The feeding of rhinoceroses - reminder and update

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1 The feeding of rhinoceroses - reminder and update Marcus Clauss Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland EAZA Conference Belfast 2016

2 Natural diets of rhinoceros 100% grass

3 Natural diets of rhinoceros 100% browse 100% grass

4 Natural diets of rhinoceros 100% browse 100% grass

5 Natural diets of rhinoceros 100% browse 100% grass

6 Natural diets of rhinoceros 100% browse mix & fruits? 100% grass

7 Natural diets of rhinoceros Trewia fruits in the wild: - different from commercial fruits - less than 3% of daily dry matter intake in peak times 100% browse mix & fruits? 100% grass

8 Zoo diets of rhinoceros 100% browse 100% grass

9 Zoo diets of rhinoceros 100% browse 100% grass

11 Hypsodonty

15 Tooth wear in rhinos

16 Tooth wear in rhinos from Taylor et al. (2014)

17 Tooth wear in rhinos from Taylor et al. (2014)

19 Zoo diets of rhinoceros 100% browse 100% grass

20 Zoo diets of rhinoceros Crude fibre ~25% Ingredients

21 Zoo diets of rhinoceros 100% browse 100% grass

22 Zoo diets of rhinoceros 100% browse 100% grass

23 85 % water 10 % sugar What s in an apple?

24 Fruits and Vegetables Fruits Water Rest protein available carbohydrates calcium phosphorus dry matter % % % dry matter Honey Rock melon * Water melon * Ananas Grapes Apple Dried dates Cherry Banana Grapefruit Pear Peach Mango Plum Apricot Gooseberry Kiwi Fig Orange Strawberry Black currant Red currant Blueberry Blackberry Raspberry Guava Papaya Avocado (due to high fat content) *minimum Source: Souci/Fachmann/Kraut Die Zusammensetzung der Lebensmittel Nährwert- Tabellen 1989/ Auflage, Wiss. Verlagsgesellschaft Stuttgart Vegetables Water Rest protein available carbohydrates calcium phosphorus dry matter % % % dry matter Sweet potato * Manioc/Tapioca Beetroot Potato raw/cooked Cucumber Tomato Pumpkin Green beans Onion Kohlrabi Carrot Chicoree Squash Radish Aubergine Sweet pepper Celery stalks Cauliflower Chinese cabbage Leek Broccoli Zucchini Brussels sprouts Savoy cabbage Lettuce Kale/Green cabbage Fennel Celery root Girasole Artichoke Field salad/lamb s lettuce Mangold Spinach Parsley Endive *minimum Source: Souci/Fachmann/Kraut Die Zusammensetzung der Lebensmittel Nährwert- Tabellen 1989/ Auflage, Wiss. Verlagsgesellschaft Stuttgart

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26 Zoo diets of rhinoceros 100% browse 100% grass

27 Zoo diets of rhinoceros 100% browse 100% grass

28 Key problem: obesity from Hatt & Clauss (2006)

29 Key problem: obesity from various internet sources and own photo

30 Key problem: obesity from Clauss & Hatt (2006)

31 Monitoring body condition

32 Monitoring body condition from Keep (1971)

33 Monitoring body condition from Reuter & Adcock (1998)

34 Monitoring body condition from Heidegger et al. (2016)

35 Monitoring body condition

36 Monitoring body condition "#$%$ "#$&$ "#$'$ $ "#$($ $ $ "#$)$ $ $ from Heidegger et al. (2016)

37 Monitoring body condition

38 Monitoring body condition %"#$ ("%$ ("#$ '"%$./0$ '"#$ &"%$ &"#$ "%$ "#$ )*$ +,-$ 12*3,)$42,,5,2$ %"#$ ("%$ ("#$ '"%$./0$ '"#$ &"%$ &"#$ "%$ "#$ )*$ +,-$ 1,2*3+*34$

39 Monitoring body condition

40 Monitoring body condition from Collen et al. (2011) from Taylor et al. (2013)

41 Ways to generate obesity (too little exercise) High-energy feeds

42 Birthday cakes

43 Birthday cakes

44 Ways to generate obesity (too little exercise) High-energy feeds Too much of medium-energy feeds

45 Monitoring body condition

46 Ways to generate obesity (too little exercise) High-energy feeds Too much of medium-energy feeds

48 Zoo diets of rhinoceros 100% browse 100% grass

49 2010 Workshop IOD in browsing rhinos

50 2010 Workshop IOD in browsing rhinos

51 2010 Workshop IOD in browsing rhinos

52 2010 Workshop IOD in browsing rhinos

53 Exasperation

54 Policy

55 Policy 3 of the ISD 2010 workshop references (published 2012) included

56 Policy none of the ISD 2010 workshop references (published 2012) included

57 Policy Could ISD be mainly a North American problem?

58 Policy

59 Black rhino ISD in Europe

60 Black rhino ISD in Europe

61 Black rhino ISD in Europe

62 Black rhino ISD in Europe

63 Conclusion Could ISD be mainly a North American problem? No. There is no indication that the problem is limited to North American facilities. Rather, evidence suggests that the problem occured in 3 different European countries. To my knowledge, these were the only countries in which the problem was investigated. There is no rational argument for the assumption that this is not a general problem.

64 Preventative measures exist photos courtesy Micki Corcoran DAK

65 ... but consider:... black rhinos in captivity are susceptible to a range of unusual health problems such as - hemolytic anaemia - rhabdomyelosis - ulcerative skin disease - hepatopathy - hemosiderosis ( iron storage disease ) - decreased insulin sensitivity - increased inflammation markers - hypophosphataemia. The only way reasonable progress will be made on these conditions is by access to blood samples of live animals.

66 Conclusion... no matter what the reasons, evolutionary causes, mechanisms, genetics, nutritional contributing factors to iron storage disease or any other diseases in black rhino... How can a management system not aimed at facilitating regular blood sampling or phlebotomy via training be considered responsible?

67 Summary no grain/starch (based) products/pellets no fruit/ vegetables (but green leafy); browse someone must be knowledgable in roughage quality (high hygienic/ low nutritional quality) add low-energy bulk via straw or branches choose pellets based on ingredients and fibre content keep animal in slim/moderate body condition (best by using BCS monitoring) choose pellets with low iron content have iron storage disease management concept ensure easy access to blood

GREEN YELLOW RED PURPLE WHITE

GREEN YELLOW RED PURPLE WHITE Broccoli, green cabbage, spinach, romaine lettuce, green peas, kiwi fruit, swiss chard Avoid cancer of the prostate and colon (large intestine) Develop and maintain healthy