Plants, Animals, Fungi and Protists have Eukaryotic Cell(s)

Transcription

1 Cell Structure

2 Plants, Animals, Fungi and Protists have Eukaryotic Cell(s) Plant Cell Animal Cell straight edges curved edges

3 Cell Organization cytoplasm cell membrane Eukaryotic cells have 3 major parts: 1. cell membrane 2. cytoplasm 3. nucleus nucleus

4 Organelles membrane-bound structures in the cytoplasm cytoplasm cytoplasm is gel-like and includes all of the organelles in addition to many substances

5 Nucleus nucleus Usually largest organelle that is a round structure near center of cell containing genetic material (DNA/chromosomes)

6 The nucleus has many parts.

7 Nuclear Envelope

8 Nuclear Envelope two membranes surround the nucleus holding it together outer membrane inner membrane

9 Nuclear Pores

10 Nuclear Pores Nuclear pores help control what enters and leaves, they allow to RNA get out nuclear pores

11 Nucleolus

12 Dense, circular region inside of the nucleus Nucleolus nucleolus the nucleolus assembles ribosomes

13 Chromatin

14 the fluid of the nucleus contains chromatin Chromatin chromatin Chromatin (relaxed chromosomes) is made of DNA and proteins

15 Ribosomes Blue = proteins Orange = rrna RNA particles in the cytoplasm in 3-D structures with proteins that assemble amino acids into proteins

16 Endoplasmic Reticulum

17 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) ER ER network of tubes in cytoplasm where proteins are made

18 Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough ER endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached where proteins are made and transported through the tubes of the ER, eventually out of the cell

19 Ribosomes not attached to the ER are free and produce proteins that stay within the cell

20 Endoplasmic Reticulum The surface of smooth ER is where the cell makes its lipids and detoxifies drugs (liver). ER without any ribosomes is called smooth ER

21 Vesicles are transporting sacs both to and from the Golgi Apparatus. Notice the vesicles being made at the ends of the golgi.

22 Golgi Apparatus

23 Golgi Apparatus The Golgi apparatus is a stack of membrane sacs, often shaped like a stack of pancakes, that receives, processes and packages proteins It makes vesicles which are, therefore, often nearby Golgi apparatus vesicles

24 The Golgi apparatus has 3 functions: proteins 1. To receive in vesicles from the ER 2. To process (modify) the proteins into a usable form vesicles 3. To package the proteins into (for use in or out of the cell)

25 Lysosomes

26 Lysosomes lysosome Lysosomes are vesicles/sacs containing enzymes for digesting unwanted substances. They act like the cell s garbage disposal.

27 Lysosomes clean up cells Their enzymes digest: 1. worn out cell parts 2. large food particles 3. invading bacteria enzymes

28 Vacuoles are used to store water, salts, wastes, or food, like a refrigerator Plant vacuole Many plant cells have one large vacuole Vacuoles

29 Animal cells have several vacuoles. small

30 Some protists, like this paramecium, use vacuoles to control the amount of liquid in the cell and for propulsion.

31 Mitochondria

32 Mitochondria mitochondria Mitochondria are bean shaped organelles

33 Mitochondria - the Powerhouse of the Cell Mitochondria release the energy in food particles (glucose) for use by the cell as usable chemical energy ( ) ATP

34 Plant Cell Structures cell wall vacuole chloroplast

35 Chloroplasts The chloroplast captures energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy ( ) glucose chloroplasts they are green because they contain the pigment chlorophyll

36 Internal Structure of a Chloroplast The chlorophyll in a chloroplast is where photosynthesis occurs.

37 Some protists, like euglena, contain chloroplasts. This is a one-celled protist is not a plant. However, it does have a vacuole and chloroplasts

38 The Cytoskeleton (network of microtubules and microfilaments) microtubule cytoskeleton Function: shape/support and movement

39 The Cytoskeleton Substances Made from Microtubules Centrioles near nucleus help organize cell division Spindle fiber forms during cell division and separates chromosomes Cilia many short, hairlike stuructures on outside of some cells used for movement Flagella long, whip-like structures on outside of some cells used for movement

40 Cell Boundaries Cell Membrane cell membrane The cell membrane is the thin, flexible barrier surrounding all cells that controls what enters and leaves.

41 Cell membranes are complicated structures made of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates

42 Membranes are Lipid Bilayers (they have 2 lipid layers that are flexible and strong) phosphate end one lipid layer fatty acid ends a second lipid layer phosphate end

43 Cell membranes usually have water on both sides of the membrane. extracellular side cytoplasmic side This causes some phospholipids to point to the outside of the cell and some to point to the inside of the cell.

44 Membranes also contain Proteins protein Some proteins form channels, while others form pumps

45 Present Model of a Cell Membrane Fluid Mosaic Model 2 lipid layers with proteins Together, the lipids and proteins make up the Fluid Mosaic Model for cell membranes.

46 The Fluid Mosaic Model fluid means capable of flowing mosaic means a pattern made from pieces a

47 Strong supporting layer surrounding cell membrane of some cells it is the plant s, algae s or fungi s skeleton Cell Wall the cell wall contains cellulose very tough and a major component of wood and paper.