Module: Foundation Principles of Life Science for Midwifery Practice. WHH1008-N 2015 Welcome to the Anatomy Workbook. This directed learning has been developed to prepare you for lectures designed to study aspects of life science in the module WHH1008-N. The workbook is for you to complete either before or after you commence the BSc (Hons) Midwifery programme. It is hoped that by completing the workbook you will gain a good knowledge of the anatomical structures that make up systems of the human body. Please work through each stage of the workbook in preparation for the related life science lecture. The Nervous System The human nervous system consists of two main parts known as the Central Nervous System (Brain and Spinal Cord) and the Peripheral Nervous System. The Brain Central Nervous System List functions of the brain and categorise them into broad activities. The human brain weighs 1500g and is situated in the skull, bathed in fluid. Name the fluid which bathes the brain and outline its function. The brain is divided into the following areas: The forebrain that consists of the cerebrum The midbrain that lies before the fore and hindbrain The hind brain that is known as the pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum Draw and label the above areas of the brain. 2015 Page 1
Describe the function of each following area of the brain. The Cortex The Brain Stem The Medulla Oblongata The Spinal Cord The spinal cord commences at the foremen magnum and extends to the first lumber vertebra. It gives rise to the spinal nerves which relay information to and from the brain. Like the cerebrum the spinal cord is deeply clefted at the back and front so that it is almost divided into right and left sides. Where is the Foremen Magnum? Draw and label a cross section of the Spinal Cord. 2015 Page 2
The spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column which has four curves when viewed from the side. Locate the sacrum and the sacral promontory on the spinal column? Peripheral Nervous System Nerve Cells Nerve cells (or neurones) vary in their shape and size however they can be classified according to their function. Describe the following neural functions? Sensory Motor Intermediate 2015 Page 3
Neurones are made up of nerve fibres; bundles that vary in thickness and which repeatedly branch to penetrate different parts of the body. Draw and label a sensory nerve and a motor nerve. What makes matter grey or white? What is a Nerve Ganglion? 43 pairs of nerve fibres leave the central nervous system, 12 pairs of Cranial Nerves and 31 pairs of Spinal Nerves. Can you name them? 2015 Page 4
The Respiratory System The Respiratory System provides a route by which the supply of oxygen (O2), present in atmospheric air gains entry into the human body. It also provides the route of excretion for carbon dioxide (Wilson, 1981). Listed below are various parts and organs that make up the respiratory system. Draw a diagram and label the following parts: Structure Nasal and oral passage Pharynx Right and left bronchi Right and left bronchioles Alveoli Right and left lobes of the lung Pleura Diaphragm Ribs Intercostal muscles The Lungs Humans have two lungs. One positioned each side of the midline and situated within the thoracic cavity. Describe the Thoracic Cavity? 2015 Page 5
Describe the lobes that make up the right and left lung? Lungs are cone shaped organs that have the following features: an Apex, a Base and a Hilius. Define these structures. The Bronchi and Alveoli Two bronchi commence when the trachea divides. Outline changes in their structure as they progress towards the alveoli? The Alveoli Draw and label an alveoli cross section. 2015 Page 6
The Pleura The pleura is a closed sac of serous membrane which contains small amounts of serous fluid. Two layers of membrane exist; one is associated with the lung and the other with the thoracic cavity. What is the pleura s main function? What does serous mean? What is the role of serous fluid? Outline boundaries that make up the pleural cavity Nerve supply to the respiratory system Name the nerves associated with breathing. Blood vessels of the respiratory system Name the blood vessels that bring blood to and from the lungs. 2015 Page 7
The Cardio-Vascular System Blood Vessels Name five types of blood vessel that can be found in the human body. Draw and label the structure of an artery and vein. List the similarities and differences that can be found between an artery and a vein? Artery Vein 2015 Page 8
Decide which are True or False? True False Arterioles divide into minute vessels called capillaries. An arteriole has more elastic fibres than an artery and an artery has more smooth muscle fibres than an arteriole. Capillaries are composed of a single layer of endothelial cells. The diameter of a capillary is greater than a red blood cell. Capillaries link the smallest arteriole to the smallest venule. Where the answers are false write the correct response. 2015 Page 9
The Heart Draw and label a cross section of the human adult heart. What do you notice about the heart s shape? What is the length and diameter of an adult heart? How much does it weigh? The heart is positioned in the thoracic cavity in the middle of the mediastinum, between the lungs. What is the mediastinum? Its angle is oblique, and it lies slightly to the left. On your diagram identify the base and apex. 2015 Page 10
Place the following anatomical structures in the correct position relating to the heart. Anatomical structures Aorta Position in relation to the heart Inferior to the heart Superior Vena Cava Pulmonary Artery Pulmonary Vein Inferior Vena Cava Thoracic Vertebrae Superior to the heart Posterior to the heart Trachea Left and Right Lung Oesophagus Sternum Ribs Anterior to the heart Laterally to the heart Intercostal Muscles The interior structure of the human heart is divided into a left and right side by muscular tissue and the endocardium (called the Septum). Each side is further divided into upper and lower chambers. Name four chambers of the heart using your diagram 1. 2. 3. 4. 2015 Page 11
Valves in the heart help to divide the upper and lower chambers. Valves open and close as a result of pressure changes caused by the heart contracting. Describe the position, structure and function of the following heart valves. Tricuspid Valve Bicuspid Valve (Why can it also be called a Mitral valve?) Outline the characteristics and function of the following three layers: 1. Pericardium 2. Myocardium 3. Endocardium Blood Supply to the Heart As a rule, arteries take blood away from the heart whereas veins bring blood to the heart. Draw and label the pulmonary circulation. Name the artery that takes deoxygenated blood away from the heart? Name the blood vessels that supply the myometrium. 2015 Page 12
The Digestive System The digestive system is a collective term to describe a group of structures involved in the digestion and absorption of food substances. List the structures that make up the digestive system from the mouth to the rectum in order of action. Structure Function Mouth Rectum 2015 Page 13
Diagrams of the digestive system in text books show a system that includes a number of organs and glands that are anatomically linked. You will notice from your list of structures is that each stage of digestion and absorption depends on the effective action of the previous stage. The Alimentary Tract What is the Alimentary Tract? Excluding the mouth and pharynx, list four layers of tissue that make up the alimentary tract walls. 1 2 3 4 Note differences between each layer? 2015 Page 14
Parts of the Alimentary Tract Draw and label a cross section of the mouth? Where is the soft and hard palate? 2015 Page 15
Draw and label a cross section of the stomach Where is the pyloric sphincter? What nerves supply the stomach? 2015 Page 16
The Renal System List structures that make up the Renal System. Macro structure of the kidney The Kidney The kidney is a paired organ. Each kidney is situated on either side of the vertebral column behind the peritoneum. They lie between the 12th Thoracic and 3rd Lumber Vertebrae. Adipose tissue attaches the kidneys to the posterior abdominal wall. (Stables and Rankin, 2010, p254) What is the Peritoneum? Draw and label a cross section of a kidney 2015 Page 17
Using an anatomy textbook answer the following questions about the kidney. Anatomical characteristics Answer What shape is an adult kidney What size is the kidney? What is the average weight of a kidney? In which cavity is the kidney positioned? Name structures that relate to the kidney, using the following anatomical directions: Anterior Posterior Superior Inferior Name the blood vessels that take blood to and from the kidney? Name the nerves that supply the kidney Beneath the outer capsule of a kidney there are three regions. Name them: What is the anatomical difference between the left and right kidney? 2015 Page 18
Micro structure of the kidney One kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons. A Nephron is the functional unit of a kidney. (Stable and Rankin, 2010, p254) Draw and label a Nephron including the afferent and efferent blood vessels. The ureters A Ureter is a hollow muscular tube that lies behind the peritoneum. There are two ureters which extend from the renal pelvis to the posterior wall of the urinary bladder. What type of muscle is found in the ureters? 2015 Page 19
The Urinary Bladder The bladder is muscular organ that is hollow and able to distend. It acts as a reservoir for urine storage. Draw and label a cross section of the urinary bladder. 2015 Page 20
Anatomical characteristics Answer Describe the bladder s shape. What is the Trigone? What is the bladder s capacity for holding urine? In which cavity is the bladder positioned? What structures will you find in relation to the bladder? Use the following directional terms: Anterior Posterior Superior Inferior Name the blood vessels that take blood to and from the bladder? Name the nerves that supply the bladder. The Urethra The Urethra is a narrow tube that leaves the bladder. It is cm long What muscular structure lies at the entrance to the urethra? 2015 Page 21