Organelles of the Cell & How They Work Together Packet #5 Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 1
Introduction Organization of cells is basically similar in all cells. Additionally, most cells are tiny Ranging from 1 1000 cubic micrometers in volume. Cells are typically small because of the relationship between surface area and volume. The multiple small cells must be able to support an entire living {large} organism. Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 2
Entry Checkpoint #1 KWHLAQ Topic :-Nucleus K W H What do I know? ANS: - What do I want to know? ANS: - How will I find out? ANS: - Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 3
Overview of the Cell Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 4
Organelles of the Cell Nucleus Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 5
Nucleus Large structure surrounded by double membrane. Contains nucleous and chromosomes. Processes occurring within the nucleus Cell Cycle Meiosis DNA Replication Transcription Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 6
Nucleus Nucleous Granular body within nucleus RNA and proteins are found within the nucleous Processes occurring within the nucleous: - rrna production Ribosome assembly. Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 7
Nucleus Chromosomes Composed of complex DNA and protein known as chromatin. Contain genes that govern structure and activity of cell. More to come later. Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 8
Nucleus Nuclear Envelope Controls traffic between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Pores in the nuclear membrane allow materials to pass in and out of the nucleus. Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 9
Exit Checkpoint #1A KWHLAQ Topic: -Nucleus L A Q What have I learned? ANS: - What action will I take? ANS: - What further questions do I have? ANS: - Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 10
Organelles of the Cytoplasm Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 11
Entry Checkpoint #2 KWHLAQ Topic :-Organelles of Cytoplasm K W H What do I know? ANS: - What do I want to know? ANS: - How will I find out? ANS: - Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 12
Plasma Membrane Encloses cell content Regulates movement of materials in and out of cell Helps maintain cell shape Allows communication with other cells. Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 13
Endoplasmic Reticulum Major manufacturing center. Network of internal membranes extending through cytoplasm. Synthesizes lipids and proteins Origin of intracellular transport vesicles that carry proteins. Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 14
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Lacks ribosomes on outer surface. Lipids are produced at the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Involved in drug detox SER produces detoxifying chemicals. Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 15
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes are found on the surface The ribosomes, found on the rough ER, are manufacturing proteins destined for secretion or for incorporation into membranes. Translation Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 16
Ribosomes Granules composed of RNA and protein Some may attach to ER {forming the RER} while others float free in the cytosol Used in synthesis of polypeptides (proteins) once attached to ER. Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 17
Golgi Apparatus Stacks of flattened membrane sacs. Processes, sorts and modifies proteins. Packages secreted proteins arriving from rough endoplasmic reticulum. Processed product is passed to other organelles or to the plasma membrane. The Golgi complex also manufactures lysosomes. Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 18
Working Together Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 19
Lysosomes Compartments, in the form of membranous sacs, that are used for digestion. Contain enzymes to break down ingested materials, secretions and wastes. Involved in apoptosis Programmed cell death. Inappropriate apoptosis may be involved in cancer, AIDS and Alzheimer s disease. Mutated genes allow for deformed lysosomes. Involved in the metamorphosis of amphibians and some human diseases Rheumatoid arthritis and Tay-Sachs disease. Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 20
Cell Cycle, Lysosomes & Cancer Cell Growth Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 21
Vacuoles Large fluid-filled membranous sacs that are mostly found in plant cells, cells of fungi and algae. Plant vacuoles allow cells to increase in size. Protist vacuoles are involved in digestion and excretion. Store materials, wastes, water and maintain hydrostatic pressure. Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 22
Peroxisomes Membranous sacs containing a variety of enzymes Site of many diverse metabolic chemical reactions Perform redox reactions That involve the making or splitting of hydrogen peroxide by the addition or removal of a hydrogen ion. Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 23
Redox Reaction(s) Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 24
Redox Reaction(s) II Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 25
Mitochondria Transform energy originating from glucose, lipids or proteins into ATP. Mitochondria are double membrane bound. Involved in apoptosis by activating capsules. Mitochondria contain their own DNA and mutations in mitochondrial DNA have been linked to several genetic diseases. Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 26
The Mitochondria, Reproduction & Fertilization Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 27
Plastids {Chloroplasts} ATP and other energy-rich compounds are formed and then used to convert CO 2 to carbohydrate. Double membrane structure that encloses internal thykaloid membranes. Site of photosynthesis. Chlorophyll captures light energy. Chromoplasts contain pigments and are common in petals and ripe fruit. Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 28
Exit Checkpoint #2A KWHLAQ Topic: -Organelles of Cytoplasm L A Q What have I learned? ANS: - What action will I take? ANS: - What further questions do I have? ANS: - Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 29
Cytoplasm/Cytoskeleton Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 30
Entry Checkpoint #3 KWHLAQ Topic :-Makeup/Structure of Cytoplasm {Cytoskeleton} K W H What do I know? ANS: - What do I want to know? ANS: - How will I find out? ANS: - Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 31
Introduction The cytoskeleton provides for cell shape and allows movement. Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 32
The Three Filaments Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 33
Microtubules Hollow tubes composed of subunits of tubulin protein. Provide structural support Play role in movement of cell and organelles. Play role in cell division. Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 34
Microfilaments Solid, rod like structures composed of actin protein. Provide structural support. Actin and myosin are the contractile units of muscle cells. Play role in cell and organelle movement and cell division. Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 35
Intermediate Filaments Tough fibers composed of proteins. Help strengthen cytoskeleton. Stabilizes cell shape. Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 36
Centrioles Pair of hollow cylinders located near the nucleus Each centriole consists of nine microtubule triplets. (9 * 3 structure) Mitotic spindle {spindle apparatus} forms between centrioles during animal cell division. May anchor and organize microtubule formation in animal cells. Absent in most plant cells. Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 37
Microtubules, Centrioles, Spindle Fibers and Cell Division Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 38
Cilia Short projections extending from surface of cell covered by plasma membrane composed of microtubules. Used for movement in some unicellular organisms. Used to move materials on surface of some tissues. Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 39
Flagella Long projections made of peripheral microtubules. Extend from surface of cell covered by plasma membrane. Cell locomotion by sperm cells and some unicellular organisms. Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 40
Exit Checkpoint #3A KWHLAQ Topic: -Makeup/Structure of Cytoplasm {Cytoskeleton} L A Q What have I learned? ANS: - What action will I take? ANS: - What further questions do I have? ANS: - Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 41
Extracellular Matrix Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 42
Entry Checkpoint #4 KWHLAQ Topic :-Extracellular Matrix K W H What do I know? ANS: - What do I want to know? ANS: - How will I find out? ANS: - Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 43
Introduction Surround most cells. Most eukaryotic cells have a cell coat formed by molecules associated with the plasma membrane. Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 44
Cell Membrane & ECM Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 45
ECM & Animal Cells Animal cells have extracellular proteins. Collagen The main protein Fibronectin Organizes the ECM Integrins Membrane protein receptors Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 46
ECM, Plant Cells, Fungal Cells and Bacterial Cells All may have cellulosecontaining cell walls. Primary cell wall Expands as the cell grows. Secondary cell wall Formed between the primary cell wall and the cell membrane. Middle Lamella Glues adjacent plant cells together. Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 47
Unlabeled Cell Membrane & ECM Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 48
Exit Checkpoint #4A KWHLAQ Topic: -Extracellular Matrix L A Q What have I learned? ANS: - What action will I take? ANS: - What further questions do I have? ANS: - Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 49
Overview of the Cell Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 50
Review Developed by Mr. Barrow 2018 51