Vertebrate Anatomy Study Guide

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1 Vertebrate Anatomy Study Guide 1. Anatomical terms: dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior 2. Body sections: head, neck, thorax, abdomen, tail 3. Body Cavities: oral, thoracic, abdominal, cranial 4. Know how to determine the age and the sex of a fetal pig: length from tip of snout to base of tail, position of urogenital 5. Know the names of the 10 organ systems: nervous, integumentary, digestive, endocrine, reproductive, muscular, circulatory, excretory, skeletal, and respiratory. Structure Location Description Function System Pinnae Head External ears Collecting sound Nervous Nares Head nostrils Air passage Nervous respiratory Nictitating Head 3 rd eyelid Protect eyes Integumentary membrane Plica semiluminaris Head Human vestigial 3 rd interior eyelid seen in the corner of the eye Umbilical cord Abdomen Bundle of 2 arteries and 1 vein on the ventral surface of the abdomen Umbilical artery Umbilical cord 2 arteries in the umbilical cord Umbilical vein Umbilical cord 1 large vein in the umbilical cord Mammary papillary Abdomen of males and females nipples Masseter muscle Head Large muscle of the jaw/cheek Lymph nodes neck Small white-ish circular glands in the neck and other areas Salivary gland neck Large glands on either side of the jaw/neck, bumpy appearance Tongue Oral cavity Large muscular organ of the mouth Hard palate Oral cavity anterior Bony plate in anterior roof of mouth Soft palate Oral cavity Soft tissue in posterior roof of mouth Epiglottis Oral cavity flap of connective tissue at the back of mouth, before esophagus Tear drainage Attaches the fetus to the placenta Carries deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta Carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus In females they connect to the mammary glands and are used in feeding of young Jaw movement (chewing motion) Filter lymph and produce lymphocytes Produce saliva (the first digestive fluid in the digestive system. manipulates food for chewing and swallowing; a taste organ. direct food to esophagus, divide nasal cavity and mouth seal nasal cavity during swallowing Epiglottis (Function) protect glottis and trachea from food and liquid during swallowing Integumentary Muscular Nasopharynx Oral cavity of nasal cavity into Air passage from nasal

2 pharynx and throat cavity to the trachea Trachea Thoracic cavity in mouth under epiglottis passageway for air to travel and in chest behind, feels ribbed from cartilaginous rings from nose and mouth to bronchi of lungs Sensory papillae Oral cavity Bumpy fingerlike projection Taste buds on the tongue Canine teeth Oral cavity Sharp pointy long teeth Tearing food while eating and defense Incisors Oral cavity Sharp flat teeth Cutting food while eating Peritoneum Covers most of the Membrane that lines body Separates and protects body cavities cavities organs Diaphragm Divides the thoracic and abdominal cavities Muscular membrane that divides thoracic and abdominal cavities Inspiration/ breathing Muscular Esophagus Neck/thoracic/ abdominal, lies behind the trachea Flexible tube passageway from mouth to stomach Stomach Abdominal Sac like organ on the left side of the upper abdomen Liver Abdominal 4 lobed large organ on the right side of the upper abdomen Carries food to the stomach stores food while it is being mixed with enzymes that digest; secretes strong acids and enzymes to assist in digestion organ that makes bile to break down fats; also filters poisons and drugs out of the blood Rugae Inside stomach Ridges inside the stomach Increase surface area of stomach (more digestion area) Cardiac region Pyloric region Upper region of stomach Lower region of stomach Contains the cardiac sphincter Narrow regions of the stomach that contain the pyloric sphincter Small intestine Abdominal 3 parts: duodenum, jejunum, and Ileum Pyloric sphincter Between stomach Muscular valve at the base and small intestine of the stomach Duodenum Uppermost portion U shaped structure leading of small intestine from the stomach to the rest of the digestive tract Pancreas Abdominal Bumpy in appearance, located below stomach and liver. Gall bladder Abdominal Small sac like structure below the liver on the right side (usually green) Site of food entry to the stomach; where the esophagus attaches. Site of food exit from the stomach; where the duodenum attaches Nutrient absorption during digestion Allows food to pass into the small intestines Breakdown of food and absorption of nutrients 2 function : endocrine (releases hormones like insulin) and digestive (releases pancreatic juice that aids in digestion Store and releases bile, a digestive juice Endocrine and Mesentery Abdominal Thin membrane that Supports and provides blood

3 connects the small intestines to the abdominal cavity wall Chime Found in stomach Thick fluid and small intestine Jejunum Middle portion of About 40% of the small small intestine intestine is jejunum Ileum Lower portion of Largest portion of the small small intestine intestine Villi Inside intestine Fingerlike projections in the inner surface of the intestines Large intestine Abdomen Larger in diameter than the small intestine, highly and tightly coiled Colon Abdomen Middle section of large intestine Caecum Abdomen Blind pouch where the small intestine and the large intestine meet, beginning of large intestine flow to the small intestines Partially digested food mixed with digestive fluids Absorption of nutrients Absorption of nutrients Increase surface area for nutrient absorption Absorption of water. Has 4 parts: spiral colon, colon, caecum, and rectum Waste production Absorption of water Rectum Abdomen End of large intestine Connects the large intestine to the anus Anus Ventral from the Opening in the posterior Waste removal base of the tail digestive tract Spleen Abdomen Below stomach all the way Filters blood of used to the left of the abdominal immune cells and red blood cavity cells Pleura Thoracic Membrane surrounding lungs Cartilaginous Thoracic rings of cartilage in the rings trachea Bronchial tubes Thoracic The first branch of the airway that leads to the lungs Trachea Thoracic Large hollow rigid tube that extends from the mouth to the bronchial tubes Bronchioles Inside lungs Highly branched tubes that lead air to the alveoli Alveoli Inside lungs Air filled sacs of the lungs covered in tiny capillaries Thyroid gland Thoracic Glad below the larynx that sits on top of the trachea Larynx Neck Rigid enlargement of the upper trachea, voice box Vocal cords Neck Folded membranes that vibrate when air passes through them Pharynx Neck Opening where the nasopharynx, trachea, and Aids in proper lung function and protection Holds the trachea open and supports an open airway Passageway for air from trachea to lungs passageway for air to travel from nose and mouth to bronchi of lungs Passageway for air from the bronchial tubes to the alveoli Site of gas exchange Metabolic hormone production Houses vocal cords and aids in breathing vocalizations This can be seen as the hallow space in the oral Endocrine

4 esophagus meet. Pericardium Thoracic Membrane that surrounds the Heart Thoracic Muscular organ located in the near center of the thoracic cavity Atria Ventricles Coronary circulation Anterior vena cava Posterior vena cava Upper portion of Lower portion of On the Thoracic Thoracic/abdominal Left and right atria (small) Left and right ventricle (larger than atria) Veins and arteries of the Large vein above the right atria Large vein below the right atria Pulmonary artery Thoracic Artery that goes from the right ventricle to the lungs Ductus arteriosus Thoracic Present in fetal mammals only Pulmonary veins Thoracic Veins that goes from the lungs to the right atria of the Aorta Thoracic/abdominal Largest artery in the body, leaves the left atria Urogenital Kidneys Posterior of umbilical cord in males and ventral to the anus in females On the dorsal surface of the abdomen Exterior to the urogenital tract Bean shaped organs Ureters abdomen Tubes that go from the kidney to the bladder Urinary bladder abdomen Large sac organ on the ventral wall of the abdomen, flanked by the umbilical arteries cavity. Aids in respiration, and swallowing of food. Keeps the protected and contained- doesn t allow for overexpansion Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be oxygenated and pumps oxygenated blood to the body Receive blood. Right atria receive deoxygenated blood from the body. Left atria receives oxygenated blood from the lungs. Pump blood out of the. Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body. Supply blood to the muscle and tissues Brings deoxygenated blood from the upper portions of the body to the right atria Brings deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atria Carries deoxygenated blood from the to the lungs Allows fetal blood to bypass the lungs Carries oxygenated blood to the from the lungs Carries oxygenated blood to the body from the left ventricle Excretion of urine and reproductive fluids Filters blood and produces urine Carries urine from the kidney to the bladder Holds urine and

Urethra abdomen Tube that runs from the bladder to the urogenital Carries urine from the bladder to the urogenital Scrotal sac Posterior (male) Skin sack Holds testis Testis Posterior, inside oval

the testis sperm matures Vas deferens Posterior in scrotal sac (male) Y shaped Tube t carries sperm and reproductive fluid to the Penis Ovaries Fallopian tube Ventral in abdomen (male) Posterior/

5 Urethra abdomen Tube that runs from the bladder to the urogenital Carries urine from the bladder to the urogenital Scrotal sac Posterior (male) Skin sack Holds testis Testis Posterior, inside oval shaped reproductive Produces sperm and scrotal sac (male) organs of the male secretes testosterone Epididymis Posterior, on testis Comma shaped structure on Convoluted tubes where (male) the top of the testis sperm matures Vas deferens Posterior in scrotal sac (male) Y shaped Tube t carries sperm and reproductive fluid to the Penis Ovaries Fallopian tube Ventral in abdomen (male) Posterior/ Dorsal in abdomen (female) In abdomen (female) Muscular tube Small bean shaped organs on the end of the fallopian tubes Loosely coiled tubes that connect the ovary to the uterus Muscular organ at the joint Uterus In abdomen (female) of the fallopian tubes Vagina Posterior (female) Tube that connects the uterus to the urogenital Urogenital sinus posterior Interior space where the vagina/penis meets the urethra urethra/penis structure that is responsible for the transfer of sperm during reproduction Produces eggs and secretes reproductive hormones Carries the egg from the ovary to the uterus Carries the developing fetus Female sex structure. Site of sexual copulation. Sperm is deposited into it. Combines the vaginal tube and the urethra into one tube and connects to the urogenital

OVARIES URETER FALLOPIAN TUBES BLADDER UROGENITAL OPENINGS (BOTH SEXES) PENIS VAGINA UTERUS

OVARIES URETER FALLOPIAN TUBES BLADDER UROGENITAL OPENINGS (BOTH SEXES) PENIS VAGINA UTERUS URETER OVARIES FALLOPIAN TUBES BLADDER UROGENITAL OPENINGS (BOTH SEXES) PENIS VAGINA UTERUS REPRODUCTIVE PRODUCE FEMALE HORMONES EXCRETORY FROM KIDNEY TO BLADDER EXCRETORY STORES URINE REPRODUCTIVE TRANSPORTS