Answer the following questions to the best of your ability.

Answer the following questions to the best of your ability. 1. Which statement best describes cellular respiration? A) It occurs in animal cells but not in plant cells. B) It converts energy in food into a more usable form. C) It uses carbon dioxide and produces oxygen. D) It stores energy in food molecules. 2. One characteristic of all living things is that they A) develop organ systems B) produce identical offspring C) maintain internal stability D) synthesize only inorganic matter 3. Which of the following organelles carry out cellular respiration and photosynthesis, respectively. A) Mitochondria and chloroplasts, respectively B) Nucleus and chloroplasts, respectively C) The cell membrane and mitochondria, respectively D) The cell membrane and the nucleus 4. The action of insulin on sugar levels in the blood helps to A) interfere with homeostasis B) maintain dynamic equilibrium C) coordinate enzyme production D) regulate digestion of protein 5. Which statement best describes why pathogens are harmful? A) All of the cells of an organism infected by pathogens become pathogens. B) Pathogens cannot be controlled once they enter the cells of an organism. C) Pathogens produce antibodies that will kill the host organism. D) Pathogens can interfere with normal life functions. 6. The diagram below represents a sequence of events that occurs in the human body throughout the day. These events can best be described as an example of A) an energy cycle B) recycling of inorganic materials C) a feedback mechanism D) a learned behavior 7. Which cell structures are correctly paired with their functions? A) The mitochondria produce enzymes, and ribosomes transport them. B) The ribosomes make proteins, and the nucleus stores genetic information. C) The cell membrane make enzymes, and cytoplasm transports them. D) The vacuole stores genetic information, and chloroplasts make proteins. 8. Which statement describes a similarity between all enzymes, antibodies, and hormones? A) Their chemical structure is critical to their ability to function. B) Their ability to replicate identical copies ensures continuation of the species. C) They work better at 100 C than 37 C. D) They are made by and carried by the blood. 9. The way a protein molecule is folded determines the shape of the molecule, which determines the A) function of that protein B) structure of ATP containing that protein C) type of simple sugars in that protein D) amino acids in that protein

10. Which type of organism helps to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide? A) carnivores B) producers C) decomposers D) herbivores 11. During the process of photosynthesis, energy from the Sun is converted into A) chemical energy in the bonds of inorganic molecules B) chemical energy in the bonds of organic molecules C) enzymes used to produce inorganic molecules D) enzymes used to produce organic molecules 12. The energy released when sugar molecules are broken down is stored in A) minerals B) ATP C) DNA D) wastes 13. The diagram below represents a cell and several molecules. The number of molecules shown represents the relative concentration of the molecules inside and outside of the cell. 15. Fish absorb oxygen through the gills, earthworms absorb oxygen through the skin, amebas take in oxygen through the cell membranes, and cows inhale oxygen through the nasal passages into their lungs. This statement demonstrates that living things A) rely on similar or the same processes, but accomplish them in different ways B) rely on different processes and accomplish them in different ways C) rely on different processes, but perform them in the same or related ways D) have no relationship to one another, and are all independent individuals 16. The diagram below represents the region between two nerve cells. Cell A releases a chemical that travels to and binds with structure X on cell B. Molecule B could enter the cell as a direct result of A) digestion B) diffusion C) active transport D) enzyme production 14. In the cells of the human body, oxygen molecules are used directly in a process that A) releases energy B) digests fats C) synthesizes carbohydrate molecules D) alters the genetic traits of the cell Structure X most likely represents A) a receptor molecule B) an inorganic substance C) a ribosome D) an antibody

17. The diagram below represents one type of white blood cell. This type of white blood cell ingests microbes. 19. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. A function of another type of white blood cell is to A) prevent the loss of blood from a wound B) produce specialized molecules that mark invaders C) increase the number of red blood cells in the blood D) cause gene mutations that will increase immune responses 18. The diagram below represents how HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, interacts with a certain type of white blood cell called a helper T-cell. Failure of structure A to function properly would most directly disrupt A) autotrophic nutrition B) chromosome replication C) cellular communication D) biological evolution What is one possible result of the cellular activity represented in the diagram? A) Immune responses of an infected individual will be weakened. B) The red blood cells of a person infected with AIDS will no longer be able to make antibodies. C) This virus will strengthen future immune responses against blood-related diseases. D) Immune responses will prevent the spread of AIDS in humans.

20. The blood glucose range for a healthy adult is 65-104 mg/dl. Which graph best illustrates normal blood glucose levels in a healthy adult over the course of a day? A) B) C) D) 21. An organism that reproduces asexually will have offspring that have A) the same genetic information as both of its parents B) different genetic information from either of its parents C) the same genes as its parent D) different genes from its parent

22. Which diagram correctly represents a step in the normal process of human reproduction? A) B) C) D) 23. Which structure is correctly paired with its function? A) ovary provides milk for newborns B) testis development of sperm C) placenta storage of released eggs D) uterus produces estrogen 24. The major function of the placenta is to A) cushion the fetus so it won't be hurt when the mother moves B) exchange food, oxygen, and waste between mother and fetus C) store food for the fetus D) support the egg for the process of fertilization 25. The processes of deletion, insertion, and substitution can alter genes in a skin cell. The altered genes will most likely be passed on to A) sperm cells B) egg cells C) every cell that develops from that skin cell D) only a few of the cells that develop from that skin cell 26. In the summer, the arctic fox appears brown because its cells produce a dark pigment. However, in the winter, the arctic fox appears white because the dark pigment is not produced. The color change is most likely due to the effect of A) different genes produced in the different seasons B) increased pollution on genetic mutations C) environmental conditions on gene expression D) poor nutrition on cell growth and development 27. The fruit fly represented in the diagram below has unusual, curled wings that formed after exposure to radiation. In order for the fly to pass this trait on to its offspring, a change had to occur in A) the blood cells of the fly B) the gametes of the fly C) all the body cells of the fly D) the muscles of the fly 28. People have been warned about the dangers of excessive exposure to radiation during certain medical procedures. The most likely reason for this warning is that radiation exposure might A) result in gene mutations and uncontrolled cell growth B) cause the rejection of transplanted organs C) increase body temperature by two to five degrees D) prevent the transport of materials into cells

29. The diagram below represents a segment of a gene on two chromosomes. 31. The diagram below represents one process that might occur in cells. The change in the gene sequence is an example of A) an insertion B) a deletion C) a substitution D) a replication 30. The process represented in the diagram below occurs in many cells. Which process is represented in the diagram? A) cell reproduction B) meiosis C) mutation D) gene replication 32. Over the past few thousand years, humans have helped to bring about changes in many plant and animal species in order to make them more useful. Examples include strong workhorses, hunting dogs, large-eared corn, and beautiful flower varieties. These changes were primarily brought about by humans, using the process of A) mitosis B) selective breeding C) cloning D) natural selection 33. In 1970, a deadly disease spread through corn crops in the United States. Scientists discovered that 80 percent of the corn contained the gene that made the plants more likely to be infected with the disease. This problem might have been avoided if the cornfields across the country had had more A) large predators to control parasite populations B) selective mutations C) genetic diversity D) breeding of infected plants The main function of this process is to A) provide an exact copy of the genetic code B) ensure genetic variation in a species C) synthesize cellular proteins D) produce antibodies to combat disease

34. The graph below shows the changes in the number of individuals in a population who have a specific trait Which statement concerning this trait is a valid inference? A) As time passed, an increasing number of individuals with this trait survived and reproduced. B) Individuals can acquire new survival characteristics over time and pass them on to their offspring. C) The longer a species is in an environment, the less likely it is that mutations will occur within the species. D) The number of traits a species possesses has a direct relationship to the amount of time the species will exist. 35. In a population of birds, the percentage of individuals having a certain gene changes from 20% to 60% over the span of several hundred years. This situation will most likely affect the rate of A) biological evolution B) asexual reproduction C) gene mutation D) ecological succession 36. In order for a species to evolve, it must be able to A) consume a large quantity of food B) reproduce successfully C) maintain a constant body temperature D) be domesticated

37. The diagram below represents the same field of mice hunted by a hawk over a period of three months. The overall changes in the population of mice can be explained best by A) natural selection B) succession C) reproduction D) mouse extinction 38. Certain antibacterial soaps kill 99% of the bacteria present on hands. Constant use of these soaps could be harmful over time because A) more pathogens may be resistant to the soap B) microbes prevent viral diseases C) large populations of pathogens are beneficial to the hands D) the soap stimulates skin cell division 39. The diagram below represents an evolutionary tree. Which statement best describes species E? A) Species D is an ancestor of species E. B) Through natural selection, species E produced increased survival mechanisms. C) Species E had greater success due to patterns of behavior. D) Species E had insufficient adaptive characteristics for survival in a changing environment.

40. The diagram below represents the bone arrangements in the front limbs of three different species of mammals. 41. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram represents a food web in an ecosystem. The similarities and differences in these limbs suggest that all three species developed from the same ancestor, but A) produced different numbers of offspring B) lived in different time periods C) adapted to different habitats D) migrated to similar habitats Missing from the diagram of this ecosystem are the A) biotic factors and decomposers B) abiotic factors and decomposers C) autotrophs, only D) heterotrophs, only 42. The organisms in a pond and the physical factors influencing them best describe A) a population B) an ecosystem C) a biosphere D) a food chain

43. Base your answer to the following question on The graph below indicates the size of a fish population over a period of time. What does the section of the graph labeled A represent? A) biodiversity within the species B) nutritional relationships of the species C) a population becoming extinct D) a population at equilibrium 44. The wetland plant purple loosestrife was imported to North America from Europe. Since its introduction, the loosestrife has spread, which has resulted in a dramatic decline in the biological diversity of native wetland plants. A likely reason for the spread of the purple loosestrife is that it can A) successfully compete with native herbivores for food B) serve as an excellent food source for native herbivores C) successfully compete with native plants for space D) prevent the migration of native plants 45. After a building was torn down and the area was cleared, grasses began to grow in the area. Several years later, small bushes replaced the grasses. This pattern of plant growth is known as ecological A) stability B) cultivation C) succession D) coordination

46. The diagram below represents different stages of an ecosystem over a period of time. Which state of the ecosystem has the greatest long-term stability? A) A B) B C) C D) D 47. Which two processes are responsible for keeping the percentage of atmospheric oxygen at relatively constant levels? A) circulation and coordination B) respiration and coordination C) respiration and photosynthesis D) photosynthesis and circulation 48. Four levels of an energy pyramid are represented below. 50. Windmills that generate electricity are being built in coastal areas. The main benefit of these windmills is that they A) produce finite resources B) reduce dependency on fuels that cause air pollution C) absorb the noise of passing boats D) maintain the salt concentration in the ocean Which statement about this energy pyramid is correct? A) Organisms in level 4 receive their energy directly from the Sun. B) Organisms in level 2 are carnivores. C) Organisms in level 2 receive their energy from level 3. D) Organisms in level 1 are autotrophic 49. In some parts of the world, forests are being cut down and burned to clear land for new homes and new farmland. A negative effect of these activities might be A) an increase in global warming B) destruction of the ozone shield C) a decrease in the average temperature of the atmosphere D) an increase in biodiversity of the deforested areas