Cell Anatomy Anatomy = the study of the structures and components of an organism
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1 Cell Anatomy Anatomy = the study of the structures and components of an organism -Types of Cells: 1) Prokaryotic = simple, primitive = no membrane bound nucleus, only a dense, nuclear area = single-celled organisms (only bacteria) 2)Eukaryotic = complex = membrane bound nucleus = many internal structures called organelles = uni- and multicellular organisms (ie. Plants, animals, etc) Eukaryotic Cells - the cell is divided into 3 main areas or parts: A) Cell membrane -these areas are visible through a light microscope
2 A) Cell Membrane -- a.k.a. Plasma membrane -- provides a boundary between the cell & its environment or neighboring cells -- determines what enters or leaves the cell -- contains chromosomes composed of DNA -- controls all activities of the cell 1. Nucleolus - small, denser area in nucleus = responsible for the synthesis of RNA and ribosomes -- jelly- like portion of the cell between the nucleus and cell membrane -- composed of: - Microfilaments (structures that form the cytoskeleton) - Microtubules (fibers that transport materials within the cytoplasm) -- contains specialized structures called organelles with specialized functions: 1. Mitochondria = produces energy for the cell by breaking down sugar 2. Ribosomes = make proteins for all structures within the cell 3. Endoplasmic Reticulum (aka ER) = canals to move materials between the nucleus & cell membrane = two types: - Smooth ER = makes, transports and stores fats - Rough ER = has ribosomes attached to it = makes, transports & stores proteins 4. Golgi Apparatus = a.k.a Golgi Complex, Gogi Body = looks like a stack of pancakes = modifies & packages big proteins to pass through cell membrane 5. Vacuole = fluid filled cavity used for storage of food, waste or water = many small ones in animal cells = 1-2 large ones in plant cells which store water providing Structure 6. Vesicles = small membrane bound sac responsible for storing and transporting substances necessary for cell metabolism
3 7. Lysosomes = contains enzymes = site of intracellular digestion = acts as a defense system destroying foreign invaders = more numerous in animal cells than plant cells 8. Centrosome with Centrioles = aid in cell division of animal cells Structures below are only found in plant cells: 9. Cell Wall = found outside the cell membrane = provides support and protection = composed cellulose (starch) 10. Plastids = function food production and storage a) Chloroplasts = green in color because they contain chlorophyll = convert light energy to chemical energy through photosynthesis b) Chromoplasts = contain pigments giving plants different colors = storage function
4 Cell Anatomy Anatomy = the study of the and of an organism -Types of Cells: 1) Prokaryotic = simple, primitive = no membrane bound nucleus only = single-celled organisms 2)Eukaryotic = complex = membrane bound nucleus = many internal structures called = uni- and multicellular organisms Eukaryotic Cells - the cell is divided into 3 main areas or parts: A) Cell membrane -these areas are visible through a light microscope
5 A) Cell Membrane -- a.k.a. -- provides a between the cell & environment or neighboring cells -- determines what enters or leaves the cell -- contains chromosomes composed of DNA Nucleolus - small, denser area in nucleus = responsible for the synthesis of -- jelly- like portion of the cell between the nucleus and cell membrane -- composed of: - Microfilaments (structures that form the ) - Microtubules (fibers that within the cytoplasm) -- contains specialized structures called organelles with specialized functions: 1. Mitochondria = produces for the cell by breaking down sugar 2. Ribosomes = make for all structures within the cell 3. Endoplasmic Reticulum (aka ER) = canals to move materials between the nucleus & cell membrane = two types: - Smooth ER = - Rough ER = has ribosomes attached to it = 4. Golgi Apparatus = a.k.a Golgi Complex, Gogi Body = looks like a stack of pancakes = modifies & packages to pass through cell membrane 5. Vacuole = fluid filled cavity used for of food, waste or water = many small ones in animal cells = 1-2 large ones in plant cells which store water providing structure 6. Vesicles = small membrane bound sac responsible for and substances necessary for cell metabolism
6 7. Lysosomes = contains enzymes = site of = acts as a defense system destroying foreign invaders = more numerous in animal cells than plant cells 8. Centrosome with Centrioles = aid in of animal cells Structures below are only found in plant cells: 9. Cell Wall = found outside the cell membrane = provides = composed cellulose (starch) 10. Plastids = function food production and storage a) Chloroplasts = green in color because they contain = convert light energy to chemical energy through b) Chromoplasts = contain pigments giving plants different colors =
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