David L. Cook, Ph.D Calf Technical Consultant Cell: 816 797 8437 DLCook@milkproductsinc.com Positioning Milk Replacers Post VFD Animal Feed Affected Drugs Erythromycin Apramycin (not marketed) Avilamycin (new) Chlortetracycline Erythromycin (not marketed) Florfenicol (already VFD) Hygromycin B Lincomycin Neomycin Oleandomycin (not marketed) Oxytetracycline Penicillin Sulfamethazine Sulfadimethoxine/Ormetoprim Sulfamerazine Tilmicosin (already VFD) Tylosin Virginiamycin The above list does not include VFD drugs approved in drinking water which will require an Rx Any other drug in combination with a VFD drug will require a VFD order 1
Renaissance VFD Affected Products Renaissance B MOS 22 20 NT H Renaissance Not VFD Affected Bov BOVATEC DX DECCOX For Coccidiosis Control Medicated but Not VFD 2
Antibiotic Alternatives So we can t take Antibiotics for Granted Now What? Why were low level NT s being fed? What can we do now to achieve the same physiological effect? Feed More? Calves are born monogastric (i.e., pre ruminant) High capacity to digest milk for the first few weeks of life Milk or milk replacer major source of nutrition (until grain intake becomes appreciable) Rumen development is critical for successful weaning 3
Feeding Rate Recommendations In the 80 s 8oz/feeding = 1lb powder/day In the early 2000 s 10oz/feeding = 1.25lb powder/day Is it time to move to 12oz/feeding =1.5lb powder/day? What Does the Calf Need? Use the NRC model for predicted gains Nutritional Research Council Evaluate where net energy gain and available protein gain merge at an acceptable intake and performance 4
MR Feeding Rate and Predicted Gain 20 20 MR, 100 lb. Calf, 68 F MR Feeding Rate and Predicted Gain 22 20 MR, 100 lb. Calf, 68 F 5
MR Feeding Rate and Predicted Gain 25 20 MR, 100 lb. Calf, 68 F What Does it Really Mean for the Calf? Increase available Metabolizable Energy (ME) Quigley et al.,2006 Increased ADG & Skeletal Size Bartlett et al.,2006 Fewer Sick Calves Ballou, 2015 Increased Mammary Development Geiger et al., 2015, 2016 Reduced Age at First calving Soberon et al., 2009; ADSA Annual Meeting Increased Production Soberon et al., 2012 6
Calf Health & Growth IMMUNITY (Calf s ability to fight off disease) vs. PATHOGEN LOAD (Number of disease causing bacteria and viruses presented to the calf) COLOSTRUM VACCINATIONS NUTRITION ENTERIC HEALTH SANITATION HOUSING Colostrum Absorption (Before Gut Closure) Blood vessel Intestinal tract IgG 7
Why is Successful Passive Transfer Important? Reduced treatment and mortality rates NAHMS, Wells, 1996 Improved growth rates and feed efficiency Fowler, 1999; Faber et al., 2005; Nocek et al., 1984; Robison et al., 1988; Faber, 2005 Decreased age at 1st calving Faber et al., 2005 Increased 1st and 2nd lactation milk production DeNise, 1989; Faber, 2005 Slide recreated from Godden, 2011, AABP Pre Conference Colostrum Management Goals Quality (IgG concentration) Not all colostrum is created equal Quantity (amount fed) How much to feed for successful passive transfer Quickness (of milking and feeding) When to milk cow and feed colostrum Cleanliness (bacteria counts of colostrum fed) What is acceptable/typical/standard 8
Maternal Colostrum or Colostrum Replacer? Open package Add powder to clean, warm water Mix thoroughly with whisk Fill clean nipple bottle and feed Why Use a Colostrum Replacer? Quality Same amount of IgG fed every time Quantity Not dependent upon what the cow gives Quickness Just open, mix and feed Cleanliness Fewer steps in which contamination can occur Biosecurity Reduced risk of colostrum transmitted diseases Johne s, BLV, Mycoplasma, Salmonella 9
Colostrum Replacers are Effective Easy to digest bovine globulin protein from 100% pure colostrum Concentrated 350 gram pouch delivers 150 grams of globulin protein Data shows that 100% of calves had successful transfer of passive immunity, indicating the commercial colostrum replacer is efficacious in delivering passive immunity to calves. 10
Calf Health & Growth IMMUNITY (Calf s ability to fight off disease) vs. PATHOGEN LOAD (Number of disease causing bacteria and viruses presented to the calf) COLOSTRUM VACCINATIONS NUTRITION ENTERIC HEALTH SANITATION HOUSING Protecting Your Calf Blood antibodies Total Antibody Colostrum Antibodies Calf Created Antibodies Age in Weeks 11
First two weeks critical, Why? Half life of colostrum antibodies ~ 16 days Active immunity still low Many leukocyte responses have not changed or actually decreased Many plasma bactericidal factors have not changed Kampen et al., 2006; Ballou et al., 2009 Why do calves get sick? Risk of mortality greatly decreases after the first few weeks of life Why gastro intestinal disease? What changed in the calf to improve immunity? Why do calves get sick? 12
Why do calves get sick? The gastro intestinal (GI) tract is more mature At birth both the enterocytes and mucosa are immature, but rapidly develop in the first week of life Likely that nutrition and feeding strategies influence the development of GI integrity! Bio active Feed Additives can help! Guilloteau et al., 2009 Two Goals of Feed Additives Kill the bad bugs! Enhance the good bugs! 13
Antibiotic Alternatives Yeast by products: Bio Mos Celmanax Agri MOS Antibodies: Colostrum Serum Plasma Egg Direct Fed Microbes: Bacillus subtilus Enterococcus sp. Bovamine Essential Oils: Apex Oregano Cinnamon Fatty acids: Neo Tech4 Butyric acid Management: Nutrition Sanitation Ventilation Vaccination MOS (Mannan Oligosaccharides MOS is derived from the cell wall of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mannan is a sugar recognized by certain bacteria, including strains of E. coli and Salmonella. In the oligosaccharide form, however, the mannan is not available for the pathogen to grow. 14
MOS Mannan Oligosaccharides When MOS is fed to calves, pathogens are tricked into attaching to the mannan sugar instead of the intestinal villi These pathogens are then flushed out, preventing attachment and permanent damage to the villi MOS in Calves 5 Published calf trials Scours (Heinrichs, J Dairy Sci 2000; Heinrich, PAS 2013; Morrison, Livestock Science 2010) Starter intake (Morrison, 2010. Trend P=0.16, Quigley, JDS, 1996) ADG (TREND P<0.07, Heinrichs, PAS) No effect (Hill, PAS, 2008) Non published calf data Starter intake 22%, 19% and 33% Gain on par with NT, (both superior to negative control) Fecal coliforms & crypto Respiratory disease 14 calf trials, 900 calves, 17% gain 15
Antibodies Renaissance Classic 25 20 APL BOV Plasma in Milk Replacers APL About a third of the milk replacers made in America contain plasma. Nationwide use is heavily skewed in western markets where large calf ranches can clearly see the health benefits and significant savings. 16
Plasma s Physical Properties Viable source of milk replacer protein with a similar amino acid composition to milk proteins Will not change CMR color, aromas or solubility It is important to note that CMRs containing plasma should not be mixed with water that is 150+ F (65 C). 78% C.P., 0.3% fat, 0.5% fiber, 7% moisture, 8.5% ash Calf Mortality Studies With Plasma Over 20 studies with over 2,300 calves looking at the effect of plasma on calf mortality Average reduction in mortality = 7% All study citations on file 17
Disease Challenge Studies With Plasma Crypto 33% decrease in scours, 30% improved gut repair E. coli Decreased mortality Improved ADG Coronavirus Improved feed intake & hydration Calf Performance Studies With Plasma Criteria to Judge compared to an All Milk Over 30 trials with plasma, serum or combination: Improvements observed: Increased ADG Reduction in Scours Improved started intake Fewer antibiotic treatments Bottom line: plasma performs as well as all milk and often better! 18
Colostrum Absorption (After Gut Closure) Blood vessel Systemic effect Localized gut effect Intestinal tract IgG Increased immunity Colostrum After Day#1 Passive transfer opportunity passed at 24 hours Antimicrobial molecules lactoferrin, lysozyme and lactoperioxidase kill bacteria Enzyme inhibitors allow antibodies (IgG) to escape digestion and be used by the calf 19
Colostrum After Day#1 Lower disease incidence A study involving three California calf ranches compared the health of calves fed a supplemental colostrum powder with IgG for the first 14 days of life; calves that received the supplement without IgG; and those that received no supplement. The IgG supplemented calves had significantly less diarrhea and required fewer antibiotic treatments. Improved growth Also in the California study, the IgG supplemented calves had significantly higher grain consumption and weight gain over the first 28 days of life. Colostrum After Day#1 Less antibiotic use Less disease and improved immunity = less need for antibiotics Cost and labor savings as well as positive food safety step Potential for non medicated receiving treatment for calves 20
Colostrum is more than just IgGs Factors in colostrum that could affect development: IGF I local gut effects? IGF II local gut effects? Prolactin little data good candidate for calves/mammary Insulin local gut effects and also post absorptive activity Leptin could affect the hypothalamic pituitary axis Relaxin reproductive development Lactoferrin local immunity effect in gut Essential and non essential amino acids Fatty acids wide profile of fatty acids Focused on the things that matter. Mike Van Amburgh and Fernando Soberon Presented at Calf Discover Conference, 2012 May 29 June 1, 2012 Eaglewood Resort and Spa Itasca, IL Value of colostrum after day 1 Research indicates the following results when feeding the young calf colostrum or colostrum replacer after day 1: 1. Improved digestive system development 2. Increased immunity 3. Lower disease incidence 4. Improved growth 5. Less antibiotic use Focused on the things that matter. 21
Click to edit Master title style Egg Yolk Antibodies Egg Yolk Antibodies IgY Donor hens vaccinated for calf diseases Hens transfer (the entire load) immunoglobulin Y (IgY) into egg yolks IgY concentration per egg ranges from 50 to 100 mg. 22
Egg Yolk Antibodies IgY Click to edit Master title style How Egg Yolk Antibodies Work 23
DFM s Direct Fed Microbials DFMs Supply More Good Bugs Produce Lactic Acid Lactobacillus acidophilus Lactobacillus casei Enterococcus faecium Bacillus licheniformis 24
DFMs in Calves 3 Billion cfu lactic acid producing bacteria +12 lbs. gain (Abe, 1995. J of Dairy Science) ADG, F/G, mortality (Timmerman, 2005. J of Dairy Science) Low level of probiotics gain (Cruywagen, 1996. J of Dairy Science) Intake & Gain (Christen, 1995. J of An Sci; Ruppert, 1994. J of Dairy Science) Probiotics had no impact in 6 older studies Jenny, 1990 JDS (Journal of Dairy Science); Ellinger, 1978 JDS; Vazquez, 1997 JDS; Morrill, 1995 JDS DFM Product Selection High bacteria count: 1 Billion cfu/day Durable bacteria Resistant to commonly used antibiotics Broad spectrum of bacteria Reputable Product & calf focused supplier Need not be excessively expensive Use to re establish gut microflora 25
Good Bacteria MOS IgY MOS Pathogens Added DFM s Pathogens Essential Oils Essential Oils: Apex Oregano Cinnamon 26
Essential Oils Plant extracts are used to improve animal productivity Considered as alternative feeding strategy to replace AGPs without posing risk to animals, consumers and the environment Generally recognized as safe (GRAS) Essential Oils Use of Plant Extracts in Animal Nutrition Cinnamaldehyde (Cinnamomun cassia) Capsicum oleoresin (Capsicum annuum) Carvacrol (Origanum vulgare) 27
Oregano Improves gut flora equilibrium ELEVATES CONCENTRATION Carvacrol Cellulolytic bacteria Butyric acid PHYSIOLOGICAL LEVELS ~ 5 ppm Directly stimulates Elevates concentration Oregano DECREASES GROWTH Butyric Acid Increases growth Lactobacillus Decreases growth E. coli Clostridia Salmonella Mode of Action 28
Essential Oils Combination Effect Microbial Flora improvement Gastrointestinal Mucosa effect Stimulates enzyme activity Pathogenic bacteria Mucosa protection Nutrient digestion Requirement maintenance Absorption Energy extraction Economic Benefits Antibiotic Alternatives Yeast by products: Bio Mos Celmanax Agri MOS Antibodies: Colostrum Serum Plasma Egg Direct Fed Microbes: Bacillus subtilus Enterococcus sp. Bovamine Essential Oils: Apex Oregano Cinnamon Fatty acids: Neo Tech4 Butyric acid Management: Nutrition Sanitation Ventilation Vaccination 29
Sav A Caf Calf Health Supplement Main Product Takeaway Sav A Caf Calf Health Supplement is a new additive for whole milk and milk replacer, specifically formulated to proactively support calf health during the first 14 days of life, without the need for a veterinary VFD. 30
Product Overview Product Name: Calf Health Supplement Product code: 01 7431 0435 Packaging: 220 gram pouch 10 pouches/case 2 labels/pouch Feed at 15 grams/calf/day 1 scoop = 1 feeding (apx. 7.5 g) Non instant but mixes well Smells like Anniseed (Apex) Specky & light tan in appearance 1 Pouch 1 Calf 14 Days Key Talking Points Sav A Caf Calf Health Supplement helps support early calf health Sav A Caf Calf Health Supplement is made from research proven ingredients Sav A Caf Calf Health Supplement is a non medicated, proactive solution, to help prevent the need for a VFD and related calf treatment. 31
Antibiotic Alternatives Yeast by products: Bio Mos SmartCare Safmanan Antibodies: Colostrum Serum Plasma Egg Direct Fed Microbes: Bacillus sp. Enterococcus sp. Bovamine Essential Oils: Apex Oregano Cinnamon Fatty acids: Neo Tech4 Butyric acid Management: Nutrition Sanitation Ventilation Vaccination Key Messages Helps Support Health Healthy calves are less exposed to growth setbacks and health challenges, keeping optimal growth going and minimizing additional management expenses. Sav A Caf Calf Health Supplement helps enhance milk replacer (medicated or nonmedicated) or whole milk by supporting greater calf health during the first 14 days of life. Formulated with premium ingredients to ensure you achieve the performance you expect from your calves. 32
Research Proven Ingredients Dried bovine colostrum Delivers globulin protein to help support intestinal health in the early stages of life Bio PLUS 2B direct fed microbials 2 Bacillus strains of probiotics to help support digestive health & help maintain diverse microflora Apex natural flavor extract Plant extracts formulated to encourage feed intake and improve calf performance SmartCare yeast derivative yeast derivative designed to promote gut health and productivity in calves Questions? 33