Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Adenocarcinoma, gastric. See also Gastric cancer. D2 nodal dissection for 57 70 Adjuvant therapy, for gastric cancer, impact of D2 dissection on results of, 75 strategies in gastric cancer, 100 105 chemoradiation, 101 102 chemotherapy, 102 103 perioperative chemotherapy, 103 105 targeted, of gastrointestinal stromal tumor of stomach, 25 27 Anaplasma lymphoma kinase, in targeted therapy of lung cancer, 166 167 Angiogenesis inhibitors, clinical trials in advanced gastric cancer, 115 118 monoclonal antibodies, 116 117 receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, 117 118 Asia, gastric cancer in. See Eastern experience. B Breast cancer, managing risk of lobular, in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, 51 C CDH1 genetic testing, for hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, 45 46 minimum age for, 46 47 Cell cycle inhibitors, in gastric cancer therapy, 122 Cell cycle regulatory genes, individual genetic alteration as marker in lung cancer, 163 164 Chemoradiation, adjuvant, for gastric cancer, 101 102 neoadjuvant, for gastric cancer, 105 106 Chemotherapy, clinical trials in advanced gastric cancer, 114 115 preoperative and postoperative for gastric cancer, 99 112 adjuvant strategies, 100 105 neoadjuvant strategies, 105 106 ongoing trials, 107 108 rationale for, 100 selection of treatment strategy, 106 107 treatment planning and surgery, 100 Classification, of gastric cancer, role of endoscopy in, 1 3 CLEAN-NET, full-layer resection for gastric cancer with, 135 139 Clinical trials. See Trials. D D1 nodal dissection, trials in gastric cancer, 84 88 D2 nodal dissection, for gastric cancer, impact on results of adjuvant therapy, 75 76 Surg Oncol Clin N Am 21 (2012) 177 185 doi:10.1016/s1055-3207(11)00090-1 surgonc.theclinics.com 1055-3207/12/$ see front matter ª 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
178 Index D2 nodal (continued) standard and modified, for gastric adenocarcinoma, 57 70 definition of nodal stations and, 58 60 future of, 69 indications for modifications of, 64 66 learning curve and surgical quality concerns, 67 68 Maruyama index and, 66 67 technique, 60 64 trials in gastric cancer, 84 88 Diffuse gastric cancer, hereditary. See Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer. E E-cadherin gene (CDH1), in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, 35 East-West differences, in gastric cancer diagnosis and staging, 79 80 in gastric cancer surgery, 71 73 overall survival in clinical trials, 72 73 stage-specific results of resected cancers, 71 72 Eastern experience, with gastric cancer, 71 77 compared with Western, 71 73 overall survival in clinical trials, 72 73 stage-specific results of resected cancers, 71 72 guidelines for standard treatment, 71 impact of D2 dissection on adjuvant therapy results, 75 splenectomy, 73, 75 stage migration, 73 Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), 129 140 basic principles, 130 choosing appropriate lesions for, 130 131 CLEAN-NET, 135 139 development of, 130 evaluation of lateral margins of tumor during, 132 for in situ and T-1 gastric cancer, trials of, 83 84 full-layer resection, 134 135 techniques, 132 133 Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), 129 140 basic principles, 130 choosing appropriate lesions for, 130 131 CLEAN-NET, 135 139 development of, 130 evaluation of lateral margins of tumor during, 132 for in situ and T-1 gastric cancer, trials of, 83 84 full-layer resection, 134 135 techniques, 132 134 Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), in classification and diagnosis of gastric cancer, 9 12 comparison with other imaging modalities, 10 for early gastric cancer, 11 12 in metastatic disease, 10 11 N stage, 10 T stage, 9 10 Endoscopy, endoscopic mucosal resection, 129 140 endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), 129 140
Index 179 in gastric cancer diagnosis and staging, 1 19 classification and staging, 1 3 comparison with other imaging modalities, 10 endoscopic detection, 3 6 endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), 9 for early gastric cancer, 11 12 image-enhancing technologies, 6 9 linitis plastica, 12 13 metastatic disease, 10 11 N stage, 10 screening, 13 14 T stage, 9 10 screening, in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, 47 48 Epidemiology, of hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, 37 Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, in targeted therapy of lung cancer, 165 166 phase I and II clinical trials of targeted gastric cancer therapy, 118 119 Excision repair cross complementing 1, individual genetic alteration as marker in lung cancer, 163 F Familial gastric cancer. See Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer. Fertility issues, with total gastrectomy for hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, 51 Full-layer resection, of gastric cancer, endoscopic and laparoscopic, 135 with CLEAN-NET, 135 139 G Gastrectomy, total, D2 nodal dissection for distal and, 60 64 in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, 48 51 management in teenage years, 50 51 mortality and morbidity risks, 49 prognosis and follow-up after, 50 staging and technical aspects, 49 50 routine, versus subtotal gastrectomy, results of trials, 80 83 Gastric cancer, 1 175 chemotherapy, preoperative and postoperative, 99 112 adjuvant strategies, 100 105 neoadjuvant strategies, 105 106 ongoing trials, 107 108 rationale for, 100 selection of treatment strategy, 106 107 treatment planning and surgery, 100 Eastern experience with, 71 77 guidelines for standard treatment, 71 impact of D2 dissection on adjuvant therapy results, 75 overall survival in clinical trials in East and West, 72 73 splenectomy, 73, 75 stage migration, 73 stage-specific results of resected cancers in East and West, 71 72 endoscopic diagnosis and staging, 1 19
180 Index Gastric (continued) classification and staging, 1 3 comparison with other imaging modalities, 10 endoscopic detection, 3 6 endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), 9 EUS for early gastric cancer, 11 12 image-enhancing technologies, 6 9 linitis plastica, 12 13 metastatic disease, 10 11 N stage, 10 screening, 13 14 T stage, 9 10 endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and submucosal dissection (ESD), 129 140 basic principles, 130 choosing appropriate lesions for, 130 131 CLEAN-NET, 135 139 development of, 130 EMR techniques-133, 132 ESD techniques-133, 132 134 evaluation of lateral margins of tumor during, 132 full-layer resection, 134 135 gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) of the stomach, 21 33 adjuvant targeted therapy, 25 27 laparoscopic and open resection techniques, 24 25 molecular analysis, 23 24 neoadjuvant targeted therapy, 27 28 pathology, 23 preoperative imaging, 22 resistance to targeted therapy, 28 29 staging, 22 23 hereditary diffuse, 35 55 CDH1 genetic testing and mutation searching, 45 46 consensus guidelines, 36 epidemiology, risk assessment, and penetrance, 37 genetics of, 37 42 minimum age for genetic testing and intervention, 46 47 models of, 43 45 pathology of, 42 43 surveillance and screening gastroscopy in, 47 48 total gastrectomy in, 48 51 laparoscopic resection of, Western experience with, 141 158 evolving experience with minimally invasive surgery for, 142 47 future applications, 154 indications and contraindications, 147 148 learning curve, 152 153 rationale for diagnostic laparoscopy and cytology, 142 results and outcomes, 148 152 phase I and II clinical trials, 113 128 cell cycle inhibitors, 122 chemotherapy in advanced cancers, 114 115 histone deacetylase inhibitors, 121
Index 181 inhibitors of angiogenesis, 115 118 mammalian target of rapamycin (mtor) and its inhibition, 120 mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor, 121 others, 122 strategies targeting epidermal growth factor receptor, 118 120 standard D2 and modified nodal dissection for adenocarcinoma, 57 70 definition of nodal stations and, 58 60 future of, 69 indications for modifications of, 64 66 learning curve and surgical quality concerns, 67 68 Maruyama index and, 66 67 technique, 60 64 surgery, implications of trials, 79 97 East-West differences in diagnosis and staging, 79 80 extended para-aortic node dissection, 91 92 extent of lymphadenectomy, D1 vs. D2, 84 88 extent of resection, total vs. subtotal gastrectomy, 80 83 future trails, 92 93 planning a low Maruyama index operation, 88 91 role of endoscopic mucosal/submucosal resection, 83 84 Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), of the stomach, 21 33 adjuvant targeted therapy, 25 27 laparoscopic and open resection techniques, 24 25 molecular analysis, 23 24 neoadjuvant targeted therapy, 27 28 pathology, 23 preoperative imaging, 22 resistance to targeted therapy, 28 29 staging, 22 23 Gastroscopy, screening with, in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, 47 48 Gene arrays, individual genetic alteration as marker in lung cancer, 164 165 Genetic alterations, individual molecular markers in lung cancer, 162 165 cell cycle regulatory genes, 163 164 excision repair cross-complementing 1, 163 gene arrays, 164 165 k-ras, 162 163 p53, 162 Genetics, of hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, 37 42 GIST. See Gastrointestinal stromal tumor. H Helicobacter pylori eradication, in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, 51 Her2 (erb2), phase I and II clinical trials of targeted gastric cancer therapy, 120 Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, 35 55 CDH1 genetic testing and mutation searching, 45 46 consensus guidelines, 36 epidemiology, risk assessment, and penetrance, 37 genetics of, 37 42 minimum age for genetic testing and intervention, 46 47 models of, 43 45
182 Index Hereditary (continued ) pathology of, 42 43 surveillance and screening gastroscopy in, 47 48 total gastrectomy in, 48 51 Histone deacetylase inhibitors, in gastric cancer therapy, 121 I Imaging, preoperative, of gastrointestinal stromal tumor of stomach, 22 Imatinib, resistance to, in targeted therapy for gastrointestinal stromal tumors, 28 29 K k-ras, individual genetic alteration as marker in lung cancer, 162 163 L Laparoscopic resection, of gastric carcinoma, Western experience with, 141 158 evolving experience with minimally invasive surgery for, 142 47 future applications, 154 indications and contraindications, 147 148 learning curve, 152 153 rationale for diagnostic laparoscopy and cytology, 142 results and outcomes, 148 152 of gastrointestinal stromal tumor of stomach, 24 25 Learning curve, for D2 nodal dissection, 67 68 for laparoscopic resection of gastric carcinoma, 152 153 Linitis plastica, endoscopic appearance of, 12 13 Lobular breast cancer, managing risk of, in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, 51 Lung cancer, molecular markers in, 161 175 individual genetic alterations, 162 165 cell cycle regulatory genes, 163 164 excision repair cross-complementing 1, 163 gene arrays, 164 165 k-ras, 162 163 p53, 162 micrornas, 167 168 personalized treatment, current trials of, 168 169 proteomics, 167 tyrosine kinases and targeted therapies, 165 167 anaplasmic lymphoma kinase, 166 167 epidermal growth factor receptor, 165 166 vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, 166 Lymphadenectomy. See also D2 nodal dissection. extended para-aortic node dissection, 91 92 extent of, trials of D1 vs. D2, 84 88 M Mammalian target of rapamycin (mtor), phase I and II clinical trials of targeted gastric cancer therapy, 120 Maruyama index (MI), for D2 nodal dissection, 66 67 planning a low MI operation, 88 91 Mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor, in gastric cancer therapy, 121 Metastatic disease, in gastric cancer, role of endoscopy, 10 11
Index 183 MicroRNAs, in lung cancer prognostication, 167 168 Minimally invasive techniques, endoscopic diagnosis and staging of gastric cancer, 1 19 endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and submucosal dissection (ESD), 129 140 laparoscopic resection of gastric cancer, 141 158 Molecular analysis, of gastrointestinal stromal tumor of stomach, 22 Molecular markers, in lung cancer, 161 175 individual genetic alterations, 162 165 cell cycle regulatory genes, 163 164 excision repair cross-complementing 1, 163 gene arrays, 164 165 k-ras, 162 163 p53, 162 micrornas, 167 168 personalized treatment, current trials of, 168 169 proteomics, 167 tyrosine kinases and targeted therapies, 165 167 anaplasmic lymphoma kinase, 166 167 epidermal growth factor receptor, 165 166 vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, 166 Monoclonal antibodies, clinical trials in advanced gastric cancer, 116 117 Mutation searching, in testing for hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, 45 46 N Neoadjuvant therapy, strategies for gastric cancer, 105 106 targeted, of gastrointestinal stromal tumor of stomach, 27 28 Nodal dissection. See D2 nodal dissection. Nodal stations, around the stomach, definition of, 58 60 O Open resection, of gastrointestinal stromal tumor of stomach, 24 25 P p53, individual genetic alteration as marker in lung cancer, 162 Para-aortic node dissection, extended, in gastric cancer, 91 92 Pathology, of hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, 42 43 Penetrance, of hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, 37 Prophylactic gastrectomy, in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, 48 51 Proteomics, in lung cancer prognostication, 167 Q Quality control, surgical, for D2 nodal dissection, 67 68 R Radiation therapy. See Chemoradiation. Resection, laparoscopic and open, of gastrointestinal stromal tumor of stomach, 24 25 Resistance, to targeted therapy for gastrointestinal stromal tumors, 28 29 Risk assessment, in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, 37
184 Index S Screening, for gastric cancer, role of endoscopy, 13 14 with gastroscopy in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, 47 48 Splenectomy, in gastric cancer, 73, 75 Stage migration, in gastric cancer, source of, 72 73 Staging, of gastric cancer, East-West differences in, 79 80 of gastric cancer, role of endoscopy in, 1 3 of gastrointestinal stromal tumor. of stomach, 22 23 Surgery, endoscopic. See Endoscopy and specific procedures. for gastric cancer, implications of clinical trials, 79 97 East-West differences in diagnosis and staging, 79 80 extended para-aortic node dissection, 91 92 extent of lymphadenectomy, D1 vs. D2, 84 88 extent of resection, total vs. subtotal gastrectomy, 80 83 future trails, 92 93 planning a low Maruyama index operation, 88 91 role of endoscopic mucosal/submucosal resection, 83 84 laparoscopic. See Laparoscopic resection. standard D2 and modified nodal dissection for gastric adenocarcinoma, 57 70 definition of nodal stations and, 58 60 future of, 69 indications for modifications of, 64 66 learning curve and surgical quality concerns, 67 68 Maruyama index and, 66 67 technique, 60 64 Surveillance, in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, 47 48 Survival, overall, in gastric cancer clinical trials in the East and West, 72 73 T Targeted therapy, of gastric cancer, phase I and II clinical trials of, 115 122 cell cycle inhibitors, 122 epidermal growth factor receptor, 118 120 histone deacetylase inhibitors, 121 inhibitors of angiogenesis, 115 118 mammalian target of rapamycin (mtor) and its inhibition, 120 mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor, 121 others, 122 of gastrointestinal stromal tumor of stomach, 25 29 adjuvant, 25 27 neoadjuvant, 27 28 resistance to, 28 29 tyrosine kinases in lung cancer, 165 167 anaplasmic lymphoma kinase, 166 167 epidermal growth factor receptor, 165 166 vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, 166 Trials, ongoing, in chemotherapy for gastric cancer, 107 108 phase I and II clinical, for gastric cancer, 113 128 cell cycle inhibitors, 122 chemotherapy in advanced cancers, 114 115 histone deacetylase inhibitors, 121
Index 185 inhibitors of angiogenesis, 115 118 mammalian target of rapamycin (mtor) and its inhibition, 120 mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor, 121 others, 122 strategies targeting epidermal growth factor receptor, 118 120 surgical for gastric cancer, implications of, 79 97 East-West differences in diagnosis and staging, 79 80 extended para-aortic node dissection, 91 92 extent of lymphadenectomy, D1 vs. D2, 84 88 extent of resection, total vs. subtotal gastrectomy, 80 83 future trails, 92 93 planning a low Maruyama index operation, 88 91 role of endoscopic mucosal/submucosal resection, 83 84 Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, clinical trials in advanced gastric cancer, 117 118 resistance to, in targeted therapy for gastrointestinal stromal tumors, 28 29 Tyrosine kinases, and targeted therapies in lung cancer, 165 167 anaplasmic lymphoma kinase, 166 167 epidermal growth factor receptor, 165 166 vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, 166 U Ultrasound, endoscopic. See Endoscopic ultrasound. V Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor, in targeted therapy of lung cancer, 166 W Western experience. See also East-West differences., with laparoscopic resection of gastric carcinoma, 141 158 evolving experience with minimally invasive surgery for, 142 47 future applications, 154 indications and contraindications, 147 148 learning curve, 152 153 rationale for diagnostic laparoscopy and cytology, 142 results and outcomes, 148 152