Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e Chapter 9. All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western 2016
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1 1 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
2 Frensic Txiclgy By the end f this chapter yu will be able t: 9.1 Prvide examples f drugs, pisns, and txins. 9.2 List factrs that affect drug txicity. 9.3 Describe the rle f a txiclgist in analyzing substance evidence. 9.4 Cmpare and cntrast presumptive testing and cnfirmatry testing. 2 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
3 Frensic Txiclgy By the end f this chapter yu will be able t: 9.5 Describe hw peple get expsed t envirnmental txins (e.g., pesticides, carbn mnxide), and describe their effects n the bdy. 9.6 Distinguish amng the terms tlerance, addictin, dependence, and withdrawal. 9.7 Relate the signs and symptms f verdse with a specific substance r cmbinatin f substances. 9.8 Shw the relatinships between the law, crime, and the use f drugs. 3 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
4 Vcabulary addictin narctic cntrlled substance pisn Cntrlled Substances Act dependency depressant hallucingen illegal drug stimulant tlerance txicity txiclgy txin 4 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
5 Intrductin Txiclgy is the study f substances that can harm a persn. Pisns Txins A persn may be expsed t a substance in any f the ways belw: Intentinally Accidentally The nly way txiclgy wuld cme int play in the wrkplace is thrugh drug testing. 5 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
6 Brief Histry f Frensic Txiclgy Scrates is ne f the earliest reprted victims f pisning (Hemlck, 399 B.C.) By the 1600s, pisning had becme a prfessin. During the 1800s, methds f chemical analysis were develped t identify pisns. In 1980, standardized techniques and testing were develped t help determine the cause f death. 6 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
7 Brief Histry f Frensic Txiclgy (cntinued) In 1959, the FDA was frmed. In 1970, Cngress passed the Cntrlled Substances Act. Tday, less than ne-half f ne percent f all hmicides result frm pisning. Mathieu Orfila is knwn as the father f txiclgy. ( ) 7 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
8 Brief Histry f Frensic Txiclgy (cntinued) In 1978, Bulgarian dissident Gergi Markv was stabbed in the leg with an umbrella armed with a ricin txin. 8 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
9 What des LD mean in txiclgy? Lethal dse 9 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
10 Evidence Detectin, Cllectin, and Strage Evidence may be in the frm f: Pills, pwders, liquids Btanical matter (seeds, leaves, mushrms) Crystals (methamphetamine) Evidence fund n clthing, bjects, r liquid saked fabrics Urine, bld, sweat, r saliva Crrect packaging f the evidence is imprtant t preserve the evidence and t prtect individuals wrking with the evidence. 10 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
11 Evidence Testing and Reprting f Drugs, Pisns and Txins A txiclgist needs t answer three basic questins: 1. What substances are there? (qualitative testing) 2. Might there be any illegal cmpnents? 3. Hw much f each substance is present? (quantitative testing) 11 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
12 Presumptive testing may be perfrmed at the crime scene. Pstmrtem fluid cncentratins will be dne at the crime scene fr cmparisn t levels a the lab. (Sme fluids may dissipate if it is present fr t lng.) 12 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
13 Evidence Testing and Reprting f Drugs, Pisns and Txins (cntinued) Cnfirmatry testing is a multistep prcess that prvides a psitive identificatin f the substance. Txiclgists must als distinguish between: Acute pisning Chrnic pisning 13 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
14 What t lk fr in a frensic autpsy when pisn is suspect: Irritated tissues Characteristic drs Mees lines These lines appear after an episde f pisning with arsenic, thallium r ther heavy metals, and can als appear if the subject is suffering frm renal failure. They have been bserved in chemtherapy patients. 14 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
15 Human specimens taken fr analysis when lking fr pisn: Bld Urine Brain tissue 15 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
16 Heavy Metals, Gases, Pisns, and Txins Arsenic pisning has extreme diarrhea. 16 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
17 Lethal Gases and Lethal Injectins Lethal gas chambers Nazis during Wrld War II Carbn mnxide frm engine exhaust and hydrgen cyanide Cyanide smells like burnt almnds American penal systems Hydrgen cyanide 17 Carbn mnxide gas- Shws up as a red r pink patches n the chest and thigh. Injectins f ptassium chlride r sdium pentthal Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
18 Pesticides and Herbicides 18 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
19 Txins Txins may be prduced by plants r animals. Ricin(Castr bean) Rattlesnake venm 19 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
20 Drugs and Crime Almst half f the individuals in federal prisns are there because f drug-related ffenses. Mre than $600 billin is spent annually n csts related t crime, lst wrk prductivity, and healthcare because f drug abuse. Cntinued use f a drug can lead t addictin and dependency. 20 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
21 Five Schedules f Drugs Schedule I N medical use, high ptential fr abuse Ex: Herine, LSD, peyte, MDMA, bath salts Schedule II Severely restricted medical use, high ptential fr abuse Ex: Ccaine, methamphetamine, methadne, xycdne Schedule III Accepted medical use, mderate ptential fr abuse, mderate t lw risk f dependence Ex: Barbiturates, sterids, ketamine 21 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
22 Five Schedules f Drugs (cntinued) Schedule IV Medical use, lw ptential fr abuse and the risk f dependency Ex: Xanax, Valium, sleeping pills, ther tranquilizers Schedule V Widely used fr medical purpses, very lw ptential fr abuse, cntains limited quantities f narctics Ex: Rbitussin AC, Tylenl with cdeine 22 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
23 Illegal Drugs Hallucingens Affect perceptin, thinking, self-awareness, and emtins Flashbacks may ccur lng after the drugs wear ff Herine Narctics are addictive, sleep inducing drugs that act as central nervus system depressants and suppress pain. Highly addictive Cmbining drugs, such as herin and alchl, can be fatal. 23 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
24 Illegal Drugs (cntinued) 24 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
25 Cntrlled Substances Stimulants Narctics Depressants 25 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
26 Alchl Alchl is a central nervus system depressant. The amunt f alchl in a beverage is expressed as a percentage by vlume r in prf, which is twice the percentage. A liqur that is 80 prf cntains 40% alchl. Smene with a bld alchl cncentratin f.15 percent will retain alchl in his r her bdy fr apprximately 10 hurs. It takes minutes fr alchl t be fully absrbed. 26 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
27 Isprpyl alchl pisning causes nausea and vmiting, uncnsciusness and pssible blindness.(rubbing alchl) Ethyl alchl is clrless r clear. This is drinking alchl. (Als called ethanl) 27 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
28 Alchl General Infrmatin Alchl is the mst abused drug in America. 40% f all traffic deaths are alchl related. Detxificatin: the prcess f remving txic substances r qualities. 90% f detxificatin f alchl takes place in the liver. BAC BAC stands fr bld alchl cntent BAC is influenced by: 1. Alchl cntent f the beverage 2. Bdy weight 3. Number f drinks cnsumed 4. Quantity and type f fd present. 5. Time passed between drinking. 28 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e
29 Alchl cntinued: Legal limit fr DUI in Gergia fr smene under the age f 21 is The legal limit fr DUI in Gergia fr smene 21 years r lder is 0.08 unless they are invlved in an accident; then the limit f DUI is Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
30 Henry s Law Law that states there if a fixed rati between the cncentratin f alchl in the bld and the air. This is the basis fr a breathalizer test. Breath analyzers d nt directly measure bld alchl cntent r cncentratin, which requires the analysis f a bld sample. Instead, they estimate BAC indirectly by measuring the amunt f alchl in ne's breath. (They measure the alchl cntent f alvelar breath._ 30 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
31 False Psitive A chemical knwn as acetne in diabetics can give a false psitive fr alchl during a breathalizer. 31 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
32 Nystagmus test The Hrizntal Gaze Nystagmus Test, r the HGN evaluatin, is a field sbriety test that is ften used by plice frce. It uses the invluntary jerking r twitch f ne's eye when it gazes t the side at an angle mre than 45 degrees.. Since this jerking becmes exaggerated by alchl cnsumptin, it is used as evidence f impairment in DUI cases. 32 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
33 Anablic Sterids Anablic sterids prmte cell and tissue grwth and divisin. They have a chemical structure similar t teststerne. Negative side effects may include: Acne, increased bdy hair, and baldness Increased aggressin, high bld pressure, high chlesterl levels, impaired fertility in males, bld cltting, kidney and liver cancers, and heart attacks 33 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
34 Chemicals in the Wrkplace OSHA is respnsible fr mnitring expsure t chemicals in the wrk place.(occupatinal Safety and Health Administratin) EPA: Wrks n agricultural and industrial chemicals released int the Envirnment. Envirnmental Prtectin Agency FDA: Apprves new pharmaceuticals. (Fd and Drug Administratin) 34 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
35 What grup watches ver the shipment f txic chemicals? DOT: Department f Transprtatin. The nly time txiclgy wuld cme int play in the wrk place wuld be drug testing. 35 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
36 Summary Txiclgy is the study f pisns, txins, drugs, and ther substances a persn may use fr medical, recreatinal, r criminal purpses. Frensic txiclgists study the harmful effects f these substances n the bdy, typically after a death. The txicity f a substance depends n the dse, the duratin f expsure, the nature f expsure, interactins with ther substances, and the byprducts frmed when metablized. 36 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
37 Summary (cntinued) Expsure t heavy metals, pisn gases, ther pisns, txins, r radiatin may ccur accidentally r as a result f a crime (r punishment) and have harmful r lethal effects n the bdy. Drugs are classified by their effect n the bdy as stimulants, depressants, narctics, hallucingens, r anablic sterids; drugs are classified under five schedules created by the 1970 Cntrlled Substances Act. 37 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
38 Summary (cntinued) Use f drugs can affect a persn s health, md, awareness, metablism, and/r perceptin f reality. Extended expsure t drugs can lead t tlerance, dependence, addictin, and illness. Drug cmbinatins can have cmpunding effects and result in accidental death. 38 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016
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