Basic Unit of Life It is Cell Basics Type Type Prokaryotic (before the nucleus) Examples Eukaryotic (true nucleus) Characteristics Has a nucleoid (not a nucleus) Examples Bacteria Plant Cell Characteristics Very Complex Very small & simple Resemble earliest cells found on Earth Animal Cell Large v Single-celled Has organelles (little organs) Can be single- or multi-celled
How we learned about cells Cell Theory All living things are made of cells Cells are the basic unit of life Scientist Living cells only come from other living cells. Robert Hooke Anton van Leeuwenhoek Matthias Schleiden Theodor Schwann Rudolph Virchow Discovered cells 1678 Improved Microscope 1680 Plants made of cells 1838 Animals made of cells 1839 Cells can only come from other cells 1855 Discovered microorganisms
Cell membrane Gateway Cell Organelles Controller/Brain Nucleus Selective Permeability Digestion Manufacture Powers Cell Provides Support Storage Transportation Waste Removal Lysosome Smooth ER Mitochondria Cell Membrane Golgi Body Rough ER Lysosome Found only in plants Gogli Body Chloroplast Cytoplasm Lysosome Nucleolus Cytoskeleton Smooth ER Found only in plants Ribosomes Cell Wall Central Vacuole Vacuole
Cell Table ORGANELLE LOCATION DESCRIPTION FUNCTION CATEGORY Nucleus Both plant/animal *Large, oval *Controls cell Brain/Controller activities Nucleolus Both plant/animal * Irregularly shaped *Dense areas of fibers and granules *Found on nucleus *There is one or more *Site of ribosome assembly Manufactures Cell Membrane Both plant/animal *Plant - inside cell wall *Animal - outer layer; cholesterol *Selectively permeable Cytoplasm Both plant/animal *Clear, thick, jellylike material and organelles found inside cell membrane Ribosome Both plant/animal Small bodies free or attached to E.R. *Support *Protection *Controls movement of materials in/out of cell *Barrier between cell and its environment *Maintains homeostasis (maintains internal balance) *Supports /protects cell organelles *Produces proteins Gateway & Support Provides support Manufacture
ORGANELLE LOCATION DESCRIPTION FUNCTION CATEGORY Mitochondrion Both plant/animal *Bean-shaped with *Breaks down sugar Powers cell inner membranes molecules into energy Vacuole Golgi Body (Apparatus) Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.) Plant - few/large Animal - small Both plant/animal Both plant/animal *Fluid-filled sacs *Layer of sacs *Thin membrane *Network of tubes or membranes *Smooth ER Both plant/animal *Network of tubes or membranes *Store food, water, waste (plants need to store large amounts of food) *Modifies lipids (fats) & proteins * Stores and packages materials for movement out of the cell *Move back and forth from the organelle to the cell membrane carrying the packaged materials to the outside of the cell *Located near the nucleus of the cell *Carries materials through cell *Packages proteins for transport *Synthesizes membrane fats *Releases calcium Storage Manufacture & Storage Manufacture
ORGANELLE LOCATION DESCRIPTION FUNCTION CATEGORY *Rough ER Both plant/animal *Network of tubes or membranes *Ribosomes enable the rough ER to make proteins *Manufactures digestive enzymes and protein hormone Transportation Lysosome plant - uncommon animal - common *small, round, with a membrane Cell wall Plant, not animal *Outer layer *Rigid, strong, stiff *Made of cellulose Chloroplast Plant, not animal *Green, oval usually containing chlorophyll (green pigment) Central Vacuole Plant, not animal *Very large *Rectangular *breaks down larger food molecules into smaller molecules *digests old cell parts *Support (grow tall) *Protection *Allows H 2 O, O 2, CO 2 to pass into and out of cell *Uses energy from sun to make food for the plant (photosynthesis) *Can hold water *Helps cell keep shape Digestion, Storage, & Waste Removal Support & Protection Powers Cell & Provides Food Storage & Support A society grows great when old men plant trees whose shade they know they shall never sit in. -Greek Proverb
Cell Vocabulary Cell The basic unit of all living things. Organelles and their function Organelle A specialized part of a cell that has a specific function. Found in both animal & plant cell Cell Membrane The outer portion of a cell. It surrounds the cell and helps keep the contents inside. The membrane also controls what enters or leaves a cell. Cytoplasm All the material between a cell membrane and the nucleus; it includes the various organelles which help a cell to function. It helps the cell keep its shape. Cytoskeleton Provides shape and support to the cell. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) A series of interconnected membrane tubes and channels in the cytoplasm; moves material through the cell. There are two types Rough ER and Smooth ER: Rough ER Transports ribosomes around the cell. Smooth ER Stores key products needed by cell (ex. Muscles cells store calcium required for muscle contractions). Makes products (fats, phospholipids, and steroids) needed by the cell. Golgi (Body/Apparatus/Complex) Stores, packages, and distributes proteins and fats made by the ER. Also manufactures the lysosome. Lysosome Stores enzymes produced by cell. Digests food in the cell; packages and removes waste from the cell; destroys organelles as they lose their function as well as the cell when it dies (sometimes called the suicide organelle). Mitochondria Power plant of the cell. Nucleolus Located in the nucleus; manufactures ribosomes. Nucleus The control center of a cell. It contains genetic information that regulates how a cell functions.
Ribosomes Makes the proteins needed by the cell. Vacuole Stores food and waste products; removes waste from the cell; provides support for the cell. Found in just the plant cell Cell Wall The outermost part of a plant cell. It is found outside of the cell's membrane. It is quite rigid and helps maintain the shape of the plant. Central Vacuole - Contains water, and a place to store wastes that may be harmful to the cell; provides structure and support for the plant cell. Chloroplast A green structure found inside a plant cell. This structure changes sunlight into a usable form of energy for the plant. Works in conjunction with the mitochondria to produce energy. General Vocabulary Terms Diffusion The process of matter spreading out evenly from its source. An example of diffusion is when perfume is sprayed and eventually is smelled throughout a room. Organ The part of an organism that is made up of tissues to perform a specific job. Examples of organs include: skin, heart, lungs, stems, leaves, and roots. Organism Any living thing. Some may exist as a single cell (unicellular) but most are made of many cells (multicellular) such as plants and animals. Osmosis A special form of diffusion that occurs in liquids. One liquid spreads evenly within another liquid. Photosynthesis - The plant takes water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and energy from the sun and makes food for the plant; exhales oxygen. System A group of organs that works together performing a common function. Examples of systems include the skeleton, nervous and vascular (tubes in plants). Tissue A group of cells that function together to meet a common purpose. Examples include muscle, bone, and cuticle (the outer covering of a plant).