC field offices and local Governments to ensure that the policy decisions of the Consultative Mechanism are based on sound and up to date information an area of support that was highly commended in the findings of the Independent Evaluation of Phase III of PPI. 2 The NSA network works in two other main areas: a) liaison with Governments on Paris Pact and Vienna Declaration issues; and b) improvement and maintenance of ADAM. The capacity of UNODC, including inter alia the NSA network, to collect and analyse drug related data, was further commended in the Vienna Declaration, the outcome document of the Third Ministerial Conference of the Paris Pact Partners, which encouraged the use of such analyses and the sharing of relevant data. 3 The evidence based work of the NSAs is technically guided by the Afghan Opiate Trade Project (AOTP)under the Statistics and Surveys Section (SASS) of UNODC. The relationship between the NSA network and AOTP has been vital for ensuring the quality and breadth of NSA products. The combined efforts of PPI and AOTP field staff enhance the research capacity of UNODC to cover multiple countries and facilitate the preparation of technical research reports on the thematic areas of the Vienna Declaration and the identification of priority interventions along drug trafficking routes. Report summary The preparation and structure of the present report were guided by AOTP. The Coordination and Analysis Unit (CAU), based in Tashkent at the UNODC Regional Office in Central Asia (ROCA), coordinated data collection and the preparation of maps. Funded by PPI and AOTP, CAU should be considered a best practice model with regard to the effectiveness and depth of the work of the NSAs. CAU has multiplied the repertoire of tools available to the international community for the coordination and strategic orientation of assistance on drug related matters, through piloting several regional databases. The most recent addition to this repertoire is the drugs monitoring platform ( roca.org 4 ), initiated jointly by PPI and AOTP, which functions as an online hub for information sharing and monitoring. It provides up to date, detailed information about global drug and precursor seizures and other drug related data and includes geographic coordinates to accurately pinpoint their locations. Since the inception of the NSA network, country fact sheets and drug situation reports have been among its regular outputs. The present report takes this practice one step further; information on individual countries covered by the NSAs has been consolidated into one product in order to provide Paris Pact partners with a more user friendly resource than the separate country reports 2 Independent project evaluation of Paris Pact Phase III, GLOK31, Independent Evaluation Unit, August 2012, p Vienna Declaration, Section I, paragraph 8: Commending the work of UNODC to collect and analyse data on illicit traffic in opiates and trends regarding the global Afghan opiate trade, encouraging the utilization of such analyses, as appropriate, while formulating and implementing regional and country programmes to support and assist States affected by opiates originating in Afghanistan, and encouraging Paris Pact partners to collect and share relevant data with UNODC. 4 The former name of the page was 6

13 produced in the past. The new format also provides an opportunity to highlight the joint efforts of PPI and AOTP by increasing the number of geographical areas represented. The report is divided into two parts: i) Overview A summary of recent changes in trafficking trends with regard to opiates originating in Afghanistan, including data on supply and demand. These changes have been monitored and reported on in several other UNODC reports as referenced in the text, based on the data featured in Part II. ii) Fact sheets These consist of the main drug related statistics provided by the Paris Pact partners. The fact sheets reflect locations in which Paris Pact NSAs and AOTP Research Officers are based, and locations within their respective areas of coverage where data is available. The purpose of this document is to provide a situation analysis based on key statistical indicators, rather than to form conclusions. Government counterparts remain the primary source of information given the host country s vital role in combating opiate trafficking and consumption. Data presented in this report is derived from official sources. The seizure maps in each of the fact sheets in Part II were drawn directly from the joint AOTP/PPI drugs monitoring platform, which is regularly updated by the NSAs. Further development of the platform will be a key element of Phase IV of the Paris Pact project. As has been the case for all other NSA products, this report has been shared with the Paris Pact partners at the Tenth Policy Consultative Group Meeting held in Vienna on 6 7 March 2013 and published on the Paris Pact s online platform, ADAM ( pact.net). 7

14 1. OVERVIEW Opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan continued to increase in Between 2011 and 2012, opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan rose by 18 per cent to 154,000 hectares. Although this is below the record cultivation level of 2007, when it stood at 193,00 hectares, it is still the fourth highest of the last decade. 5 Since 2002, opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan has been increasing steadily. Indeed, over the last decade, total cultivation has increased by 108 per cent, or 74,000 hectares. Figure 1: Opium poppy cultivation levels in Afghanistan ( ) Source: UNODC MCN, Afghanistan Opium Poppy Surveys There have been a number of important regional developments in Afghanistan, which are highlighted by the results of the 2012 opium poppy survey carried out jointly by the Ministry of Counter Narcotics (MCN) and UNODC 6 : i) As in 2011, the total number of opium poppy free provinces in 2012 was 17. With the exception of Ghor, all the provinces that had been free of opium poppy in 2011 remained so in Faryab Province regained its poppy free status of UNODC, World Drug Report, More information on opium cultivation statistics for 2012 can be found in the report released by MCN and UNODC in November 2012: monitoring/afghanistan/summary_findings_final.pdf 8

15 ii) iii) iv) With the exception of Kabul, all the provinces in central Afghanistan were poppy free in 2012, as had been the case in previous years. With the exception of Baghlan, all the northern provinces were also poppy free. None of the provinces in southern or western Afghanistan were poppy free in 2012; this has been a continuous trend for the last decade. In eastern Afghanistan, Nuristan Province maintained its poppyfree status in However, opium poppy was cultivated in all the other provinces in the region. Around 72 per cent of Afghanistan s opium poppy was cultivated in the south of the country in Hilmand Province maintained the highest cultivation level in Afghanistan, producing almost 50 per cent of the country s opium poppy. Farah Province had the second highest level of opium poppy cultivation in the country in 2012, amounting to 27,733 hectares. This was the first time that such a high level of poppy cultivation had been recorded in Farah Province. Indeed, cultivation in the province has increased 55 fold since 2002, when it stood at 500 hectares. v) In Nangarhar Province, opium poppy cultivation continued to increase, reaching 3,151 hectares. While the province was poppy free in 2008, cultivation has since developed and increased. This is a worrying trend, especially since cultivation has also increased in other provinces of eastern Afghanistan. vi) Opium poppy cultivation has increased tenfold in Badakhshan Province since Although the level of cultivation in 2012 stood well below previous peak levels, the upward trend is of great concern. Map 1: Opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan (2012) Source: Government of Afghanistan, National monitoring system implemented by UNODC. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. The dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties. 9

16 In spite of an increase in opium poppy cultivation in 2012, opium production decreased. Although opium poppy cultivation has increased by 18 per cent since 2011, opium production has decreased by 36 per cent, amounting to 3,700 tons in While the level of opium poppy cultivation in 2012 was the fourth highest of the past decade, the level of opium production was the fourth lowest. The decrease in Afghan opium production was due to a low yield caused by a plant disease and bad weather conditions. The estimated average yield per hectare was around 23 kg, the lowest recorded figure for the southern and western provinces of Afghanistan. Figure 2: Opium production in Afghanistan ( ) Opium Production (tons) Source: UNODC MCN, Afghanistan Opium Poppy Surveys 102 Afghan citizens died during eradication efforts in The total area of eradicated opium poppy fields has increased by 154 per cent since 2011 to 9,672 hectares. However, 102 people died during the eradication period in 2012 five times the 2011 count. In addition, around 130 people were injured in 2012, compared to 45 in Since 2008, over 200 people have died and 400 people have been injured. That indicates that there is strong resistance among farmers to the increased eradication of opium poppy fields by the Afghan Government. At the same time, it is also an indication of the commitment among Afghan law enforcement services. Dry opium prices fell in Farm gate dry opium prices fell from US$ 241 per kg in 2011 to US$ 196 per kg in While opium prices increased sharply in 2004 and 2010 owing to a plant disease that destroyed a large proportion of Afghanistan s opium poppy plants, an inverse trend was observed in 2012, despite the fact that cultivation levels were affected by similar problems. 7 More information on opium cultivation statistics for 2012 can be found in the report released by MCN and UNODC in November 2012: monitoring/afghanistan/summary_findings_final.pdf 10

17 Indeed, within the last decade, opium price fluctuations have not always corresponded to opium production levels in Afghanistan. For instance, in 2005, total opium production stood at around 4,000 tons and the average price of dry opium was US$ 150 per kg. Although production stood at 3,577 tons in 2010 and 3,700 tons in 2012, which is only slightly lower than that of 2005, dry opium prices during those years were much higher and ranged between US$ 185 and US$ 190 in 2010 and US$ 195 and US$ 200 in This may suggest that there has been an increase in the demand for Afghan opium in recent years. However, there is no clear indication of an increase in opiate consumption at global level, as reported by various countries. In order to understand the balance between supply and demand and links with pricing levels, it is essential to increase understanding of trends in opiate consumption at global level. In parallel with the decrease in opium production and opium prices in 2012, the total farm gate value of opium produced in Afghanistan decreased from US$ 1.4 billion in 2011 to US$ 700 million in Figure 3: Opium Prices reported by traders ( ) Source: MCN UNODC Afghanistan Opium Poppy Survey,

18 Global opiate demand remained steady. Although there have been some changes at regional and country levels, overall global opiate consumption has remained steady since Consumption in 2011 ranged between 3,500 and 4,500 tons (in opium equivalent) 8. The estimated number of heroin users also remained stable in 2011, at million 9. However, there have been some significant changes in the demand for heroin at regional and subregional levels since For example, Western and Central Europe have seen a per cent decrease in the number of heroin users while Scandinavian countries have reported an almost 30 per cent decrease 10. Oceania has reported an almost 40 per cent decrease. The most significant drop in that region was observed in Australia. In contrast, there have been reports of a slight increase in heroin consumption in some parts of Asia. While heroin consumption levels for the African continent in 2011 are currently unknown, an increasing amount of Afghan heroin has been trafficked to Africa in recent years. In addition, there has been a sharp increase in reported heroin addiction cases at drug treatment centres, especially in eastern and southern African countries 11. It is therefore essential to improve the quality of demand related statistics, in order to gain a better understanding of opiate market trends worldwide. Southern heroin flows to the north through central Afghanistan. In order to meet the demand for illicit opiates supplied along the Northern Route in 2010, around 1,000 tons of opium had to transit or be produced in northern Afghanistan 12. However, opium produced in northern Afghanistan constitutes only a small proportion of that supplied along the Northern Route. Since 2007, the region has produced an average of 60 tons of heroin annually, which leaves a supply gap of more than 900 tons in opium equivalents. This means that a large share of the opiates trafficked from northern Afghanistan must be supplied by other opiumproducing regions in the country and/or existing local stocks of opiates stored post production between 2004 and Global Afghan Opium Trade Report, UNODC, Global Afghan Opium Trade Report, UNODC, ARQ reported by countries to UNODC 11 Afghan Opiate Trade Project Mission findings to these regions in Opiate Flows Through Northern Afghanistan and Central Asia, A Threat Assessment, UNODC, Opiate Flows Through Northern Afghanistan and Central Asia, A Threat Assessment, UNODC,

19 Figure 4: Total opium production in Northern Afghanistan ( ) tons Source: Opiate Flows Through Northern Afghanistan and Central Asia, 2012,UNODC. Most of the heroin delivered to northern Afghanistan is produced in the southern and eastern parts of the country. Indeed, according to markers stamped on heroin bags seized in Central Asian countries, around 50 per cent of the heroin seized in the region is trafficked from southern, eastern and western Afghanistan via northern Afghanistan (see figure below). Figure 5: Source of the heroin seized in Central Asia Source: Handbook on Stamps and Other Markings of Heroin Bags, CARICC, DCA Tajikistan, CNPA Afghanistan and UNODC, 2012 Most opiate trafficking routes within Afghanistan run from the south and the east to the north and converge at the capital city, Kabul. This city is the main interconnecting nodal point for opiate supplies transported among the various opiate producing regions in the country. In 2011, a seizure made in Wardak 14 involving a 73 kg shipment to the capital and two seizures made in Kabul itself 14 Data provided by CNPA Intelligence Unit, January

20 involving 37 kg of heroin sourced from Kandahar were clear indications of south north trafficking. 15 Map 2: Reported heroin seizures in Afghanistan ( ) Source: Counter Narcotics Police of Afghanistan. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. The dotted lined represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties. Northern Afghanistan is regarded as one of the safest regions in the country. However, considering it plays such an important role in the supply of opiates along the Northern Route, the region seizes a relatively small quantity. Heroin seizures made in northern Afghanistan accounted for only 5 per cent of the country s total seizures in Criminal groups that control the drug trade in the northern region also seem to operate with a high degree of impunity. Corruption, rather than insecurity, appears to be the main corollary to high volume opiate trafficking in northern Afghanistan. It is estimated that in 2010, a vast majority of the opiates transported through Central Asia were initially trafficked through Tajikistan. 17 Traffickers are increasingly using the Central Asian railway system to smuggle opiates to the Russian Federation. 18 Certain large drug seizures reported in 2010 suggest that drug traffickers are operating with a heightened degree of confidence. However, the decreasing amounts of opiates reportedly seized in Central Asia highlight a need to improve drug law enforcement capacity in the region. Moreover, the Customs Union agreement between Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation and Belarus could be misused by traffickers opting to reroute opiate deliveries to Europe along the Northern Route, as opposed to the traditional Balkan Route. 15 CNPA Seizure Database. 16 UNODC: Opiate Flows Through Northern Afghanistan and Central Asia: A Threat Assessment, UNODC, May UNODC, The Global Afghan Opium Trade: A Threat Assessment, July More information on opiates trafficked within Afghanistan to the northern parts of the country as well as opiate trafficking through Central Asia, can be found in the latest report by the Afghan Opiate Trade Project of UNODC: Opiate Flows Through Northern Afghanistan and Central Asia: A Threat Assessment, UNODC, May

21 In order to understand the impact of the Customs Union on opiate trafficking, it is essential to monitor heroin flows to Western and Central Asia via the Northern Route regularly. Heroin trafficking via the Balkan Route has declined. A few years ago, the trafficking route that leads by road and rail from the Islamic Republic of Iran through Turkey and the Balkans dominated heroin smuggling to Western and Central Europe. However, a reported decrease in heroin consumption in Western and Central Europe has led to a remarkable reduction in heroin trafficking along the Balkan Route since In addition to this, an increase in drug law enforcement capacity, especially in Turkey, has forced traffickers to find alternative routes. As a result, although the Balkan Route remains important, increasing amounts of heroin are being trafficked along other routes via Africa, directly from Pakistan and the Islamic Republic of Iran and via Middle Eastern countries such as Iraq and the Syrian Arab Republic. Map 3: Heroin trafficking routes to Western and Central Europe, with the exception of the Balkan Route Source: AOTP, UNODC. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. The dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties. 19 In 2009, around 70 tons of heroin were consumed in Western and Central Europe. However, this decreased to about 60 tons in

22 Drug traffickers are misusing trade routes to smuggle opiates from Afghanistan. With the exception of 2009, the volume of trade between Afghanistan and other countries in Western and Central Asia has risen continuously since The total volume of Afghan imports and exports within the region more than tripled between 2004 and Figure 6: Afghan trade with other countries in Western and Central Asia ( ) Source: Misuse of Licit Trade for Opiate Trafficking in West and Central Asia, 2012, UNODC. Note: This graph excludes trade values for Afghan exports and imports from Uzbekistan as well as data for the value of Afghan imports from the Islamic Republic of Iran. These values are currently not available. While the volume of trade has increased significantly within Western and Central Asia, there has been no corresponding increase in the level of law enforcement to combat the narcotics trade at dry ports, seaports and border control points. The Islamic Republic of Iran is the only country in the region that has observed a steady increase in seizure reports since Except for an increase in 2008, the number of reported heroin seizures in Central Asia has been declining steadily; figures for 2004 and 2011 illustrate a 71 per cent drop. This is a worrying trend that suggests that opiate and chemical precursor trafficking is well concealed within licit trade. 20 AOTP, Paris Pact, online seizure database 16

23 Figure 7: Reported heroin seizures in Central Asia ( ) Source: Misuse of Licit Trade for Opiate Trafficking in West and Central Asia, 2012, UNODC. The expansion in trade has created more opportunities for drug traffickers to conceal opiates and chemical precursors in licit shipments and to exploit the increased trading activity at dry ports, seaports and border crossings. Most drug seizures are reported to have taken place at major hubs along trade and transit trade routes in Central Asia, as well as within Afghanistan, the Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan. In recent years, the volume of trade between Afghanistan and Pakistan has increased significantly and the risk of opiates and acetic anhydride being smuggled alongside licit goods has risen accordingly. Many of the opiate seizures reported over the last three years have taken place along major transportation routes between Afghanistan and Pakistan. 17

24 Map 4: Trade routes and opiate seizures reported in Central Asia ( ) Source: Misuse of Licit Trade for Opiate Trafficking in West and Central Asia, 2012, UNODC. Note: The boundaries and the names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. In order to facilitate the movement of goods across borders, a number of bilateral and regional trade agreements, such as the Afghanistan Pakistan Transit Trade Agreement (APTTA), have been signed by Afghanistan and other countries in Western and Central Asia. Such agreements have reduced the extent of customs inspection. Some agreements permit goods to be sealed in containers at the point of departure, after which they are only reopened once they arrive at the final destination. 21 Under such circumstances, customs officials at dry ports and border crossings generally only inspect cargo when there is evidence that the containers have been tampered with. Therefore, if opiates have already been hidden inside containers with licit cargo at the point of departure, customs officials have no reason to suspect illegal content. Such reduced customs regulations offer traffickers the opportunity to misuse licit trade routes to smuggle opiates out of Afghanistan and into other countries. 21 UNODC, Misuse of Licit Trade for Opiate Trafficking in Western and Central Asia, October

25 Map 5: Opiate seizures reported in Afghanistan and Pakistan and transportation corridors ( ) Source: Misuse of Licit Trade for Opiate Trafficking in West and Central Asia, 201, UNODC. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. The dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties Currently, seizures rarely occur at dry ports, but take place predominantly in the surrounding areas. One of the principal reasons for the low number of seizures reported at transport hubs in Afghanistan and other countries in the region is the large volume of trade handled, since it hinders the detection of opiates concealed within licit cargo. 22 For example, the number of containers passing through Chaman dry port in Afghanistan, located near the border of Balochistan Province in Pakistan, increased by 18 per cent from 76,500 in 2008 to 90,300 in Furthermore, several dry ports in the region do not have sufficient staff or technical resources to be able to effectively check cargo for opiates. As a result, the risk of opiates passing through the dry ports without being discovered is significant. Rail networks link a number of dry ports in Central Asia and play a vital role in the region. In recent years, the Central Asian rail network has been extended to Afghanistan. Since this extension, several important heroin seizures have reportedly taken place along the network, suggesting that drug traffickers are abusing the lack of effective law enforcement UNODC, Misuse of Licit Trade for Opiate Trafficking in Western and Central Asia, October UNODC/COPAC, Research Report on the Capacity of Border Control Points and Dry Ports in Balochistan, April A more detailed analysis can be found in the UNODC report, Misuse of Licit Trade for Opiate Trafficking in Western and Central Asia, October

26 The misuse of maritime transportation for opiate trafficking has increased. Although traffickers continue to use land routes to smuggle opiates from Afghanistan and chemical precursors into Afghanistan, they are relying increasingly on maritime transportation to ship opiates to global markets. As opposed to previous years, most of the coastline and the majority of seaports in Pakistan and the Islamic Republic of Iran are currently being extensively misused to traffic heroin to Africa (primarily East Africa) and Europe. Map 6: Opiate seizures and transportation corridors in the Islamic Republic of Iran and Afghanistan Source: Misuse of Licit Trade for Opiate Trafficking in West and Central Asia, 2012, UNODC. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. The dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties Most dry ports responsible for trans shipment along intermodal trade routes from Afghanistan to the various seaports do not have sufficient staff and lack the necessary technical equipment to be able to check cargo effectively for opiates. 25 Therefore, there is a high risk of opiates passing through dry ports to coastal areas along such routes without being discovered. 25 UNODC, Misuse of Licit Trade for Opiate Trafficking in Western and Central Asia, October

27 Map 7: Opiate seizures reported along the Iranian and Pakistani coastline ( ) Source: Misuse of Licit Trade for Opiate Trafficking in West and Central Asia, 2012, UNODC. Note: The boundaries and the names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Seizure data indicates that there has been a sharp increase in drug trafficking from Pakistani and Iranian seaports to Europe. 26 Since 2010, a number of heroin seizures have been reported at seaports in the United Kingdom and, to a lesser extent, Belgium. Most of the heroin reportedly intercepted was concealed in containers carrying licit goods from Pakistan. 27 Table 1: Some important reported seizures of heroin trafficked to Europe from Pakistan and the Islamic Republic of Iran ( ) Year Amount (kg) Transportation From Seized in Dec Maritime Islamic Republic of Iran Belgium Apr Maritime Pakistan UK Jan Maritime Pakistan UK Source: AOTP, Paris Pact, online seizure database Since 2009, Afghan heroin has also been trafficked by ship directly from the Pakistani and Iranian coast to East and South East Asia. This is because the level of opium production in Myanmar and the Lao People s Democratic Republic has not been sufficient to meet the full demand for heroin in the region. 28 Seizure reports indicate that Malaysia has become an important destination and transit country for Afghan heroin OCTA, EU Organised Crime Threat Assessment, AOTP, Paris Pact, online seizure database 28 UNODC, World Drug Report AOTP, Paris Pact, online seizure database 21

28 Map 8: Heroin seizures reported in East and South East Asia ( ) Source: Misuse of Licit Trade for Opiate Trafficking in West and Central Asia, 2012, UNODC Note: The boundaries and the names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Heroin trafficking to Africa increased sharply. In recent years, East Africa has become a significant conduit for smuggling heroin from South West Asia, primarily Pakistan. Heroin seizure reports in East Africa have greatly increased since The low level of law enforcement capacity in a number of African countries has created opportunities for traffickers to smuggle drugs to Africa before onward shipment to their final destinations. 30 AOTP/Paris Pact, Online Seizure Database, 22

29 Map 9: Heroin seizures reported in Africa ( ) Source: Misuse of Licit Trade for Opiate Trafficking in West and Central Asia, 2012, UNODC. Note: The boundaries and the names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Dhows are one of the main forms of transportation used to traffic heroin from the Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan to East Africa. 31 The boats are commonly used to transport goods among countries in the Persian Gulf. Small dhows are used for local coastal trade and large offshore dhows are used on transnational routes. The low level of law enforcement along the coastline of the United Republic of Tanzania and Kenya provides a number of opportunities to traffic heroin to unofficial ports and inlets. 32 Heroin smuggled from Pakistan and the Islamic Republic of Iran to Africa by sea (across the Indian Ocean) or by air initially arrives in the United Republic of Tanzania or Kenya in East Africa, or Nigeria in West Africa. Heroin traffickers importing drugs into Nigeria can either fly into neighbouring countries then smuggle overland, fly directly into one of Nigeria s four international airports or use Nigeria s coast and seaports for onward shipping. 33 Nigeria and the West African coast have direct links particularly trade links with South West Asia. Indeed, significant 31 Dhow is the standard name used to describe various different types of traditional sailing vessels with one or more masts used in the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean; See 32 UNODC Mission to Tanzania, March UNODC Mission to Nigeria, June

30 volumes of trade goods, ranging from pharmaceuticals to machinery, are imported into Nigeria directly from various cities in Pakistan and India. Between 350 and 600 tons of acetic anhydride are diverted annually for the purposes of illegal heroin production in Afghanistan. Through the illicit use of precursor chemicals, opium is processed into increasingly higher grades of opiate, from morphine through to heroin. Therefore, precursor chemicals such as acetic anhydride are a crucial link in the supply chain. On the basis of available data, some tons of heroin are produced annually in Afghanistan. On the working assumption that producers use litres of acetic anhydride for every kg of Afghan heroin produced, 34 between 350 and 600 tons of acetic anhydride must be diverted annually for the purposes of illegal heroin production in Afghanistan. Given that some 2 million tons of the substance are produced legally on an annual basis, only a fraction of that needs to be targeted toward heroin production. These calculations are made on the assumption that Afghan heroin is produced only in Afghanistan. However, this issue needs to be studied carefully in a separate study if there is heroin production outside Afghanistan, acetic anhydride must also be sent illegally to other countries. Such information would help relevant law enforcement agencies focus on the issue more closely on an operational level. For decades, traffickers were able to divert acetic anhydride in various ways, such as importing it legally into countries with legitimate acetic anhydride requirements before smuggling it into opiate producing countries like Afghanistan. Most of the acetic anhydride seized en route to Afghanistan in 2009 was diverted in the European Union or East Asia. However, based on the limited data available, the two most commonly reported regions of origin for seized acetic anhydride directed to Afghanistan are currently South and East Asia. While most of the countries in these regions have robust regulatory systems, it is possible that there are gaps within their domestic trade channels that traffickers are able to exploit. 34 UNODC, The global Afghan opium trade: a threat assessment, July

31 Map 10: Acetic anhydride trajectories in South and East Asia ( ) Source: ANF Pakistan, UNODC TARCET. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. The dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties. Most reported seizures of acetic anhydride destined for Afghanistan or elsewhere have indicated the use of maritime container shipping at some point during the trafficking chain. 35 As with land transportation, a container ship may stop at various ports and its cargo may then cross several borders before reaching the end destination, but since containers are earmarked, officials at ports en route require strong evidence of malpractice in order to inspect the cargo. Acetic anhydride routes into Afghanistan While the entire length of the Afghan border is relatively permeable, precursor traffickers prefer to cross where there is a concentration of heroin processing laboratories. That means crossing in Nangarhar Province in the east, Hilmand and Kandahar Provinces bordering Pakistan or Nimroz Province along the western border with the Islamic Republic of Iran. Acetic anhydride and other precursors enter Afghanistan in a similar way to that in which drugs exit the country; via both official and unofficial crossings, in vehicles and on mules or camels. A large proportion of official Pakistan Afghanistan trade crosses at the Chaman border crossing, which with regard to acetic anhydride movements is probably comparable to the less busy but strategically placed Milak Zaranj crossing. 35 Drug traffickers also make use of containers to ship Afghan heroin and South American cocaine to western and other markets. This is an area to which the international community is paying increasing attention. 25

32 Most of the acetic anhydride seized en route to Afghanistan in 2009 was diverted in the European Union or East Asia. A similar pattern was observed in 2010, while in , the few recorded seizures seemed to indicate more haphazard targeting and possibly a new or unknown supply source/route. Based on the limited data available, the two most commonly reported regions of origin for seized acetic anhydride directed to Afghanistan are South and East Asia. While most of the countries in these regions have robust regulatory systems, it is possible that there are gaps within their domestic trade channels that traffickers are able to exploit. Potential policy and regulatory gaps also remain in other regions, including Europe, while the Middle East lags behind in terms of almost all legal, regulatory and law enforcement responses. For instance, the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) has flagged Iraq as a country of concern following several suspicious acetic anhydride shipments. Therefore, trends in Iraq and the wider region must be carefully monitored. Finally, many, but not all, African countries 36 have weak precursor regulatory systems. Already targeted by amphetamine type stimulant (ATS) precursor traffickers, the region may also be an attractive target for heroin precursor traffickers exploiting the same loopholes and weaknesses. Acetic anhydride is not required in the production process until morphine has been produced. While it is a regulated chemical under international conventions, other chemicals used in morphine production namely ammonium chloride and calcium hydroxide are not. Moreover, while illicit acetic anhydride costs around US$ 350 per litre on the Afghan market, morphine chemicals can cost as little as US$ 1 per kg. Therefore, morphine, which is one step removed from heroin, can be produced safely and at a low cost. Some producers may also be tempted to ship morphine out of Afghanistan and complete the acetylating step elsewhere, thus avoiding the concentration of international and national law enforcement that exists in Afghanistan. After momentous increases between 2008 and 2010, global acetic anhydride seizures began to decline significantly in Those that were reported outside Afghanistan tended to occur in Mexico, where the substance appears to be used mainly for the production of methamphetamine. 37 After 2011, global acetic anhydride seizures continued to decrease in all countries, with the exception of Afghanistan, which has reported consistent increases since At face value, that is positive. However, it also suggests that international mechanisms are unable to target sources of supply before the substance reaches Afghanistan /UNODC_HONLAF20_3eV pdf 37 INCB, Precursors and chemicals frequently used in the illicit manufacture of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, 2011, p

33 Map 11: and neighbouring countries: main acetic anhydride seizures reported ( ) Source: Global Afghan Opiate Trade Report, 2011, UNODC Cooperation among intelligence centres is insufficient to combat drug trafficking. As trade by sea, air, road and rail continues to grow, law enforcement capacity remains insufficient at seaports, airports and land border crossings at a global level, thus allowing drug traffickers to increasingly abuse licit trade networks. Since it is not impossible to monitor every aircraft, train, vehicle and passenger, the only way to prevent opiates and acetic anhydride from being trafficked within licit trade is to enhance the efficiency of risk profiling systems and improve information gathering. Furthermore, it is essential to increase the number of controlled delivery operations so that more of those individuals leading major trafficking operations can be arrested, rather than mere couriers. Greater cooperation is also required between regional intelligence centres worldwide. Currently, the extent of data sharing between international institutions and national bodies is not at the level required to counter the global trade in narcotics. As global trade continues to increase, the collection and sharing of information will become increasingly important. In some parts of the world, a particularly low law enforcement capacity and awareness of opiate and acetic anhydride trafficking greatly undermines efforts to counter the opiate trade. A prime example is East Africa. Therefore, it is crucial to raise overall awareness and enhance law enforcement capacity to counter opiate trafficking along major smuggling routes, especially in Africa, before drug traffickers firmly establish their networks. In order to improve information sharing and gathering in Africa, it would be very useful to establish regional intelligence centres similar to those that exist in South East Europe (Southeast European Law Enforcement Centre) and Central Asia (Central Asian Regional Information and Coordination Centre). 27

34 Data and information constraints At global level, available data, particularly that relating to drug demand and trafficking, is still limited, which makes it difficult to identify patterns or trends in the opiate trade worldwide. To that end, PPI has continuously supported the further enhancement of data and information collection capacity and sharing mechanisms between partner countries and UNODC. With that goal in mind, Paris Pact NSAs and AOTP national staff, together with the relevant UNODC field offices, are already working closely with Governments to overcome information gaps. Since the establishment of the NSA component in 2007 and in spite of information constraints, Phases II and III of the Paris Pact project have seen an improvement in networking capabilities and a significant enhancement of the evidence base required for strategic planning, policymaking and action. Phase IV ( ) represents an important opportunity to strengthen this support to Paris Pact partners. As suggested in the recommendations of the recent Independent Evaluation of Phase III of the Paris Pact project, extending the network of PPI/AOTP field staff to other relevant countries or regions could help to increase the quantity of data collected through ensuring a broader geographical coverage, and thus improve UNODC s research capacity with regard to the Afghan opiate trade. 28

35 2. FACT SHEETS WEST AND CENTRAL ASIA AFGHANISTAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF) Borders: China: 96 km, Tajikistan: 1,360.7 km, Uzbekistan: km, Turkmenistan: 874 km, I.R. of Iran: 925 km, Kashmir: 102 km, Pakistan: 2,310 km 38 Area and administrative divisions Provinces Districts Density (sq.km) Area (sq.km) ,864 Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision Settled population by age and sex group, 2011 Total estimated population, including refugees 28,650,036 Male 12,524,700 Female 11,960,900 Kuchi, male and female 1,500,000 Refugees (as of January 2012) 2,664,436 Source: Central Statistics Organization (CSO) of Afghanistan National Census, UNHCR (refugees) POPPY CULTIVATION, ERADICATION AND PRODUCTION Poppy cultivation, eradication and production in the country Cultivation (thousand hectares) Eradication (thousand n/a n/a n/a n/a hectares) Opium production (thousand mt) Source: UNODC and MCN Opium Survey reports, Source: Border police Ministry of Interior Affairs of Afghanistan 29

36 DRUG SEIZURES Drug and precursor seizures (kg) and destroyed labs Heroin 7, , ,699 2,866 2,188 9,040 10,240 8,043.1 Opium 90,990 40,958 26,542 25,357 35,687 57,030 80,480 87,210.3 Morphine 1, ,699 2,866 5,167 5,030 50,800 34,334.8 Poppy seed n/a n/a n/a n/a 788,250 n/a n/a n/a Hashish 42,389 36,972 50, ,790 10,539 93,980 54, ,437.2 Marijuana (herb) n/a n/a n/a n/a 426 n/a n/a 42,201.2 Precursor chemicals 24,904 43,192 64,727 83, , , , n/a Destroyed heroin labs n/a n/a n/a Source: World Drug reports for , 2012; UNODC ARQ data; CNPA; AOTP/Paris Pact 41 Drug and precursor seizures from Afghanistan s borders, 2011 (kg) Border to Morphine Heroin Opium Hashish Precursors (kg) Precursors (lt.) Central Asia , , Pakistan 10,175 3,649 51, , , ,066 I.R. of Iran , , ,097 28,681.5 Source: Ministry of Interior/Counter Narcotics Police of Afghanistan Counter narcotics operations Total operations in ,235 Afghanistan Pakistan borders Operations 4 Seized acetic anhydride (litres) 13,000 Seized chemicals (kg) 14,217 Afghanistan I.R. of Iran borders Operations 11 Seized precursors (kg) 60,748 Afghanistan and I.R. of Iran Cooperation Joint operations 3 Seized narcotics (mt) 2.5 Controlled delivery operations in 2011 (China) 1 Source: Ministry of Interior of Afghanistan 39 Ministry of Interior/Counter Narcotics Police of Afghanistan 40 Non specified precursors 41 Aggregated data of seizures reported by CNPA of Afghanistan; online platform roca.org 30

37 Map 12: Drug and precursor seizures in Afghanistan (2012) Heroin, Opium, Cannabis, ATS, Precursors Source: Joint online platform of AOTP and Paris Pact, roca.org. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY Average wholesale prices (US$ per kg) Jan Oct 2012 Heroin 2,267 2,186 2,850 3,651 3,427 Cannabis Hashish Source: UNODC/MCN Survey Average retail prices (US$ per gram) 2011 Jan Oct 2012 Heroin Cannabis Hashish Source: UNODC/MCN Survey Adulterants used in drugs in the country, Heroin Paracetamol, caffeine, sucrose, benzocaine (anaesthetic), methorphan (analgesic and antitoxic), diazepam, (anxiolytic), chloroquinine Opium Fresh dates, poppy leaf Hashish Caffeine Source: UNODC Research 31

38 DRUG RELATED CRIME Drug related arrest statistics Criminal cases initiated Persons committed for crime Male traffickers n/a Female traffickers n/a Foreigner traffickers n/a Public officials n/a Source: Criminal Justice Task Force of Ministry of Interior Affairs DRUG INDUSTRY AND TRAFFICKING NETWORKS ( ) Afghanistan dominates the global opiate production. The opiate industry involves various processes: obtaining precursors, extracting opium, processing it into heroin/morphine and trafficking onward activities that require an equally extensive network of traffickers. A recent UNODC/MCN joint research found that such networks existed in each province visited. The number of trafficking networks and the links they have with other networks varies between provinces. The two maps examine the major and minor trafficking networks in each province. Map 13: Estimated minor drug trafficking networks in Afghanistan Source: MCN/UNODC joint research study on opiate flow 2012 Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. 32

39 Map 14: Estimated major drug trafficking networks in Afghanistan Source: MCN/UNODC joint research study on opiate flow 2012 Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. HAWALA SYSTEM Hawala is an ancient money transfer system that traces its origins to South Asia. Relying heavily on trust and connections such as family relationships, the hawala system has come to be used all over Afghanistan. As is the case with any other remittance system, hawala can be and is used to launder money and support anti Government activities. Joint MCN/UNODC researchers interviewed several key informants (mainly hawaladars) across 18 provinces of Afghanistan. While most Afghans are new to the modern banking system, it is perhaps unsurprising to note that hawala has a significant presence in the country (Refer to the Maps). The informal nature of hawala, a lack of strict law enforcement to prevent misuse of the system and the close knit nature of Afghan society mean that the Taliban and other AGE can use hawala to bypass legal regulations. 33

40 Map 15: Estimated unregistered hawaladars in Afghanistan Source: MCN/UNODC joint research study on opiate flow 2012 Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. DRUG ABUSE Number of drug users and annual prevalence Number % Number % Drug users 920, , Adult male 740, n/a n/a Adult female 120, n/a n/a Children 60, n/a n/a IDUs (as% of problem drug users) n/a n/a 20, Including users by drug type: Opium 150, , Heroin 50, , Hashish 520, n/a 8.3 Pharmaceutical 180, n/a n/a Alcohol 160, n/a n/a Others 200, n/a n/a Source: Drug Use in Afghanistan: 2005 and 2009 surveys, UNGASS Country Report 2012 Note: There is no regular data collection system and lack of information and monitoring system from drug treatment centres. 42 Between 660,000 and 940,000 drug users 34

41 Annual prevalence of drug use 43 as percentage of the population aged UNODC best estimate Uncertainty range Year of estimate Amphetamines < Cannabis Cocaine < Opioids Opiates Prescription opioids Source: UNODC World Drug Report, 2012 Drug related mortality with ranking of drugs as primary cause of death 2009 Number of deaths 16 Reference population 1,857,939 Rate per million aged Ranking of drugs as primary cause of death: Opioids 1 Fatal drug overdoses (%) 100 Source: UNODC World Drug Report, 2012 Drug treatment services in Afghanistan, January 2013 Total including Government NGOs 45 Services In patient (treatment Centers ) Out patient Outreach Harm reduction Village based Community based After care Treatment services by target groups Adults Adolescent Children Capacity of services Clinical staff (persons) In patient services: Number of beds 2, ,270 Annual capacity 13,130 5,840 7,290 Out patient services: Annual capacity 8,560 3,340 5,220 Home based services: Number of patients Annual capacity 3, ,920 Total annual treatment capacity 25,480 8,960 16,520 Source: Ministry of Public Health 43 Annual prevalence refers to the total number of people of a given age range who have used a given drug at least once in the past year divided by the number of people of a given age. 44 Opioid A generic term applied to alkaloids from opium poppy, their synthetic analogues, and compounds synthesized in the body. 45 Donors: INL (U.S. Department of State), Caritas (Germany), Norwegian Church Aid, Japan Government, World Bank, and UNODC 35

42 Needs in treatment and treated persons 2009 Persons who need for treatment 780,000 Persons who received treatment 86,000 Source: Drug Use in Afghanistan 2099 Survey HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS reported 46 PLWHA (estimated) and HIV prevalence New HIV cases PLWHA 636 1,250 1,367 Rate (per 100,000) IDUs (%) 7 n/a n/a IDUs (%) n/a n/a n/a Sex workers (%) Total HIV cases 636 1,250 1,367 MSM (%) n/a n/a n/a Rate (per 100,000) Inmates (%) 1 n/a n/a IDUs (%) n/a n/a n/a Source: Ministry of Public Health/National Aids Control Program Note: The number of HIV cases reported in 2008 and 2009 were obtained from different sources of information, not all of which follow the standard testing algorithm. In addition, there may be a risk of double counting. A new reporting system is established in CRIME RELATED TREATIES Signature and ratification status of UNTOC and UNCAC Signature Status United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) 14 Dec Sep 2003 a) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the UNTOC b) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the UNTOC c) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) 20 Feb Aug The number of HIV cases reported in 2009 was obtained from different sources of information, not all of which follow the standard testing algorithm. In addition, there may be a risk of double counting. A new reporting system is established in

43 IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF) Territory: Borders: 1,648,195 sq. km. Azerbaijan (432 km/268 mi) and Armenia (35 km/22 mi) to the north west; Turkmenistan (992 km/616 mi) to the north east; Pakistan (909 km/565 mi) and Afghanistan (936 km/582 mi) to the east; Turkey (499 km/310 mi) and Iraq (1,458 km/906 mi) to the west; and finally the waters of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman to the south. Population (thousands) Total 73,137 73,974 74,799 75, aged 52,302 53,132 53,833 54,505 Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision Note: The number of aged people was calculated based on average per cent. DRUG SEIZURES Drug seizures (kg) Heroin 24,926 27,141 23,096 10,181 Opium 579, , , ,085 Cannabis 8,214 10,262 13,948 66,693 Cocaine Methamphetamine 891 1,371 3,917 3,357 Source: Drug Control Headquarters Reports 2009, 2010,2011 and 2012 Precursor and other substance seizures Acetic anhydride (lt) 79, , , Acetic chloride (lt) 0 16,000 0 Ephedrine (kg) n/a , Source: Drug Control Headquarters Reports 2009, 2010 and 2011 Seizure cases by transportation method of drug trafficking Heroin Opium Air 7.2 n/a n/a 2,000 Land n/a n/a n/a n/a Pedestrian ,306 Vehicle ,362 n/a 47 Destined to Afghanistan 48 Destined to Afghanistan 49 4,000 litres destined to Kyrgyzstan; 1,330 destined to Pakistan; 28,064 destined to Afghanistan 50 Source: Anti Narcotic Police kg originated from Pakistan; 48,006 kg originated from Iraq 37

44 Seizure cases by transportation method of drug trafficking Heroin Opium Sea 50 n/a 1,600 4,752 Rail n/a n/a n/a n/a Mail n/a n/a n/a n/a Source: Official newspapers of the Islamic Republic of Iran International and Controlled Delivery (CD) operations Joint/simultaneous operations I.R. of Iran Pakistan Total seized drugs (kg) 1, ,901 0 Opium (kg) ,280 0 Heroin (kg) Hashish (kg) Morphine (kg) I.R. of Iran Afghanistan Total seized drugs (kg) , Opium (kg) Heroin (kg) Hashish (kg) 98 n/a Morphine (kg) Cases of intelligence based bilateral operations n/a n/a 30 n/a with regional and neighbouring countries Seized drugs in the country (kg) n/a n/a n/a n/a Heroin (kg) n/a n/a n/a n/a Hashish (kg) n/a n/a n/a n/a Ice (kg) n/a n/a n/a n/a Source: Drug Control Headquarters and Anti Narcotic Police Report on Methamphetamine 38

45 Map 16: Drug seizures in the I.R. of Iran ( ) Heroin, Opium, Cannabis, ATS, Cocaine, Precursors Source: joint online platform of AOTP and Paris Pact, roca.org. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY Average wholesale prices (US$ per kg) Oct Heroin 2,896 3,954 n/a 11,300 (West. border) 8,040 (East. border) Opium 648 1,566 n/a 1,150 (West. border) 450 (East. border) Hashish n/a n/a n/a 850 (West. border) 245 (East. border) Cannabis n/a n/a n/a n/a Source: Drug Control Headquarters Report Note: Data of retail prices are not available. Drug purity and composition of drugs identified by of the Research Center of Anti Narcotics Police Heroin Heroin hydrochloride Purity Natural Adulterant Morphine, Codeine, n/a Tebaine, Papaverine, Narcotine, Meconin n/a Source: Research Center of Anti Narcotics Police, IRA Caffeine, Acetaminophen, Phenobarbital, Diazepam, Dextromethorphan, Lidocaine, Hydrocotarnine, Phenolphetaleine < Caffeine, Acetaminophen, Phenobarbital, Diazepam, Methophane, Lidocaine, Hydrocotarnine, Phenolphetaleine 39

46 DRUG RELATED CRIME Suspects arrested in the country Distributors/traffickers 246, ,940 58, n/a Average daily arrests of distributors/traffickers (persons) n/a n/a Foreigners 3,187 n/a Drug users 5,279 1,545 n/a n/a Source: Drug Control Headquarters Annual Reports and Anti Narcotic Police Report on Drug Situation in the I. R. of Iran Organized crime Crimes committed by OC groups n/a n/a n/a n/a Trafficking groups dismantled 2,391 1,961 2,467 2,461 Source: DCHQ Drug Control Reports 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 DRUG ABUSE Centers active in the field of treatment and harm reduction Governmental No. of centers No. of admissions 148,602 81, , ,943 Non Governmental No. of centers 1,431 1,954 1,994 2,446 No. of admissions 493, , , ,565 Source: Drug Control Headquarters Annual prevalence of drug use as percentage of the population aged UNODC best estimate Uncertainty range Year Amphetamines Cannabis No recent, reliable estimate Cocaine < Opioids Opiates Source: UNODC World Drug Report, 2012 Drug related mortality with ranking of drugs as primary cause of death 2010 Number of deaths 3,673 Reference population 53,132,124 Rate per million aged Ranking of drugs as primary cause of death: Opioids 1 ATS 2 Source: UNODC World Drug Report, The data is for the nine months of The data is for the nine months of

47 HIV/AIDS (UNTIL 22 SEPTEMBER 2012) 54 HIV/AIDS cases according to gender HIV/AIDS AIDS Deaths Total 25,041 3,746 4,855 Male 22,647 3,280 4,638 (%) Female 2, (%) Source: HIV/AIDS Office, Centre for Disease Control, Ministry of Health Transmission method in HIV/AIDS cases 2012 Total number 25,041 Injecting Drug Use (%) 69.2 Sexual intercourse (%) 11 Blood and blood products (%) 1 Mother to child (%) 1 Unidentified (%) 17.8 Source: HIV/AIDS Office, Centre for Disease Control, Ministry of Health CRIME RELATED TREATIES Status of the ratification of United Nations Convention on Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) in the Islamic Republic of Iran by July 2012 Date Activity Office Outcome Dec UNODC Hqs Adopting UNTOC 2000 General Assembly Adoption of UNTOC UNODC Hqs Signature of the Dec 2000 Signing UNTOC by I.R. of Iran UNODC I.R. of Iran MFA Convention by states parties including Iran (Iran didn t sign the two additional protocols on Firearms and Human Smuggling) March 2011 Sep 2011 Jan 2012 Seminar on Ratification and Implementation of UNTOC, impacts on the Iranian Criminal Legal and Institutional Frameworks UNTOC under consideration by the Bill Commission of the Ministerial Cabinet 2 Briefing sessions by Regional Cooperation Advisor (RP for Afghanistan and Neighboring Countries) for the Senior Authorities UNODC HQs UNODC I.R. of Iran Judiciary UNODC Hqs UNODC Iran Ministry of Foreign Affairs UNODC HQs UNODC I.R. of Iran Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Interior Drug Control Headquarters MEAF Judiciary Familiarizing the audience with the need of ratification and implementation of UNTOC and adaptation of domestic legislation UNTOC under consideration by the Bill Commission of the Ministerial Cabinet Judiciary sent a number of letters to the Cabinet to ask for the approval of the Bill. Highlighting the capacities under ratification and implementation of the UNTOC Providing technical assistance and replying to the Senior Authorities concerns UNCAC implementation status in the Islamic Republic of Iran by July 2012 Date Activity Office Outcome Adopting UNCAC UNODC Hqs Adoption of UNCAC Convention Oct 2003 Convention General Assembly 54 The figures are cumulative, indicating the number of HIV/AIDS and death cases from the beginning of data reporting from the Ministry of Health (1986) to end of each fiscal year. 41

48 UNCAC implementation status in the Islamic Republic of Iran by July 2012 Date Activity Office Outcome UNODC Hqs Signature of convention Dec 2003 Signing UNCAC by Iran UNODC I.R. of Iran Ministry of Foreign Affairs Dec 2005 Apr 2009 Apr 2011 May 2011 Aug/Sep 2011 Aug/Sep 2011 March 2012 Mar/July 2012 Entry into force Ratifying/Accessing the convention by Iran Evaluating Bangladesh Evaluation of Iran Iran s Self Assessment, UNCAC, Chapter 3 Translation of Iran s Self Assessment, UNCAC, Chapter 3 Translation of Iran s Self Assessment, UNCAC, Chapter 3 Translation of Iran s Self Assessment, UNCAC, Chapter 4 UNODC Hqs UNODC I.R. of Iran Ministry of Foreign Affairs UNODC Hqs UNODC I.R. of Iran Ministry of Foreign Affairs UNODC Hqs UNODC I.R. of Iran Ministry of Foreign Affairs General Inspection Office UNODC Hqs UNODC I.R. of Iran Ministry of Foreign Affairs General Inspection Office Ministry of Justice UNODC Hqs UNODC I.R. of Iran Ministry of Foreign Affairs General Inspection Office Ministry of Justice UNODC Hqs UNODC I.R. of Iran Ministry of Foreign Affairs UNODC Hqs UNODC I.R. of Iran Ministry of Foreign Affairs General Inspection Office Ministry of Justice UNODC Hqs UNODC I.R. of Iran Ministry of Foreign Affairs General Inspection Office Ministry of Justice Entry into force Ratification Evaluation Bangladesh by Iran s delegation HQs. Selection & indication of Iran s evaluators Belarus & Indonesia Delivery of Iran s Self Assessment (UNCAC, chapter 3) document in Farsi plus its report to UNODC Vienna Close cooperation and technical/legal assistance provided by UNODC I.R. of Iran, to facilitate the translation (Farsi to English) Translated document delivered to UNODC I.R. of Iran Translated document shared with UNODC HQs Instrument shared with the Reviewers (Indonesia and Belarus) by UNODC HQs Translated document delivered to UNODC I.R. of Iran Translated document shared with UNODC HQs Instrument shared with the Reviewers (Indonesia and Belarus) by UNODC HQs Next Steps Date Activity Office Outcome Q Q Evaluation of the Iran s Self Assessment by Belarus & Indonesia UNODC I.R. of Iran s assistance to HQs and GIO/MOJ Drafting evaluation with recommendations provided by Belarus & Indonesia UNODC Hqs UNODC I.R. of Iran Ministry of Foreign Affairs General Inspection Office Ministry of Justice UNODC Hqs UNODC I.R. of Iran Ministry of Foreign Affairs General Inspection Office Ministry of Justice Activity/action in process Outcome to be identified Activity/action in process Outcome to be identified 42

49 Q Q UNODC HQs action plan on the provided recommendations UNODC I.R. of Iran assistance on the implementation of the action plan UNODC Hqs UNODC I.R. of Iran Ministry of Foreign Affairs General Inspection Office Ministry of Justice Activity/action in process Outcome to be identified 43

50 PAKISTAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF) Territory: Borders: 796,095 sq. km. 6,774 km (India 2,912 km, China 523 km, Afghanistan 2,430 km, I.R. of Iran 909 km) Population (thousands) Total 169, , , , aged (%) Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision & Pakistan s Demographic Profile Note: The number of aged people was calculated based on average per cent. DRUG SEIZURES Drug and precursor seizures (kg) m 2012 Heroin 2,060 4,240 7,650 1,820.0 Opium 24,819 19,810 23,420 7,536.9 Cannabis n/a n/a 0 42,688.0 Hashish 204, n/a Morphine 1,961 6,060 4,296 n/a Cannabis plants (pcs) n/a n/a 40 n/a Cocaine Acetic anhydride 4,757 60, n/a Ephedrine n/a n/a 50 n/a Ecstasy (tab) 132 n/a 4 n/a Source: Anti Narcotics Force & Customs of Pakistan, UNODC ARQ data Country estimation of drug trafficking by transportation method Location/ Place of Seizure Cases Drugs seized (kg) Opium Morphine Heroin Hashish Diazepam Injections (in nos) Total , , , , ,000 Cities/Urban Area , Airports Dry Ports , Hinterland 30 13, , Road/Highway , Sea Ports ,000 CD Operations Cocaine salts 44

51 Source: Anti Narcotics Force of Pakistan Drug trafficking through international airports Airports Cases Drug seized (kg) Heroin Hashish Total BBIAP Islamabad Peshawar Airport JIAP Karachi AIIAP Lahore Faisalabad Quetta Airport Source: Anti Narcotics Force of Pakistan Controlled delivery operations and seized drugs, 2011 Total controlled delivery operations 5 Total heroin seized (kg) including: Pakistan Malaysia 1 Heroin seized (kg) Pakistan Benin 1 Heroin seized (kg) Pakistan Spain 1 Heroin seized (kg) 22.8 Pakistan UK 1 Heroin seized (kg) 15.0 Pakistan China 1 Heroin seized (kg) 10.0 Source: ANF s Yearly Digest Controlled Delivery 45

52 Map 17: Drug seizures in Pakistan ( ) Heroin, Opium, Cannabis, Cocaine, Precursors Source: joint online platform of AOTP and Paris Pact, roca.org. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. DRUG PRICES Average wholesale prices (US$ per kg) Average retail prices (US$ per gram) Oct Heroin 3,700 3,790 4,000 5,000 Heroin Opium Opium Hashish Cannabis (per 5 gram) Cannabis Hashish Cocaine Source: Pakistani LEAs & FATA markets Pakistani LEAs & FATA markets 46

53 DRUG RELATED CRIME Drug related offences Criminal cases initiated , ,302 Rate (per 100,000) Source: Anti Narcotics Force of Pakistan Suspects arrested and offenders convicted Suspects arrested , ,022 Rate (per 100,000) n/a Death Penalty n/a 3 7 Life imprisonments n/a More than 10 years RI 57 n/a Source: Anti Narcotics Force of Pakistan State of total assets cases (as of 31 December) Value assets frozen, forfeited and realized (US$ million) Oct 2012 Total cases n/a Frozen Under investigations n/a Forfeited Pending trial n/a Realized n/a In appeal n/a Source: ANF Yearly Digest 2011 Foreigners defendants arrested in Pakistan, 2011 Continent/ Nationality Cases Arrested offenders Drugs seized (kg) Heroin Hashish Total ,305.5 Asia , Afghanistan , Nepal Africa Ghana Kenya Mozambique Nigeria South Africa Tanzania Zambia Europe UK Italy Spain Source: Anti Narcotics Force of Pakistan 57 Rigorous Imprisonment 47

54 DRUG ABUSE Primary drug abuse among persons treated 58 Annual prevalence of use as a percentage of the population aged Opioids (per 100,000) 44 Opioids Cannabinoids (per 100,000) 40.7 Opiates Others (per 100,000) 15.4 Prescription opioids 0.13 n/a Treatment provided (patients) 3,640 Source: UNODC World Drug Report 2012 Source: UNODC World Drug Report 2012 Drug related mortality with ranking of drugs as primary cause of death 2009 Number of deaths n/a Reference population n/a Ranking of drugs as primary cause of death: Opioids 1 ATS 2 Source: UNODC World Drug Report, 2012 HIV/AIDS HIV prevalence, estimated Characteristics of injecting drug users IDUs (%) Male (%) Sex workers: Female (%) n/a 1.6 Male (%) Average age n/a Female (%) Have no formal n/a 57.1 education (%) Hijra (%) Married n/a 33.8 Source: UNGASS Country Progress Report 2012 prepared by Pakistan Characteristics of injecting drug users and sex workers, 2007 Number Average age Condom use IDUs 46, n/a Sex workers: 242,000 n/a n/a Female 136, Male 63,000 < Hijra 43, Source: UNGASS Country Progress Report 2012, Pakistan 58 Geographically limited reporting 59 In Hijras are physiological males who have feminine gender identity, women's clothing and other feminine gender roles. 61 Used a condom with their non paying clients in the last month 62 Used a condom with their non paying clients 63 35% of total Hijra sex workers 64 Used a condom with their clients in the last month 48

55 CRIME RELATED TREATIES Signature and ratification status of UNTOC and UNCAC United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) Signature Status a) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the UNTOC b) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the UNTOC c) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) 9 Dec Aug

56 KAZAKHSTAN (REPUBLIC OF) Territory: Borders: 2,724,900 sq. km. 12,012 km (China: 1,782 km, Kyrgyzstan: 1,241 km, Russian Federation:7,591 km, Turkmenistan: 426 km, Uzbekistan: 2,354 km) Source: Kazakhstan in Figures, Agency on Statistics, Astana, 2012 Population (thousands) Total 15,841 16,026 16,207 16, aged 10,885 11,015 11,070 11,132 Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision DRUG SEIZURES Drug seizures (kg) Heroin Opium Cannabis 26, ,348 27,380 27,956.9 Hashish Cocaine Amphetamine n/a MDMA n/a Source: Legal Statistics Committee (LSC) of the General Prosecutor s Office Precursor and other substance seizures Acetic anhydride (lt) Sulphuric acid (lt) 2, Hydrochloric acid (lt) ,794 10,707 1,600 Ephedra herb (kg) 0 n/a Potassium permanganate (kg) 4.6 3, Toluol (lt) 1.3 n/a Acetone (lt) Source: Legal Statistics Committee (LSC) of the General Prosecutor s Office International and Controlled Delivery (CD) operations International operations n/a n/a Atlantic Operations, Kazakhstan China n/a 2 n/a n/a 65 Two attempts of smuggling from Columbia and Argentine as reported by CARICC (Bulletin #118, 12 Nov 2012, Almaty) 66 Precursor seizures are not related to smuggling of substances 50

57 International and Controlled Delivery (CD) operations Cocaine seized in the country (kg) n/a 4.5 n/a n/a CD operations conducted by Police CD operations with other countries Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Kazakhstan Russian Federation n/a Seized drugs in the country (kg) ~1,000 Heroin (kg) 22 n/a Hashish (kg) n/a n/a 10.2 n/a Source: Central Asian Regional Information and Coordination Center (CARICC), Drug Control Committee (DCC) of the Ministry of Interior Map 18: Drug seizures in the Republic of Kazakhstan ( ) Heroin, Opium, Cannabis, Precursors Source: joint online platform of AOTP and Paris Pact, roca.org. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY Wholesale drug prices (US$ per kg) Retail drug prices (US$ per gram) Heroin 6,500 12,000 7,000 12,000 5,000 12,000 Heroin Opium 4,500 5,500 5,000 6,000 6,000 8,000 Opium Cannabis Cannabis Hashish Hashish Source: CARICC Data of the National Security Committee of Kazakhstan 51

58 Average wholesale prices (US$ per kg) Heroin 13,000 21,000 13,400 15,500 13,000 14,200 13,000 14,200 Opium 3,000 5,000 3,300 5,000 1,800 2,045 1,800 2,045 Cannabis Hashish 2,725 3, , , ,030 Source: Drug Control Committee of the Ministry of Interior of Kazakhstan Average retail drug prices (in US$) Heroin (per gr) Opium (per gr) Cannabis (per glass) Hashish (per matchbox) Source: Drug Control Committee of the Ministry of Interior of Kazakhstan Drug purity (data of the National Laboratory) Composition of heroin and cocaine, Heroin (%) Opium (%) n/a n/a Marijuana (%, THC) Hashish (%, THC) Amphetamine (%) Source: CADAP, Ministry of Justice of Kazakhstan Heroin Cocaine Caffeine, dextromethorphan, phenobarbital, chloroquine, diphenhydramine, metamizole sodium, paracetamol, aspirin, chloramphenicol, etc. Levamisole, aspirin, sodium bicarbonate DRUG RELATED CRIME Drug related offences Criminal cases initiated 9,705 8,795 4,360 3,886 Rate (per 100,000) including offences: With intent to sell (%) Smuggling (%) Source: Legal Statistics Committee, CARICC Suspects arrested and offenders convicted Suspects arrested 7,260 6,329 2,423 2,048 Rate (per 100,000) Female (%) Offenders convicted 7,325 5,831 2,426 1,996 Female (%) est. 11 est. 11 est. 69 About 80 grams (UNODC ROCA Coordination and Analysis Unit est.) 70 About 20 grams (UNODC ROCA Coordination and Analysis Unit est.) 52

59 Map 19: Drug related crime rate by province of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2011) Suspects arrested in the country, by nationality All arrestees 7,260 6,329 2,423 2,048 National citizens 6,846 5,981 2,251 1,909 CIS citizens Others foreigners Stateless persons Source: Legal Statistics Committee CIS citizens arrested Kyrgyzstan Russian Federation Tajikistan Uzbekistan Others Source: Legal Statistics Committee Offences committed in the state of drug and toxic excitation Total offences Female Juveniles Source: Legal Statistics Committee 71 Including drug related offences 53

60 Organized crime Crimes committed by groups Crimes committed by OG Source: Ministry of Interior DRUG ABUSE Drug abusers recorded in dispensaries Total number 54,081 49,795 46,766 40,858 Rate (100,000) Opiate users (%) ~50 Cannabioid users (%) n/a IDUs (%) n/a Source: RCARDA 72, Legal Statistics Committee (2012) Opiate users (estimated) Total number (aged 15 to 64) 103,000 n/a Injecting drug users (IDUs) 100, ,640 Mean age 27.5 n/a Lifetime use of heroin (%) 83 n/a Lifetime use of opium (%) 47 n/a UNODC (2006), Republican AIDS Center (2011) 73 Annual prevalence of drug use as percentage of the population aged UNODC best estimate Uncertainty range Year of estimate Cannabis Opioids Opiates Prescription opioids Source: UNODC World Drug Report, 2012, INCSR (cannabis) Drug treatment Patients taken off and deaths Treated drug abusers 6,594 6,691 6,809 Patients taken off 12,470 13,640 n/a In patient 3,741 6,741 n/a Drug related deaths 1,175 1,049 1,057 Anonym 10,922 12,689 10,195 Drug overdoses Source: RCARDA, CARICC Source: RCARDA, LSC ( ) Republican Centre for Applied Research on Drug Addiction Analysis of statistical data on counter narcotics situation in the Republic of Kazakhstan in Report of the Legal Statistic Committee, 12 January 2012, Astana, p.8 54

61 HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS reported Tested for HIV 2.1 mln ~2 mln > 2 mln n/a New HIV cases 2,081 1,988 2,006 2,015 Rate (per 100,000) n/a n/a IDU (%) n/a n/a Total HIV cases 13,784 15,771 17,763 19,748 Rate (per 100,000) IDUs (%) n/a n/a Source: LSC PLWHA (estimated) and HIV prevalence PLWHA 15,000 n/a 20,500 IDUs (%) Sex workers (%) MSM (%) Inmates (%) Source: Republican AIDS Center CRIME RELATED TREATIES Signature and ratification status of UNTOC and UNCAC Signature Status United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) 13 Dec Jul 2008 Ratified a) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the UNTOC 31 Jul 2008 Accessed b) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the UNTOC 31 Jul 2008 Accessed c) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC 31 Jul 2008 Accessed United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) 18 Jun 2008 Accessed 55

62 KYRGYZ REPUBLIC Territory: Borders: 199,900 sq. km. 4,051 km (Kazakhstan: 1,224 km, Uzbekistan: 1,099 km, Tajikistan: 870 km, China: 858 km) Population (thousands) Total 5,271 5,334 5,393 5, aged 3,433 3,495 3,540 3,587 Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision. DRUG SEIZURES Drug and precursor/other substance seizures 75 (kg) Heroin Opium Cannabis 2, , , ,031.2 Hashish Sulphuric acid (lt) n/a Ephedra herb ,786 n/a Source: National Statistics Committee, State Service on Drug Control, Kyrgyzstan, CARICC International and Controlled Delivery (CD) operations International operations CD operations conducted: CD operations with other countries Seized drugs in the country (kg) n/a Heroin (kg) n/a Hashish (kg) n/a Source: State Service on Drug Control, Kyrgyzstan 75 Precursor seizures are not related to smuggling of substances 56

63 Map 20: Drug and precursors seizures in Kyrgyz Republic ( ) Heroin, Opium, Cannabis, Precursors Source: joint online platform of AOTP and Paris Pact, roca.org. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY Average wholesale prices (US$ per kg) Average retail prices (US$ per gram) Heroin 6,000 7,000 6,000 7,000 6,000 7,000 Heroin Opium 1,000 1,200 1,000 1,200 1,000 1,200 Opium Cannabis Cannabis Hashish 1,000 1,200 1,000 1,200 1,000 1,200 Hashish Source: State Service on Drug Control Note: State Service on Drug Control did not provide purity analysis of seized drugs in DRUG RELATED CRIME Drug related offences Suspects arrested and offenders convicted Criminal cases initiated 1,887 1,543 1,924 Suspects arrested 1,279 1,139 1,287 Rate (per 100,000) Rate (per 100,000) including offences: Female (%) With intent to sell (%) Offenders convicted 1,354 1,175 1,248 Smuggling (%) Female (%) Source: National Statistics Committee, Kyrgyzstan; State Service on Drug Control, Kyrgyzstan 57

64 Map 21: Drug related crime rate by province in Kyrgyz Republic (2011) Suspects arrested in the country, by nationality CIS citizens arrested All arrestees 1,279 1,139 1,287 Azerbaijan National citizens 1,244 1,116 1,232 Kazakhstan Foreign citizens Russian Federation CIS citizens Tajikistan Others Uzbekistan Ukraine Source: Drug Control Agency, Ministry of Interior, State Service on Drug Control, Kyrgyzstan Crimes committed in the state of drug intoxication Organized drug crime All offences Crimes committed by groups Drug related offences n/a n/a Crimes committed by OC groups Source: Concept of Anti Drug Policy of Kyrgyzstan ( ) Source: State Service on Drug Control DRUG ABUSE Drug abusers recorded in dispensaries Opiate users (estimated) Total number 9,730 10,171 10,705 Total number (aged 15 to 64) 26,000 Rate (100,000) Injecting drug users (IDUs) 25,000 Opiate users (%) Mean age 31.8 Cannabioid users (%) Lifetime use of heroin (%) 100 IDUs (%) Lifetime use of opium (%) 55 Source: Republican Narcology Center, Kyrgyzstan Source: UNODC (2006) 58

65 Drug treatment Patients taken off and deaths Treated drug abusers 2,408 3,439 Patients taken off n/a In patient Drug related deaths Anonym n/a 986 Drug overdoses Source: Information Bulletin on Drug Related Situation, 2011 Republican Narcology Center, Kyrgyzstan Source: National Programme for , CADAP Country Report Annual prevalence of drug use as percentage of the population aged UNODC best estimate Uncertainty range Year of estimate Opioids Opiates Prescription opioids Source: UNODC World Drug Report, 2012 Drug related mortality with ranking of drugs as primary cause of death 2010 Number of deaths 127 Reference population 3,495,167 Rate per million aged Ranking of drugs as primary cause of death: Opioids 1 Fatal drug overdoses (%) 100 Source: UNODC World Drug Report, 2012 HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS reported Tested for HIV 348, , , ,828 New HIV cases Rate (per 100,000) IDU (%) n/a Total HIV cases 77 2,561 3,315 3,709 4,413 Rate (per 100,000) IDUs (%) n/a Source: Republican AIDS Center PLWHA (estimated) and HIV prevalence PLWHA 8,990 9,800 12,400 IDUs (%) Source: CDC/CAR, 78 UNGASS Country Progress 2011, UNAIDS 76 UNODC ARQ 2011 data 77 National citizens 78 Centre for Disease Control and Prevention/ Regional Office for Central Asia 59

66 CRIME RELATED TREATIES Signature and ratification status of UNTOC and UNCAC United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) a) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the UNTOC b) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the UNTOC c) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) Signature 13 December December December December 2003 Status 15 April 2003 Ratified 15 April 2003 Ratified 15 April 2003 Ratified 6 August 2005 Ratified 60

67 TAJIKISTAN (REPUBLIC OF) Territory: Borders: 143,100 sq. km. 700 km from west to east; 350 km from north to south (Afghanistan: 1,030 km; China: 430 km, Kyrgyzstan: 630 km, Uzbekistan: 910 km) Source: Tajikistan in Figures, Agency on Statistics TAJSTAT Population (thousands) Total 6,783 6,879 6,977 7, aged 3,999 4,095 4,188 4,282 Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision DRUG SEIZURES Drug and precursor seizures (kg) Heroin 1, Opium 1, Cannabis group 2, , , ,832.7 Marijuana n/a , ,514.9 Hashish n/a , ,315.0 Cannabis resin n/a n/a n/a 1,790 Cannabis herb (bushes) n/a 1, , ,180.1 Morphine Ecstasy 834 2, , Barbiturate (tab) n/a n/a Benzodiazepine (tab) n/a n/a 39,875 9, Precursors/substance (kg) , Acetic anhydride n/a Sulphuric acid n/a n/a 12,428 n/a Source: Drug Control Agency of Tajikistan International and Controlled Delivery operations Total international operations Total drugs seized (inside and outside) n/a including Canal operations (CSTO): Drug related criminal case initiated n/a Drug seized by LE of Tajikistan n/a 79 All cannabis group drugs 80 For 10 months of For 10 months of For 10 months of 2012; including 10 ampules 61

68 International and Controlled Delivery operations Heroin n/a Opium n/a Tajikistan DCA Afghanistan LEAs Drugs seized in the I.R. of Afghanistan 1, Heroin (kg) Opium (kg) 5, Cannabis (kg) Heroin labs dismantled Tajikistan DCA Kyrgyz LEAs 1 n/a 5 Seized drugs in the country (kg) 6.5 n/a 36.7 Heroin (kg) n/a 7.8 Cannabis (kg) n/a 28.9 Controlled delivery operations conducted including: Tajikistan Russia operations Seized drugs in the country (kg) Heroin Opium Cannabis Source: Central Asian Regional Information and Coordination Center, Drug Control Agency, and Ministry of Interior Map 22: Drug and precursor seizures in the Republic of Tajikistan ( ) Heroin, Opium, Cannabis, Precursors Source: joint online platform of AOTP and Paris Pact, roca.org. 83 Liquid opium 84 CD operations were conducted by the Ministry of Interior and Custom Service of Tajikistan and 85 Information of the Drug Control Agency of Tajikistan 62

69 DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY Average wholesale prices (US$ per kg) July 2012 Heroin, high purity 3,000 8,000 3,500 6,000 4,000 6,000 4,400 6,500 Heroin, middle purity 1,300 4,000 2,000 4,000 2,000 3,000 3,800 4,500 Opium , Cannabis Hashish Source: UNODC ARQ data, Drug Control Agency of Tajikistan (July 2012) Average retail prices (US$ per gram) 2009 Feb Heroin n/a Opium n/a n/a Cannabis 1 3 (est.) n/a n/a Hashish n/a Source: CARICC Drug purity and composition of substances identified by DCA Forensic Labs of Tajikistan, 2011 Purity (%) Heroin hydrochloride Impurity Frequent adulterants Caffeine, paracetamol, dextromethorphan A mix of diluents and adulterants <10 Caffeine, paracetamol, dextromethorphan, lactose, saccharose Adulterants which are Diphenylhydramine, pacemethorphan, diphenhydramine, metamizole n/a less common sodium, chloroquine phosphate, levomethorphan Ecstasy n/a Lactose, saccharose, dyes Source: Drug Control Agency DRUG RELATED CRIME Drug related offences m 2012 Criminal cases initiated Rate (per 100,000) n/a including offences: With intent to sell (%) Smuggling (%) Source: Drug Control Agency, CARICC Suspects arrested and offenders convicted m 2012 Suspects arrested Rate (per 100,000) n/a Female (%) n/a Offenders convicted ~900 < 950 > 950 n/a Female (%) n/a Source: Drug Control Agency, CARICC 63

70 Arrestees and drugs seized from foreign citizens CIS arrestees and drug seized from them National citizens Total CIS suspects Foreign citizens Kazakhstan Afghanistan Kyrgyzstan China Turkmenistan Pakistan Russian Federation Lithuania Uzbekistan Others Ukraine n/a 2 0 Total drug seized (kg) Total drug seized (kg) n/a Heroin (kg) n/a Heroin (kg) n/a Opium (kg) n/a Opium (kg) 0 0 n/a Cannabis (kg) n/a Cannabis (kg) n/a Source: UNODC ARQ 2011 data, Drug Control Agency Source: UNODC ARQ 2011 data, Drug Control Agency Map 23: Drug related crime rate by province in the Republic of Tajikistan (2011) Offenders diagnosed with drug addiction Organized crime Total Crimes committed by groups n/a Female n/a n/a Crimes committed by OG 11 9 n/a Juveniles n/a n/a Groups eliminated n/a n/a n/a Source: Drug Control Agency Source: CARICC 64

71 DRUG ABUSE Drug abusers recorded in dispensaries Opiate users (estimated) Total number 8,018 7,398 7,117 Total number (aged 15 to 64) 23,000 n/a Rate (100,000) Injecting drug users (IDUs) 17,000 25,000 Opiate users (%) Mean age 30.8 n/a Cannabioid users (%) Lifetime use of heroin (%) 91 n/a IDUs (%) Lifetime use of opium (%) 19 n/a Source: Republican Narcology Center UNODC (2006), Republican AIDS Center (2012) 86 Drug treatment Treated drug abusers 1,286 1,007 n/a Heroin users (%) n/a Opium users (%) 9 12 n/a Hashish users (%) n/a Polydrugs users (%) 9 0 n/a Drug overdoses Source: Ministry of Health, CARICC, CADAP Country reports Annual prevalence of drug use as percentage of the population aged UNODC best estimate Uncertainty range Year of estimate Cannabis No recent, reliable estimate Opioids Opiates Source: UNODC World Drug Report, 2012 Drug related mortality with ranking of drugs as primary cause of death 2010 Number of deaths 35 Ranking of drugs as primary cause of death: Opioids 1 Fatal drug overdoses (%) n/a Source: UNODC World Drug Report,

72 HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS reported Tested for HIV 210, , , ,831 New HIV cases 431 1, Rate (per 100,000) IDU (%) n/a Total HIV cases 1,853 2,857 3,846 4,674 Rate (per 100,000) IDUs (%) n/a Source: Republican AIDS Center PLWHA (estimated) and HIV prevalence PLWHA (persons) 9,100 n/a 12,759 Injecting Drug Users (%) n/a Sex Workers (%) n/a MSM (%) n/a n/a 1.7 Pregnant <5% <5% <5% Inmates (%) n/a Source: Republican AIDS Center CRIME RELATED TREATIES Signature and ratification status of UNTOC and UNCAC Signature Status United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) 12 Dec Jul 2002 Ratified a) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the UNTOC 8 Jul 2002 Accessed b) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the UNTOC 8 Jul 2002 Accessed c) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) 26 Sept 2006 Accessed 66

73 TURKMENISTAN Territory: Borders: 491,200 sq. km 3,736 km (Afghanistan: 744 km, I.R. of Iran: 992 km, Kazakhstan: 379 km, Uzbekistan: 1,621 km) Population (thousands) Total 4,980 5,042 5,105 5, aged 3,290 3,360 3,427 3,484 Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision DRUG SEIZURES Drug seizures (kg) Heroin Opium 1, Cannabis Hashish Precursors n/a n/a n/a n/a Source: State Counternarcotics Service of Turkmenistan ( ), UNODC ARQ (2011), CARICC (2012) Note: Data on seizures of precursors is not available. Map 24: Drug seizures in Turkmenistan ( ) Heroin, Opium, Cannabis Source: joint online platform of AOTP and Paris Pact, roca.org. 67

74 DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY Average wholesale prices (US$ per kg) Average retail prices (US$ per gram) Heroin 43,000 84,500 57,000 85,000 87, ,400 Heroin Opium 9,250 14,700 9,800 14,900 22,800 31,600 Opium Cannabis 1,890 5,600 1,900 5,700 5,000 9,600 Cannabis Source: CARICC Composition of drugs, 2011 Heroin Caffeine, paracetamol, dextromethorphan Source: UNODC ARQ 2011 data DRUG RELATED CRIME Drug related offences Suspects arrested and offenders convicted m m 2012 Criminal cases initiated 2,384 1, Suspects arrested 2,515 1, Rate (per 100,000) Rate (per 100,000) including offences: Female (%) n/a n/a n/a With intent to sell (%) ~69 Offenders convicted 3,161 n/a n/a Smuggling (%) ~10 Rate (per 100,000) 63 n/a n/a Source: CARICC Source: UNODC ARQ 2011 data, CARICC Map 25: Criminal cases related to seizures of drugs over 100 gr in Turkmenistan (2011) 68

75 Persons arrested in the country m 2012 Total arrestees 2,515 1,969 1,433 National citizens > 2,000 1,917 1,406 Afghanistan I.R. of Iran Tajikistan Turkey Uzbekistan Source: UNODC ARQ 2011 data, 2012 INCSR Country Report (data of 2010) DRUG ABUSE Total drug abusers recorded in dispensaries Newly registered drug abusers and drug treatment Total number ~31,000 ~29,000 ~26,000 Newly registered DUs ~1,750 ~1,600 ~1,500 including: IDUs (%) Heroin users (%) n/a n/a ~98 Treated drug abusers: Opium users (%) n/a n/a ~1 In patient 20,301 18,745 16,189 Cannabinoid users (%) n/a n/a ~1 Anonym 1, IDUs (%) Compulsory 4,324 3,767 3,101 Source: UNODC ROCA Source: UNODC ROCA Treatment related services Drug related deaths Detoxification ~95 Deaths ~400 ~300 ~270 Psychological support ~5 including among: IDUs (%) Source: UNODC ROCA Source: UNODC ROCA Annual prevalence of drug use as percentage of the population aged UNODC best estimate Uncertainty range Year of estimate Opioids Opiates Source: UNODC World Drug Report,

76 CRIME RELATED TREATIES Signature and ratification status of UNTOC and UNCAC Signature United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) 28 March 2005, Accessed a) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially 28 March 2005, Women and Children, supplementing the UNTOC Accessed b) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing 28 March 2005, the UNTOC Accessed c) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their 28 March 2005, Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC Accessed United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) 28 March 2005, Accessed Status in force in force in force in force in force 70

77 UZBEKISTAN (REPUBLIC OF) Territory: Borders: 447,400 sq. km. 6,221 km (Afghanistan: 137 km, Kazakhstan: 2,203 km, Kyrgyzstan: 1,099 km, Tajikistan: 1,161 km, Turkmenistan: 1,621 km) Population (thousands) Total 27,128 27,444 27,760 28, aged 17,790 18,191 18,537 18,880 Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision DRUG SEIZURES Drug seizures (kg) Precursor and other substance seizures Heroin , Acetic anhydride (lt) Opium Hydrochloric acid (lt) 0 n/a 0 Cannabis 1, , ,018.0 Sulphuric acid (lt) n/a 3,553 2,540 Hashish Potassium permanganate (kg) n/a n/a 2.65 Poppy straw Acetone (lt) n/a n/a 274 Cocaine Source: National Center on Drug Control (NCDC) Source: National Center on Drug Control (NCDC) 71

78 Map 26: Drug and precursor seizures in the Republic of Uzbekistan, Heroin, Opium, Cannabis, Precursors Source: joint online platform of AOTP and Paris Pact, roca.org. DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY Average wholesale prices (US$ per kg) Average retail prices (US$ per gram) Heroin 7,500 22,000 8,000 30,000 8,000 50,000 Heroin Opium 1,600 3,500 1,600 3,500 1,500 10,000 Opium Marijuana ,000 Marijuana Hashish 800 3, ,000 1,000 10,000 Hashish Source: CARICC, UNODC ARQ data Note: Data of purity of the seized drugs are not available due to lack of equipment and standardized laboratory methods 88 DRUG RELATED CRIME Drug related offences Suspects arrested and offenders convicted Criminal cases initiated 8,901 8,854 8,171 Suspects arrested 6,240 6,618 6,473 Rate (per 100,000) Rate (per 100,000) including offences: Female (%) n/a With intent to sell (%) Offenders convicted 5,812 5,828 5,248 Smuggling (%) Female (%) n/a n/a n/a Source: NCDC, CARICC, CADAP Country Report Estimated price 88 National Report on Drug Situation in the Republic of Uzbekistan, CADAP Country Report, 2012, Tashkent, p

79 Map 27: Criminal cases related to seizure of drugs over 100 gr in the Republic of Uzbekistan (2011) Suspects arrested in the country and drugs seized from foreigners CIS citizens arrested and drugs seized from them All arrestees 6,240 6,618 6,473 Kazakhstan National citizens n/a n/a n/a Kyrgyzstan Foreign citizens Tajikistan CIS citizens Turkmenistan Afghanistan Azerbaijan Others Russian Federation Drugs seized (kg) Drugs seized (kg) n/a Psychotropic substances 89 1,781 43,366 1, Psychotropic (tab) substances (tab) n/a 42, Source: NCDC, CADAP Country Report 2012 Source: NCDC, CADAP Country Report 2012 Drug related organized crime Crimes committed by groups Groups with international links revealed Source: UNODC ARQ 2011 data 89 Most of them are pharmaceuticals under national control 90 Including 50 ampules 73

80 DRUG ABUSE Drug abusers recorded in dispensaries Opiate users (estimated) Total number 19,555 18,939 18,197 Total number (aged 15 to 64) 131,000 Rate (100,000) Injecting drug users (IDUs) 80,000 Opiate users (%) Mean age 30.6 Cannabioid users (%) Lifetime use of heroin (%) 88 IDUs (%) Lifetime use of opium (%) 30 Source: NCDC, UNODC ARQ data for 2009 and 2010 Source: UNODC (2006), UNGASS Country Report (2011) Drug treatment Mortality among registered drug users Treated drug abusers 5,497 5,805 4,816 Fatal cases In patient 4,594 4,533 3,384 Drug overdoses Anonym 2,913 2,649 2,581 Source: CADAP Country Report 2012 Source: CADAP Country Report 2012, NCDC Annual prevalence of drug use as percentage of the population aged UNODC best estimate Uncertainty range Year of estimate Cannabis Opioids Opiates Prescription opioids Source: UNODC World Drug Report, 2012 HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS reported PLWHA (estimated) and HIV prevalence Tested for HIV >0.8 mln 1.2 mln >1.5 mln PLWHA 28,000 n/a New HIV cases 4,016 3,795 3,584 IDUs (%) Rate (per 100,000) Sex workers (%) IDU (%) 46 n/a n/a MSM (%) Total HIV cases 15,892 18,758 21,542 Inmates (%) Rate (per 100,000) IDUs (%) Source: NCDC, UNGASS reports for 2010 and 2012 Source: CDC/CAR, UNGASS Country Report The rate (et seq.) is calculated using the UN estimation of population 74

81 CRIME RELATED TREATIES Signature and ratification status of UNTOC and UNCAC Signature Status United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) 13 Dec Dec 2003 Ratified a) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the UNTOC 28 Jun Aug 2008 Ratified b) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, 28 Jun 2001 supplementing the UNTOC c) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) 29 Jul 2008 Accessed 75

82 TRANSCAUCASIA ARMENIA (REPUBLIC OF) Territory: 29,743 sq. km. State borders: in the North with Georgia, in the East with Azerbaijan, in the West and South West with Turkey, in the South with I.R. of Iran Population (thousands) Total 3,085 3,092 3,100 3, aged 2,110 2,124 2,135 2,140 Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision. DRUG SEIZURES Drug seizures (kg) m 2012 Heroin Opium Morphine n/a Marijuana Hashish Methamphetamine Source: Police of the Republic of Armenia 92, UNODC ARQ 2011 data

83 Map 28: Drug seizures in the Republic of Armenia ( ) Heroin, Opium, Cannabis Source: joint online platform of AOTP and Paris Pact, roca.org. DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY Street prices (US$ per gram) m 2012 Heroin Wholesale n/a Retail Opium Wholesale n/a Retail Cannabis Wholesale n/a Retail Hashish Source: Police of the Republic of Armenia 77

84 DRUG RELATED CRIME Drug related offences and convicts m 2012 Criminal cases initiated 1,238 1,524 1, Rate (per 100,000) ~38 Crimes with intent to sell n/a n/a Offenders convicted Rate (per 100,000) ~20 Source: National Statistical Service, Police of the Republic of Armenia Offences committed in the state of drug intoxication Total offenders, all crimes Source: Ministry of Interior DRUG ABUSE Drug abuse Drug addicts recorded 1,717 2,751 3,893 Rate (100,000) >100 IDUs n/a n/a 12,700 Cannabis users n/a n/a 21,000 Treated drug users n/a Source: Civil Society Institute 94 Annual prevalence of drug use as percentage of the population aged UNODC best estimate Uncertainty range Year of estimate Amphetamines < Cannabis Cocaine Ecstasy Opioids Opiates Prescription opioids Source: UNODC World Drug Report,

85 HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS cases reported m 2012 Tested for HIV n/a n/a 84,629 n/a New HIV cases Rate (per 100,000) ~7 IDU (%) n/a n/a 10 n/a Total HIV cases n/a n/a 1,153 1,359 Rate (per 100,000) n/a n/a 32 ~50 IDUs (%) 41.0 n/a Heterosexual (%) 50.2 n/a Source: UNGASS Country Progress Reports 2010, 2012; National Center for AIDS Prevention PLWHA (estimated) and HIV prevalence m 2012 PLWHA 2,300 n/a 2,500 3,500 IDUs (%) n/a n/a Sex workers (%) n/a <1 <1 n/a MSM (%) n/a n/a Inmates (%) n/a n/a 1.1 n/a Source: UNGASS Country Progress Reports 2010, 2012; National Center for AIDS prevention CRIME RELATED TREATIES Signature and ratification status of UNTOC and UNCAC Signature Status United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) 15 Nov Jul 2003 a) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially 15 Nov Jul 2003 Women and Children, supplementing the UNTOC b) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, 15 Nov Jul 2003 supplementing the UNTOC c) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their 26 Jan 2012 Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) 19 May Mar

86 AZERBAIJAN (REPUBLIC OF) Territory: 86,600 sq. km. State borders: in the south I.R. of Iran and Turkey, in the north Russian Federation, in the north west Georgia, in the west Armenia Population (thousands) Total 9,067 9,188 9,306 9, aged 6,521 6,666 6,745 6,812 Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision. DRUG SEIZURES Drug seizures (kg) m 2012 Heroin Opium Poppy straw Cannabis Hashish 1, Cannabis hemp 2, , ,958.4 n/a Cocaine n/a Methamphetamine n/a Amount of drugs seizures related to: Smuggling cases (kg) n/a Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs, State Statistical Committee of Azerbaijan, UNODC ARQ 2011 data International Operations and Controlled Delivery International operations Controlled Delivery Operations Joint/simultaneous operations Azerbaijan Russian Federation 96 n/a Total seized drugs (kg) n/a n/a 1,120 Transnational groups eliminated n/a 35 Source: National Drug Prevention Public Union, Ministry of National Security, CARICC 95 The drugs were seized by the State Customs Committee. In January 2012, 4 kg of amphetamine; Source: CARICC 96 Ministry of National Security of Azerbaijan in cooperation with the Federal Drug Control Service of the Russian Federation. The operations were likely conducted in both countries. 80

87 Map 29: Drug seizures in the Republic of Azerbaijan ( ) Heroin, Opium, Cannabis, Cocaine Source: joint online platform of AOTP and Paris Pact, roca.org. DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY Average wholesale prices (US$ per kg) Average retail prices (US$ per gram) Heroin 16,000 20,000 16,000 20,000 9,000 16,000 Heroin Opium 3,000 5,000 3,000 5,000 1,200 1,500 Opium Cannabis 1,500 2,000 1,500 2,000 n/a Cannabis Hashish 3, ,000 5,000 1,500 2,000 Hashish Source: CARICC Source: CARICC (2009), Ministry of Internal Affairs / AOTP Examination of narcotic drugs, 2010 Samples Weight (kg) Heroin 2, Opium Marijuana Cannabis plant 102 1,993.3 Hashish Methamphetamine n/a 73.4 Source: National Annual Report 2010, National Drug Prevention Public Union Note: Information on purity of drugs is not available. 81

88 DRUG RELATED CRIME Drug related offences Suspects arrested and offenders convicted Criminal cases initiated 3,113 3,054 2,617 Suspects arrested 2,641 2,602 2,341 Rate (per 100,000) Rate (per 100,000) including offences: Female (persons) With intent to sell 1,238 1, Offenders convicted 2,450 2,569 2,245 Smuggling n/a Rate (per 100,000) Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs, State Statistical Committee Source: State Statistical Committee Foreigners arrested in the country CIS citizens arrested All arrestees 2,741 2,693 2,617 Georgia National citizens 2,658 2,640 2,555 Russian Federation Foreign citizens Turkmenistan CIS citizens Ukraine I.R. of Iran Uzbekistan Afghanistan Nigeria Drugs seized from foreign citizens Pakistan Turkey Total drug seizure (kg) n/a Source: CARICC (2011), State Statistical Committee (2009), National Drug Prevention Public Union (2009 and 2010) Offences committed in the state of drug intoxication Total offences n/a Drug related crimes (DRC) Persons convicted for DRC Source: State Statistical Committee Organized crime Crimes committed by individual groups Crimes committed by organized groups 6 2 n/a Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs, State Statistical Committee DRUG ABUSE Drug abusers recorded in treatment centres Total number incl. in dispensaries 23,927 18,164 25,489 19,541 26,716 20,861 Rate (100,000) Opiate users n/a 19,541 n/a Cannabioid users n/a 5,395 n/a IDUs 18,164 14,146 15,310 Source: USAID 82

89 Drug treatment Drug related death Treated drug abusers 23,927 25,489 26,716 Taken off patients n/a In patient 18,164 19,541 20,861 Drug related deaths 41 n/a n/a Anonym n/a Drug overdoses n/a Source: CARICC, Ministry of Interior Source: CARICC, Ministry of Interior Annual prevalence of drug use as percentage of the population aged UNODC best estimate Uncertainty range Year of estimate Cannabis Opioids Opiates Source: UNODC World Drug Report, 2012 Drug related mortality with ranking of drugs as primary cause of death 2007 Number of deaths 41 Reference population 6,200,302 Rate per million aged Ranking of drugs as primary cause of death: Tranquilizers and sedatives 1 Opioids 2 Source: UNODC World Drug Report, 2012 HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS reported PLWHA (estimated) and HIV prevalence Tested for HIV ~400,000 n/a n/a PLWHA 3,500 New HIV cases IDUs (%) 9.5 IDU (%) n/a n/a 58 Sex workers (%) 0.7 Total HIV cases 2,260 2,723 3,267 MSM (%) 2.0 Rate (per 100,000) Inmates (%) 5.8 IDUs (%) Source: USAID (National Report), UNGASS Country Report 2012 Source: USAID 83

90 CRIME RELATED TREATIES Signature and ratification status of UNTOC and UNCAC Signature Status United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) 12 Dec Oct 2003 a) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially 12 Dec Oct 2003 Women and Children, supplementing the UNTOC b) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, 12 Dec Oct 2003 supplementing the UNTOC c) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their 3 Dec 2004 Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) 27 Feb Nov

91 GEORGIA (REPUBLIC OF) Territory: 69,700 sq. km. State borders: in the south Azerbaijan, Armenia and Turkey, in the north Russian Federation Population (thousands) Total 4,374 4,352 4,329 4, aged 3,012 3,008 2,993 2,972 Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision. DRUG SEIZURES Drug seizures (kg) Heroin Opium Marijuana Cannabis plant 0.01 n/a 20.0 Cannabis oil n/a n/a 0.02 Hashish Buprenorphine (tab) 5,073 n/a 1,776 Source: UNODC ARQ 2009 and 2011 data, GUAM 97 Note: Precursor seizures are not related to smuggling of substances 97 Data of the Questionnaire for the Survey of Afghan Opium Tradesubmitted by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia (National Law Enforcement Centre GUAM), 28 August

92 Map 30: Drug seizures in the Republic of Georgia ( ) Heroin, Cocaine, Subutex Source: joint online platform of AOTP and Paris Pact, roca.org. Note: The map does not display the actual situation of drug seizures because of limited information. DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY Average retail prices (US$ per kg) Drug purity at retail level (US$ per gram) Heroin, brown Heroin, brown Opium Cannabis Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs, AOTP, UNODC ARQ 2011 data Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs DRUG RELATED CRIME Drug related offences Suspects arrested and offenders convicted Criminal cases initiated 6,336 5,465 3,776 Suspects arrested 6,065 4,990 3,831 Rate (per 100,000) Rate (per 100,000) including offences: Female With intent to sell Offenders convicted 98 2,193 2,374 1,849 Smuggling Rate (per 100,000) Illicit cultivation Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs, National Statistics Office 98 Conviction for Illegal production, manufacturing, acquisition, storage, transportation and sale of drugs,

93 Nationality of suspects arrested in the country CIS citizens arrested, by nationality All arrestees 6,065 4,990 3,831 Azerbaijan National citizens 6,034 4,950 3,815 Russian Federation Foreign citizens Armenia CIS citizens Others Turkey n/a 9 1 Others n/a 2 4 Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs DRUG ABUSE Drug abuse Profile of IDUs in five cities (survey 2009) Total number 1,127 Mainly drug of use Cannabis, opioids Mean age (median) 35 Mainly problematic drug of use Subutex, 101 heroin Age of first drug use (median) 17 Drug abusers (estimated) , ,000 Age of first drug injection (median) 19 Registered by Ministry of Interior 141,509 Ever shared syringe (yes) 59% IDUs aged (estimated) ,000 Shared at last injection 6% Source: SCODC, UNODC ARQ 2011 data Annual prevalence of drug use as percentage of the population aged UNODC best estimate Uncertainty range Year of estimate Amphetamines Cannabis Ecstasy Opioids Opiates Prescription opioids Source: UNODC World Drug Report, 2012, SCAD Drug related mortality with ranking of drugs as primary cause of death 2008 Number of deaths n/a Ranking of drugs as primary cause of death: Opioids 1 ATS 2 Source: UNODC World Drug Report, 2012 Drug treatment Treated drug abusers 1,367 1,393 1,784 Opioid substitution ,200 Detox 1, Source: National Center for Disease Control and Public Health Prevalence of HIV among injection drug users in Georgia. Chikovani et al. Journal of the Int. AIDS Society 2011, 14:9 101 Buprenorphine Statistical data on illicit Drugs and Psychotropic Substances in Georgia. SCODC 103 Drug Situation in Georgia, Overview, Addiction Research Centre. Javakhshvili et al., Tbilisi,

94 HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS reported PLWHA (estimated) and HIV prevalence Tested for HIV 128, n/a n/a PLWHA 3,500 New HIV cases IDUs (%) Rate (per 100,000) Sex workers (%) IDU (%) MSM (%) Total HIV cases 108 2,170 2,609 3,033 Inmates (%) n/a Rate (per 100,000) Source: National Center for Disease Control and Public Health 109 Source: Georgia National HIV/AIDS Strategic Plan for , UNAIDS CRIME RELATED TREATIES Signature and ratification status of UNTOC and UNCAC Signature Status United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) 13 Dec Sep 2006 a) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially 13 Dec Sep 2006 Women and Children, supplementing the UNTOC b) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, 13 Dec Sep 2006 supplementing the UNTOC c) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) 4 Nov Georgia National HIV/AIDS Strategic Plan for , August 2010, AIDS%20NSPA% %20Eng.pdf 106 Between 0.8% in Batumi and to 1.8% in Tbilisi 107 In Tbilisi

95 EAST EUROPE BELARUS (REPUBLIC OF) Territory: Borders: 207,600 sq. km. 2,969 km (Russian Federation: 990 km, Ukraine: 975 km, Lithuania: 462 km, Poland: 399 km, Latvia 143 km) Population (thousands) Total 9,636 9,595 9,559 9, aged 6,868 6,854 6,820 6,783 Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision. DRUG SEIZURES Drug seizures (kg) Heroin Opium Poppy straw Marijuana Hashish Hashish oil Cocaine Amphetamine Ecstasy type substances Methamphetamine Methadone Source: National Statistics Committee of the Republic of Belarus 114, UNODC ARQ data 110 Poppy plants 111 Cocaine (base, paste, and salts) 112 Cocaine salts 113 Cocaine salts

96 Map 31: Drug seizures in the Republic of Belarus ( ) Heroin, Opium, Cannabis Source: joint online platform of AOTP and Paris Pact, roca.org. DRUG IMPURITY Composition of heroin and cocaine, 2010 Heroin Caffeine, dextromethorphan, phenobarbital, chloroquine, diphenhydramine, metamizole sodium, paracetamol, aspirin, chloramphenicol, etc. Cocaine Levamisole, aspirin, sodium bicarbonate DRUG RELATED CRIME Drug related offences m 2012 Criminal cases initiated 4,465 4,655 4,532 2,195 Rate (per 100,000) including offences: Without intent to sell 2,679 2,860 3,194 n/a With intent to sell 1,457 1,497 1, Smuggling n/a n/a n/a Source: Ministry of Interior, National Statistics Committee, Committee of State Security

97 Suspects arrested and offenders convicted m 2012 Suspects arrested 2,828 3,027 2,934 1,419 Rate (per 100,000) ~ 20 Female ~130 Offenders convicted 2,424 2,650 2,757 n/a Female n/a Source: Ministry of Interior Offenders committed in the state of drug intoxication m 2012 Crimes in the state of drug intoxication 1,259 1,179 1, Offenders committed a crime in the state of drug intoxication Source: National Statistics Committee Crime committed by individual groups Offenders Source: National Statistics Committee DRUG ABUSE Drug abusers recorded in dispensaries and injecting drug users (IDUs) Total number 116 8,058 10,495 10,872 Rate (100,000) IDUs, recorded n/a 11, , IDUs, estimated n/a n/a 50,000 Source: Ministry of Health, 119 UNGASS Country Progress Reports Annual prevalence of drug use as percentage of the population aged UNODC best estimate Uncertainty range Year of estimate Cannabis Opioids Opiates Prescription opioids Source: UNODC World Drug Report 2012, ESPAD 116 Without solvent abusers ve_report[1].pdf 119 Public Health Care in the Republic of Belarus in 2011, Ministry of Interior, Minsk,

98 Drug related mortality with ranking of drugs as primary cause of death 2010 Number of deaths 123 Reference population 6,584,432 Rate per million aged Ranking of drugs as primary cause of death: Opioids 1 Solvents and inhalants 2 ATS, tranquilizers and sedatives 3 Fatal drug overdoses (%) 12 Source: UNODC World Drug Report, 2012 HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS reported m 2012 Tested for HIV ~ ~ ~ n/a New HIV cases 1,072 1,069 1, ,133 Rate (per 100,000) IDUs Sexual n/a Total HIV cases 10,690 11,759 12,955 14,088 Rate (per 100,000) ~150 Source: National Statistics Committee 121, UNGASS Country Report 2012, AIDS Center 122 PLWHA (estimated) and HIV prevalence PLWHA 17, ,000 IDUs (%) 13.7 (Minsk City) 13.3 Female sex workers (%) MSM (%) Inmates (%) 2.4 > 2 Source: UNGASS Country Report for 2010 and 2012, UNAIDS Belarusi za 2011 god vyjavleno 1196 VIChinfitsirovannyx_i_ html 121 Public Health in the Republic of Belarus, Statistical Yearbook 2011,

99 CRIME RELATED TREATIES Signature and ratification status of UNTOC and UNCAC Signature Status United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) 14 Dec Jun 2003 a) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially 14 Dec Jun 2003 Women and Children, supplementing the UNTOC b) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, 14 Dec Jun 2003 supplementing the UNTOC c) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their 6 Oct 2004 Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) 28 Apr Feb

100 MOLDOVA (REPUBLIC OF) Territory: Borders: 33,846 sq. km. 1,389 km (Romania 450 km., Ukraine 939 km) Population (thousands) Total 3,603 3,573 3,545 3, aged 2,591 2,579 2,556 2,535 Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision. DRUG SEIZURES Drug and precursor seizures Heroin (kg) Opium (kg) 27.1 (lt) Cannabis (kg) Hashish (kg) Cocaine (kg) MDMA (kg) 0.5 n/a n/a Acetic anhydride (lt) n/a 1 0 Hydrochloric acid (lt) n/a 1 0 Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs, UNODC ARQ 2009 data 124 Precursor seizures are not related to smuggling of substances 94

101 Map 32: Drug seizures in the Republic of Moldova ( ) Heroin, Cannabis, Ecstasy Source: joint online platform of AOTP and Paris Pact, roca.org. DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY Average retail prices (US$ per gram) Heroin n/a Opium n/a Cannabis n/a Hashish n/a Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs Composition of heroin and cocaine, 2010 Heroin Cocaine Caffeine, dextromethorphan, phenobarbital, chloroquine, diphenhydramine, metamizole sodium, paracetamol, aspirin, chloramphenicol, etc. Levamisole, aspirin, sodium bicarbonate Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs 95

102 DRUG RELATED CRIME Drug related offences Suspects arrested and offenders convicted Criminal cases initiated 1,879 1,606 1,773 Suspects arrested 1,482 1,341 1,247 Rate (per 100,000) Rate (per 100,000) including offenses: Female With intent to sell n/a Offenders convicted 1, Smuggling n/a 8 12 Female Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs, National Bureau of Statistics Source: National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova Foreigners arrested in the country Total arrestee n/a 1,341 1,220 National citizens n/a 1,339 1,218 Foreign citizens n/a 2 2 Turkey n/a 2 0 Uzbekistan n/a 0 2 Source: Drug Control Division of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Organized crime Crimes committed by OG n/a n/a n/a Groups eliminated n/a 4 2 Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs DRUG ABUSE Drug abusers recorded in dispensaries Total number 8,800 8,960 9,223 Rate (100,000) 247 IDUs, registered 3,361 2,959 IDUs, estimated 31,562 Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs (for AOTP), UNGASS Country Progress Report 2012 Annual prevalence of drug use as percentage of the population aged UNODC best estimate Uncertainty range Year Amphetamine < Cannabis Cocaine < 0.1 < Ecstasy Opioids Source: UNODC World Drug Report,

103 Drug related mortality with ranking of drugs as primary cause of death 2009 Number of deaths 45 Reference population 2,591,294 Rate per million aged Drugs as primary cause of death: n/a Fatal drug overdoses (%) 24 Source: UNODC World Drug Report, 2012 HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS reported PLWHA estimated and HIV prevalence Tested for HIV 298, , ,707 PLWHA 14,545 New HIV cases IDUs (%) 17.8 Rate (per 100,000) Sex workers (%) IDU (%) MSM (%) Total HIV cases 127 5,700 6,404 7,125 Inmates (%) 3.4 Rate (per 100,000) IDUs (%) n/a 8 8 Source: MIA (for AOTP), UNGASS Country Progress Report 2012, MoH Source: UNAIDS, Republic of Moldova and Medical Unit MIA CRIME RELATED TREATIES Signature and ratification status of UNTOC and UNCAC Signature Status United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) 14 Dec Sep 2005 a) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially 14 Dec Sep 2005 Women and Children, supplementing the UNTOC b) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, 14 Dec Feb 2006 supplementing the UNTOC c) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, 28 Feb 2006 Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) 28 Sep Oct Transdnistia is not included 126 Transdnistia is not included

104 UKRAINE Territory: Borders: 603,628 sq.km Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Republic of Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively. Population (thousands) Total 45,715 45,448 45,190 44, aged 32,098 31,972 31,717 31,460 Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision. Population (thousands) Total 46, , , , aged 32, , , ,993.3 Source: State Statistic Service of Ukraine DRUG SEIZURES Drug seizures (kg) Precursor and other substance seizures Heroin Acetic anhydride (lt) Opium Sulphuric acid (lt) 4,670 44,083 6,528 Cannabis 15,280 6,790 7,170 Hydrochloric acid (lt) 2,106 20,093 2,804 Hashish Ephedrine (kg) Cocaine Toluol (lt) Amphetamine Acetone (lt) Source: UMMCAN, World Drug Report data Disclosing of clandestine laboratories and drug production sites Clandestine laboratories Sites of drug use 2,098 2,144 Drug production sited Source: 2011 National Report to the EMCDDA, Ukraine Controlled Delivery Operations Controlled Delivery Operations by Police Precursor seizures are not related to smuggling of substances 129 Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs 130 Acetylised opium 131 Cocaine salts 98

105 Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs Map 33: Drug seizures in Ukraine ( ) Heroin, Opium, Cannabis, Cocaine, Ecstasy, Precursors, Benzodiazepam Source: joint online platform of AOTP and Paris Pact, roca.org. DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY Average retail prices (US$ per gram) Heroin 119,22 125,16 149,81 Opium 30,41 31,29 31,21 Cannabis 2,43 3,25 3,75 Hashish 31, Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs, UMMCAN Drug purity (%) Composition of heroin and cocaine, Heroin Caffeine, dextromethorphan, Heroin diphenhydramine, paracetamol, aspirin, chloramphenicol, etc. Cocaine Ecstasy Amphetamine Cocaine Levamisole, aspirin, sodium bicarbonate Memaphetamine metamizole sodium Source: 2011 National Report to the EMCDDA, Ukraine Note: Information from interviewing SFSC officer 132 The data were collected from 11 regions out of 27 regions of Ukraine. 99

106 DRUG RELATED CRIME Drug related offences Suspects arrested and offenders convicted Criminal cases 57,840 57,137 53,427 Suspects arrested 39,683 37,496 36,960 initiated 133 Rate (per 100,000) Rate (per 100,000) including offences: Female 5,532 5,339 4,777 With intent to sell (%) Offenders convicted 31,027 27,042 25,569 Smuggling (%) Rate (per 100,000) Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs Foreigners arrested in the country 2011 All arrestees 36,980 National citizens 36,539 CIS citizens 326 Others foreigners 47 Stateless 48 Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs Offences committed in the state of drug intoxication Organized drug related crime Total offences 10,569 11,288 10,410 Crimes committed by OG n/a including Groups eliminated Drug related offences n/a n/a n/a Offenders convicted n/a Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs, State Statistics Service DRUG ABUSE Drug abusers recorded in dispensaries and estimated injecting drug users Total number 80,153 79,506 79,707 Rate (100,000) Opiate users 61,008 (76%) 58,528 (74%) 56,220 (71%) Cannabioid users 4,832 (6%) 5,062 (6%) 5,424 (7%) IDUs (estimated) 285, , , ,000 n/a Source: Ministry of Health, UMMCAN, HIV/AIDS Alliance in Ukraine Drug treatment Mortality among registered drug users Treated drug abusers 35,987 35,787 37,043 Fatal cases In patient 10,017 10,248 9,819 Drug overdoses Source: Ministry of Health, UMMCAN 133 Data includes cases of drug smuggling registered by the Security Service of Ukraine 134 The rate (et seq.) is calculated using the UN estimation of population

107 Annual prevalence of drug use as percentage of the population aged UNODC best estimate Uncertainty range Year of estimate Amphetamine Cannabis Cocaine Ecstasy Opioids Opiates Source: UNODC World Drug Report, 2012 Drug related mortality with ranking of drugs as primary cause of death 2010 Number of deaths 1,383 Reference population 31,971,793 Rate per million aged Drugs as primary cause of death: Opioids 1 Fatal drug overdoses (%) n/a Source: UNODC World Drug Report, 2012 HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS cases reported Tested for HIV 3,349,515 3,277,821 3,318,163 New HIV cases 19,840 20,489 21,117 Rate (per 100,000) IDUs 7,105 6,934 6,592 Total HIV cases n/a 110, ,148 Rate (per 100,000) n/a IDUs (%) Source: Ukrainian AIDS Center PLWHA (estimated) and HIV prevalence PLWHA (age 15+) 350, , , IDUs (%) 22.9 n/a 21.5 Sex workers (%) n/a n/a 9.0 MSM (%) n/a n/a 6.4 Inmates (%) 15 n/a 13.7 Source: Ukrainian AIDS Center 136 Estimates for 2011 were done with applying adjusted methodology (SW program Spectrum/EPP) 101

108 CRIME RELATED TREATIES Signature and ratification status of UNTOC and UNCAC Signature Status United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) 4 Feb Feb 2004 d) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially 4 Feb 2004 Women and Children, supplementing the UNTOC e) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, 4 Feb 2004 supplementing the UNTOC f) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their 4 Feb 2004 Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) 18 Oct Oct

109 SOUTH EASTERN EUROPE ALBANIA (REPUBLIC OF) Territory: Borders: 28,748 sq.km Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo (under UNSCR 1244/99) to the northeast, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (under UNSCR 817 (1993)) to the east and Greece to the south and southeast. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the west and on the Ionian Sea to the southwest. Population (thousands) Total 3,193 3,204 3,216 3, aged 2,151 2,168 2,190 2,210 Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision DRUG SEIZURES Drug seizures (kg) Heroin Opium n/a n/a 0 Cannabis 3, , ,695.7 Hashish n/a n/a 32.2 Cannabis plants (pcs) 125,292 37,216 21,267 Cocaine Precursors No seizures recorded Source: Albanian State Police; EMCDDA International Operations and Controlled Delivery 2011 International Operations 29 Controlled Delivery Operations by Police n/a Partner country/countries Italy 16 Germany 4 Switzerland 2 France 1 Belgium 1 Slovenia 1 Spain Cocaine (base, paste, and salts) 138 Cocaine salts 139 Cocaine salts 103

110 International Operations and Controlled Delivery 2011 USA 1 Kosovo 1 SELEC 1 Name of the country where the seizure took place n/a Type of seized drug n/a Seized drugs (kg) n/a Source: Albanian State Police Map 34: Heroin and cannabis seizures over 1,000 grams in Albania ( ) Heroin, Cannabis, Cocaine Source: joint online platform of AOTP and Paris Pact, roca.org. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY Average wholesale prices (US$ per kg) Average retail prices (US$ per gram) Heroin 13,050 16,970 13,050 16,970 Heroin Cannabis Cannabis (per 5 gr) n/a Cocaine 45,655 52,185 52,211 Cocaine Source: Albanian State Police Source: EMCDDA; ARQ; Albanian State Police 104

111 DRUG RELATED CRIME Drug related offences Suspects arrested and offenders convicted Criminal cases initiated Suspects arrested Rate (per 100,000) Rate (per 100,000) Smuggling (%) n/a n/a n/a Suspects arrested for cannabis cultivation n/a n/a 47 Cannabis cultivation Convicted for cannabis cultivation Source: EMCDDA; Albanian State Police Source: EMCDDA; Albanian State Police Persons arrested in the country Organized crime Total arrestees 568 n/a 216 Groups with int. links revealed n/a n/a 48 National citizens 563 n/a n/a Foreign citizens 5 n/a n/a Source: EMCDDA; Albanian State Police Source: Albanian State Police Drug abusers recorded in dispensaries DRUG ABUSE Opiate users (estimated) / Total number 2,149 n/a n/a Total number (aged 15 to 64) 9,500 n/a Rate (100,000) 67 n/a n/a Injecting drug users (IDUs) 8,535 10,000 Opiate users (%) 68.2 n/a n/a Mean age n/a Cannabioid users (%) 0.9 n/a n/a Lifetime use of heroin (%) n/a n/a IDUs (%) 48.3 n/a n/a Lifetime use of opium (%) n/a n/a Source: EMCDDA Source: ARQ; EMCDDA; UNAIDS Annual prevalence of drug use as percentage of the population aged UNODC best estimate Uncertainty range Year of estimate Amphetamine < Cannabis Cocaine 0.8 < Ecstasy Opioids Opiates Source: UNODC World Drug Report, 2012 Patients taken off and deaths Patients taken off n/a n/a Drug related deaths n/a n/a Drug overdoses 3* 7 Source: EMCDDA Note: *There is not reliable data on drug related deaths in Albania. 105

112 Drug related mortality with ranking of drugs as primary cause of death 2004 Number of deaths 8 Reference population 2,025,127 Rate per million aged Drugs as primary cause of death n/a Fatal drug overdoses (%) 100 Source: UNODC World Drug Report, 2012 HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS reported PLWHA (estimated) and HIV prevalence Tested for HIV n/a n/a PLWHA n/a n/a New HIV cases IDUs (%) n/a 1 Rate (per 100,000) 2 2 Sex workers (%) n/a n/a IDU (%) n/a n/a MSM (%) n/a 10 Total HIV cases Pregnant (%) n/a 4 Rate (per 100,000) 13 n/a Inmates (%) n/a n/a IDUs (%) n/a <1% Source: UNAIDS; EMCDDA; Ministry of Health, Institute of Public Health Source: Ministry of Health CRIME RELATED TREATIES Signature and ratification status of UNTOC and UNCAC Signature Status United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) 12 Dec Aug 2002 Ratified a) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially 12 Dec Aug 2002 Women and Children, supplementing the UNTOC Ratified b) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the UNTOC 12 Dec Aug 2002 Ratified c) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC 08 Feb 2008 Accessed United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) 18 Dec Aug 2008 Ratified 106

113 BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Territory: 51,209 sq km Borders: 1,459 km (Croatia 932 km, Serbia 312 km, Montenegro 215 km) Estimated population (thousands) Total 3,768 3,760 3,752 3,744 Aged ,665 2,667 2,664 2,664 Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision Estimated population (thousands) Total 3,843 3,843 3,840 n/a Source: Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina DRUG SEIZURES Drug and precursor seizures Heroin (kg) Marijuana (kg) Cannabis plants (pcs) 3,812 7,769 7,241 Cocaine (kg) Amphetamine (kg) Ecstasy (pcs) , Hashish (kg) Precursors No seizures recorded Source: Ministry of Security of Bosnia and Herzegovina, UNODC ARQ 2011 data International Controlled Delivery and Joint Operations and Cooperation Agreements International Controlled Delivery Operations by Police 2 4 Joint International Police Operations Signed Ratified Bilateral Police Cooperation Agreements Source: Ministry of Security of Bosnia and Herzegovina 140 Cocaine (base, paste, and salts) 141 Cocaine salts 142 Cocaine salts 143 Hashish resin 144 Hashish resin 107

114 Map 35: Drug seizures in Bosnia and Herzegovina ( ) Heroin, Opium, Cannabis, Cocaine, Amphetamine Source: Ministry of Security of Bosnia and Herzegovina; joint online platform of AOTP and Paris Pact, roca.org. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY Average wholesale prices (US$ per kg) Average retail prices (US$ per gram) Heroin 17,200 19,700 Heroin Marijuana Marijuana Skunk type of cannabis 2,000 2,400 Skunk type of cannabis Cocaine 45,500 Cocaine Ecstasy 1,200 Ecstasy (tablet) 4 4 Amphetamine 1,700 Amphetamine Source: Ministry of Security of Bosnia and Herzegovina Source: Ministry of Security of Bosnia and Herzegovina Drug purity mean values Adulterants used in heroin and cocaine mixtures, Impurity Street heroin (%) 10 Heroin Paracetamol and caffeine Cocaine (%) 50 Cocaine lidocaine Source: Ministry of Security of Bosnia and Herzegovina Source: Ministry of Security of Bosnia and Herzegovina 108

115 DRUG RELATED CRIME Drug related offences Drug related organized crime groups dismantled Criminal cases initiated 1,388 1,300 1,345 OC groups dismantled Rate (per 100,000) Persons committed n/a n/a 1,560 Rate (per 100,000) n/a n/a 41 Source: Ministry of Security of Bosnia and Herzegovina Source: Ministry of Security of Bosnia and Herzegovina DRUG ABUSE Drug users received treatment Patients taken off and deaths Outpatient treatment 2,000 Drug related deaths n/a 3 Psychosocial support in therapeutic communities 307 Drug overdoses (lethal) 5 3 Source: Ministry of Civil Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina Source: BiH 2011 National Report to the EMCDDA Annual prevalence of drug use as percentage of the population aged UNODC best estimate Uncertainty range Year of estimate Amphetamine Cannabis Cocaine 0.6 < Ecstasy Opioids Opiates Source: UNODC World Drug Report, 2012 HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS reported PLWHA (estimated) and HIV prevalence New HIV cases PLWHA 61 HIV, 109 AIDS Rate (per 100,000) Injecting Drug Users (%) 12.7 IDU (%) 13 7 Sex Workers (%) n/a Total HIV cases MSM (%) 17 Rate (per 100,000) Source: Ministry of Security of Bosnia and Herzegovina IDUs (%) Source: Ministry of Security of Bosnia and Herzegovina 109

116 CRIME RELATED TREATIES Signature and ratification status of UNTOC and UNCAC Signature Status United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) 12 Dec Apr 2002 Ratified a) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the UNTOC 12 Dec Apr 2002 Ratified b) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the UNTOC 12 Dec Apr 2002 Ratified c) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC 1 Apr 2008 Accepted United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) 16 Sep Oct 2006 Ratified 110

117 KOSOVO (UNDER UNSCR 1244/99) Territory: Borders: Population: 10,887 sq.km Kosovo is landlocked, and borders the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (under UNSCR 817 (1993)) to the south, Albania to the west and Montenegro to the northwest. The remaining frontier belt is with the Central Serbian region which is the source of international dispute. 1,825,632 (2011, Eurostat) Population (thousands) Total 1,761 1,776 1,794 n/a aged n/a 66% n/a n/a Source: DataBank of the World Bank Group 145 DRUG SEIZURES Drug and precursor seizures (kg) Heroin Opium n/a n/a n/a Cannabis Hashish Cannabis plants (pcs) 33,497 9,724 n/a Cocaine Precursors no precursors seizures Source: Kosovo Police, EULEX, EMCDDA, Mini Dublin Group, UNODC ARQ data DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY Average wholesale prices (US$ per kg) Average retail prices (US$ per gram) Heroin n/a 19,600 26,100 22,200 28,700 Heroin (per 0.6 gr) Cannabis n/a ,170 Cannabis (per 5 gr) n/a Cocaine n/a 78, ,400 78, ,300 Cocaine (per 0.6 gr) Source: Kosovo Police, EULEX Source: Kosovo Police, EULEX Cocaine (base, paste, and salts) 147 Cocaine salts 148 Cocaine salts 111

118 Drug purity Heroin (%) 1 n/a Cannabis (THC,%) 3 n/a Cocaine n/a n/a Amphetamine n/a n/a Note: EMCDDA; Kosovo Police Map 36: Heroin seizures in Kosovo ( ) Heroin, Cannabis Source: joint online platform of AOTP and Paris Pact, roca.org. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. 112

119 DRUG RELATED CRIME Drug related offences Suspects arrested and offenders convicted Criminal cases initiated Suspects arrested Rate (per 100,000) Rate (per 100,000) including offenses: Female (%) Possession Offenders convicted n/a * Trafficking Female (%) n/a n/a n/a Cultivation n/a Juveniles convicted n/a n/a n/a Source: Kosovo Police, EULEX Source: Kosovo Police, EULEX, EMCDDA Note: * for the first six months Suspects arrested in the country Total Local citizens Others Source: Kosovo Police, EULEX DRUG ABUSE Drug abusers recorded in dispensaries Opiate users (estimated) / Total number Total number (aged 15 to 64) 4,000 5,000 10,000 15,000 Rate (100,000) Injecting drug users (IDUs) 3,000 5,000 n/a Opiate users (%) 82 n/a Mean age 30 n/a Cannabioid users (%) 8 n/a Lifetime use of heroin (%) n/a n/a IDUs (%) 38 n/a Lifetime use of opium (%) n/a n/a Source: EMCDDA Source: EMCDDA, UNAIDS, AML Report on Kosovo Drug treatment Drug related deaths Treated drug abusers n/a Drug related deaths n/a n/a n/a In patient n/a Drug overdoses n/a 15 n/a Source: EMCDDA Source: EMCDDA HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS cases reported New HIV cases 6 n/a n/a Total HIV cases n/a 81 n/a Source: UNAIDS, EMCDDA 149 Calculated on the base of population estimated by the World Group Bank 150 The same 113

120 CRIME RELATED TREATIES Signature and ratification status of UNTOC and UNCAC Signature Status United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) n/a n/a a) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially n/a n/a Women and Children, supplementing the UNTOC b) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, n/a n/a supplementing the UNTOC c) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, n/a n/a Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) n/a n/a Note: Kosovo is not a UN member state, and therefore this part is not applicable. 114

121 MACEDONIA (THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF) (UNDER UNSCR 817 (1993)) Territory: Borders: 25,713 sq.km 748 km, Serbia to the north (including Kosovo under UNSCR 1244/99 to the northwest), Bulgaria to the east, Greece to the south and Albania to the west. Population (thousands) Total 2,057 2,061 2,064 2, aged 1,446 1,454 1,459 1,464 Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision DRUG SEIZURES Drug and precursors seizures (kg) Heroin Opium Cannabis Hashish Cannabis plants 677 4, Cocaine Liquid cocaine n/a n/a 1.5 Ecstasy (tab) 12,636 n/a 14,624 Amphetamine 0.01 n/a 1.8 Acetic anhydride (lt) Source: Ministry of Interior, Custom Administration, UNODC ARQ data International Operations and Controlled Delivery in the FYR of Macedonia, 2011 International Operations 4 Controlled Delivery Operations by Police 4 Partner country/countries Germany, Bulgaria, Serbia, Albania, SECI Drugs seized: Heroin (kg) 9.9 Cannabis(kg) 10 Ecstasy (pcs) 10,349 Cocaine(kg) 1.5 Source: Ministry of Interior 115

122 Map 37: Drug seizures in the FYR of Macedonia ( ) Heroin, Cannabis, Cocaine, Ecstasy, Other drugs Source: joint online platform of AOTP and Paris Pact, roca.org. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY Average wholesale prices (US$ per kg) Average retail prices (US$ per gram) Heroin 13,900 15,900 Heroin dose (0.2 gr) n/a n/a 10.6 Opium 1,300 Heroin Cannabis Opium Hashish n/a Cannabis Cocaine 46,300 59,500 Cocaine Ecstasy (per tablet) 2 3 Ecstasy (per tablet) n/a n/a 4 11 Methamphetamine n/a Methamphetamine n/a n/a 21 LSD n/a LSD n/a n/a Source: Ministry of Interior Source: Ministry of Interior Composition of drugs Heroin To increase the heroine mass, various medicaments pain killers and fever reducers like aspirin, paracetamol are being used. The industrial sugar is also being used. Note: For the time being, the drug purity is being measured by request and at random. Source: Ministry of Interior 116

123 DRUG RELATED CRIME Drug related offences Suspects arrested and offenders convicted Criminal cases initiated Suspects arrested Rate (per 100,000) Rate (per 100,000) including offences: Female (%) With intent to sell (%) Offenders convicted Smuggling (%) Female (%) Others (%) Juveniles convicted Source: State Statistical Office Source: State Statistical Office Suspects arrested in the country and seized drugs All arrestees National citizens n/a n/a 517 Foreign citizens n/a n/a 11 Stateless n/a n/a 26 Source: State Statistical Office; Ministry of Interior Organized criminal groups arrested, 2011 Heroin Cannabis Cocaine Synthetic drugs Source: Ministry of Interior DRUG ABUSE Drug abusers recorded in dispensaries Opiate users (estimated) Total number 1,582 1,669 3,759 Total number (aged 15 to 64) n/a n/a Rate (100,000) Injecting drug users (IDUs) 10,200 15,000 20,000 IDUs n/a Lifetime use of opium (%) n/a n/a Source: Interministerial Commission for Drugs and Narcotic (2010); Source: Interministerial Commission for Drugs and Narcotics, Ministry of Interior (2011) Institute for Public Health, (Mikik&Kuzmanovska 2011) Annual prevalence of drug use as percentage of the population aged UNODC best estimate Uncertainty range Year of estimate Cannabis Cocaine < Ecstasy Opioids Opiates Source: UNODC World Drug Report 2012, ESPAD, INCSR 117

124 Drug related mortality with ranking of drugs as primary cause of death 2009 Number of deaths 23 Reference population 1,446,278 Rate per million aged Drugs as primary cause of death: Tranquilizers and sedatives 1 Opioids 2 ATS 3 Cocaine 4 Fatal drug overdoses (%) 39 Source: UNODC World Drug Report, 2012 Drug treatment and overdoses Treated drug abusers 1,582 1,669 n/a Drug overdoses n/a Source: Interministerial Commission for Drugs and Narcotic HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS reported PLWHA (estimated) and HIV prevalence Tested for HIV 11,842 n/a n/a PLWHA < New HIV cases IDUs (%) 0 n/a Rate (per 100,000) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Sex workers (%) 0 n/a Total HIV cases MSM (%) 0.2 n/a Rate (per 100,000) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Pregnant (%) 0 0 IDUs (%) n/a Inmates (%) 513 out of 2,195 n/a Source: Institute of Public Health, UNAIDS Source: Institute of Public Health 151, UNAIDS CRIME RELATED TREATIES Signature and ratification status of UNTOC and UNCAC Signature Status United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) 12 Dec Jan 2005 Ratified 12 Dec Jan 2005 a) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Ratified Especially Women and Children, supplementing the UNTOC b) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the UNTOC 12 Dec Jan 2005 Ratified c) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC 14 Sep 2007 Accessed United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) 18 Aug Apr 2007 Ratified 151 Institute for Public Health, Department for Disease Control, (Mikik & Kuzmanovska ) 118

125 MONTENEGRO Territory: Borders: 13,812 sq. km Land: 614 km (Albania: 172 km, Croatia: 14 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina: 225 km, Serbia: 203 km). Coastline: 294 km. Estimated population (thousands) Total Aged Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision. Mid year population estimate (thousands) Total n/a Aged n/a n/a 422 n/a Source: Montenegro Statistical Office MONSTAT DRUG SEIZURES Drug and precursor seizures Heroin (kg) Cannabis (herb)(kg) Cocaine (kg) Hashish (kg) n/a Synthetic drugs n/a LSD (doses) n/a n/a 392 Precursors No seizures recorded Source: Police Directorate of Montenegro, UNODC ARQ data International Controlled Delivery Operations and Cooperation Agreements 2010 and 2011 International Controlled Delivery Operations by Police 5 Country partners (police) UK, Germany and BiH Bilateral Police Cooperation Agreements 19 Source: Police Directorate of Montenegro Arrests and seizures of drugs outside Montenegro as a result of criminal investigation and information provided by the Police Directorate of Montenegro in 2011 Name of Criminal Investigation Persons Arrested Drugs Seized (kg) Drug Type Country 152 Cocaine (base, paste, and salts) 153 Cocaine salts 154 Cocaine salts 119

126 Conte, 2011, with German police 300 cocaine Hamburg, DE Tanker, 2011 with DEA 6 70 cocaine Spain Sprint, with BiH and Croatia 7 30 marijuana BiH and Croatia Macondo with SOCA 262 cocaine Trio with SELEC and police of SEE countries Source: Police Directorate of Montenegro Map 38: Drug seizures in Montenegro ( ) BiH, 40 Croatia marijuana Albania, Croatia, BiH, Serbia Heroin, Cannabis, Cocaine Source: Police Directorate of Montenegro and Montenegrin Customs Department; joint online platform of AOTP and Paris Pact, roca.org. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY Average wholesale prices (US$ per kg) Average retail prices (US$ per gram) Heroin 21,000 19,300 23,200 Heroin Cannabis 1,150 n/a Cannabis n/a 5 Cocaine Amphetamine (tablet) n/a 23 Source: Police Directorate of Montenegro Source: Police Directorate of Montenegro Drug purity mean values Heroin, brown (%) Source: EMCDDA Montenegro Country Overviews, 2009 and

127 DRUG RELATED CRIME Drug related offences Criminal cases initiated Rate (per 100,000) Persons committed Rate (per 100,000) Source: Police Directorate of Montenegro Organized crime Criminal cases initiated 3 6 Persons charged with participation in organized crime drug related offences Source: Police Directorate of Montenegro DRUG ABUSE Drug users recorded in dispensaries Drug and alcohol abusers who reported to public health care centers Total number Drug and alcohol abusers, Rate (100,000) Drug related deaths, 2009/ /6 Opiate users (%) Drug overdoses (lethal), 2009/ /6 Cannabis users (%) Source: Ministry of Health of Montenegro Source: Ministry of Health of Montenegro Annual prevalence of drug use as percentage of the population aged UNODC best estimate Uncertainty range Year Amphetamine 0.5 < Cannabis Cocaine 0.8 < Ecstasy Opioids No recent, reliable estimate Source: UNODC World Drug Report 2012, ESPAD HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS reported HIV prevalence, estimated New HIV cases Injecting Drug Users (%) n/a 0.3 Rate (per 100,000) Sex Workers (%) 1.1 n/a Total HIV cases MSM (%) n/a 4.5 Rate (per 100,000) IDUs (%) Source: National HIV/AIDS Register of Montenegro Source: Surveys among IDUs, Ministry of Health 155 Patients diagnosed under F11 by WHO s ICD X, which does not distinguish heroin users from other opiate users, however a majority of diagnosed cases are heroin users. 121

128 CRIME RELATED TREATIES Signature and ratification status of UNTOC and UNCAC Signature Status United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) 23 Oct 2006 Succession a) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially 23 Oct 2006 Women and Children, supplementing the UNTOC Succession b) Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing 23 Oct 2006 the UNTOC Succession c) Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their 23 Oct 2006 Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the UNTOC Succession United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) 23 Oct 2006 Succession 122

129 SERBIA (REPUBLIC OF) Territory: Borders: 88,509 sq. km 2,362 km (Hungary: 175 km, Romania: 548 km, Bulgaria: 361 km, FYR of Macedonia: 283 km, Albania: 114 km, Montenegro: 249 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina: 371 km, Croatia: 262 km) Estimated population (thousands) Total 9,851 9,856 9,854 9,847 Aged ,687 6,707 6,715 6,710 Source: UN World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision. Note: Data are for the Republic of Serbia including Kosovo under UN Security Council Resolution Estimated population (thousands) Total 7,321 7,291 7,259 7,241 Aged ,955 4,956 4,947 n/a Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. Note: Data are for the Republic of Serbia excluding Kosovo under UN Security Council Resolution DRUG SEIZURES Drug (kg) and precursor (lt) seizures Heroin Cocaine Marijuana 1,083 1, ,220.9 Hashish Opium 12.1 n/a n/a n/a Ecstasy Ecstasy (tab) n/a 892 n/a 2,507 Amphetamine Amphetamine (tab) n/a 1,023 n/a 312 Acetic Anhydride Source: UNODC ARQ data, Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Serbia International Controlled Delivery Operations and Cooperation Agreements International Controlled Delivery Operations by Police 0 1 Signed Ratified Bilateral Police Cooperation Agreements n/a 20 Source: Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Serbia 123

130 Arrests and seizures of drugs outside Serbia as a result of criminal investigation and information provided by the Serbian police in 2011 Criminal Investigation Persons Arrested Drugs Seized Drug Type Country (kg) Cocaine from Bolivia to Europe Cocaine Greece Cocaine from The Netherlands to Sweden n/a n/a n/a n/a Marijuana from Albania to Serbia and Germany Marijuana Germany Source: Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Serbia Map 39: Drug seizures in the Republic of Serbia ( ) Heroin, Cannabis, ATS, Benzodiazepam Source: Ministry of Interior and Customs Administration of the Republic of Serbia; joint online platform of AOTP and Paris Pact, roca.org. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. DRUG PRICES AND DRUG PURITY Average wholesale prices (US$ per kg) Average retail prices (US$ per gram) Heroin 15,600 21,000 23,400 26,000 Heroin Cocaine 43,000 49,000 58,500 65,000 Cocaine Marijuana n/a 1,300 2,000 Marijuana n/a n/a Skunk 156 2,000 3,900 2,600 3,900 Skunk n/a n/a Source: Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Serbia. 156 Skunk is a modified type of marijuana with increased THC content. 124