Earth's Shape, Structure, Spheres, Interior, Atmosphere, % Composition Review

Transcription

1 Base your answers to questions 1 through 4 on the information and diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. A human gene contains the following DNA base sequence: ACGCCCACCTTA The gene mutated. It then contained the following DNA base sequence: ACGCGCACCTTA 1. The amino acids bond together to form which type of complex molecule? A) protein B) starch C) fat D) sugar 2. Which type of mutation is represented in the new gene? A) addition B) deletion C) inversion D) substitution 3. Then, using the Universal Genetic Code Chart, record the amino acid sequence that is coded for by the mrna codons you placed in the table.

2 4. In the table below, record the mrna codons coded for by the DNA base sequence of the mutated gene ACGCGCACCTTA. 5. The diagram below represents evolutionary pathways of seven groups of organisms alive today. Which two living species would be expected to have the most similar proteins? A) A and B B) B and C C) E and F D) H and M 6. Base your answer to question on the information and diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. An unknown sample of DNA found at a crime scene was compared to DNA samples taken from three individuals. The results of the technique used to compare the samples are represented below. What factor causes the DNA fragments to move in this technique? 7. Paper chromatography is a method used in A) comparing the shapes of plant leaves B) separating mixtures of plant pigments C) comparing habitats of different plants D) separating individual DNA fragments of plants

3 8. Base your answer to the following question on the information and diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. Scientists attempted to determine the evolutionary relationships between three different finch species, A, B, and C. In order to do this, they examined the physical characteristics and DNA of these species. DNA was extracted from all three species and analyzed using gel electrophoresis. The results are shown in the diagram. Which statement best describes the method used above to determine the evolutionary relationships between three species of finches? A) Examine the structure of the beaks and compare them. B) Observe behavioral and physical characteristics of all the finches and group them by similarities. C) Obtain molecular evidence from all three species and identify similarities. D) Compare common ancestors of all three of the species to see if they are the same. 9. During periods of vigorous physical activity, a person's breathing and heart rates increase. This enables the cells of the body to perform more efficiently because it helps the cells to A) remove waste products faster B) store excess glucose in muscles C) reduce the amount of ATP produced D) convert more oxygen to glucose 10. In an experiment to determine the effect of exercise on pulse rate, a student checks his pulse rate before and after exercising for several minutes. The purpose of checking his pulse rate before exercising is that it A) serves as the conclusion for the experiment B) is needed to justify the sample size C) serves as a control for the experiment D) is needed to formulate a hypothesis 11. To determine the effect of fatigue on the action of muscles, each of five boys was given a 12-cm clothespin and each of five girls was given a 10-cm clothespin. The students squeezed the clothespins for 30 seconds and recorded the results. After the first trial, the girls rested and the boys jogged in place for 1 minute. A second trial was then done to determine how many times each student could squeeze the clothespin in 45 seconds. Identify one error in the design of this experiment.

4 Base your answers to questions 12and 13 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Caretakers at a zoo are trying to determine which of two male tigers fathered the newest cub. They obtained DNA from the tiger cub, the mother tiger, and the two male tigers. The DNA was analyzed. The results of the analysis are shown below. 12.The technique used to separate the DNA for analysis is A) genetic engineering B) electrophoresis C) chromatography D) protein synthesis 13. Which male tiger is the father of the newborn cub? Support your answer. Male tiger: 14. A class is recording pulse rates of the students in a data table like the one shown below. One student checks his pulse and counts 23 beats over a time interval of 20 seconds. In which row in the data table should the pulse rate of this student be recorded? A) A B) B C) C D) D

5 15. A student is opening and closing clothespins as part of a lab activity. The student begins to experience muscle fatigue, and the rate at which the student is opening and closing the clothespins slows. Which graph best represents the relationship between time and number of clothespin squeezes? A) B) C) D) Base your answers to questions 16 and 17 on the information and data table below and on your knowledge of biology. A group of students obtained the following data while trying to determine the effect of exercise on pulse rate. 16. Which two body systems were most actively involved in this experiment? A) respiratory and immune B) digestive and endocrine C) respiratory and circulatory D) immune and circulatory

6 17. Which statement is an example of an observation the students could have made? A) Pulse rates in beats per minute decrease for all people after exercise. B) Student A most likely exercises regularly. C) The pulse rate of student C was dangerously low. D) The pulse rate of student F increased by 30 beats per minute. Base your answers to questions 18 through 20 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. A student designed an experiment to investigate a claim that athletes would have lower heart rates than nonathletes during exercise. After the students classified themselves as an athlete or a nonathlete, their resting pulses were determined. Then all the students performed the same exercise for four minutes and their heart rates were determined by recording the pulse rate in beats per minute. The students continued to measure their pulse rates for an additional four minutes. The average heart rate per minute for each group was determined. The data were recorded, as shown on the table below. 18. To improve the validity of the conclusion reached in this experiment, the students should repeat the experiment A) disregarding any data that don't fit the hypothesis B) with a larger number of athletes and nonathletes C) comparing the heart rates and breathing rates of males and females D) with the athletes doing different exercises than the nonathletes 19. Which statement is best supported by the data in the chart? A) After exercise, the nonathletic students had a lower heart rate than the athletic students. B) After exercise, the heart rates of the athletic students returned to resting pulse in four minutes. C) During exercise, both groups of students had the same increase above their resting pulse. D) During exercise, the athletic students had a higher heart rate than the nonathletic students. 20. State one appropriate hypothesis for this experiment.

7 Base your answers to questions 21 through 23 on the diagram below that shows variations in the beaks of finches in the Galapagos Islands and on your knowledge of biology. 21. The number of small tree finches is increasing on an island inhabited by a large population of small ground finches. State one reason why the population of small ground finches has not been affected by the increasing number of small tree finches. 22. In certain years, the Galapagos plants produce many tube-shaped flowers rich in nectar. Identify the finch that is best adapted to feed on the nectar within those flowers. Support your answer. 23. Which row correctly pairs a finch species with its primary nutritional role and bill type? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) On various Galapagos islands, finch species have different diets: seeds, insects, flowers, the blood of seabirds, and leaves. This is evidence that each species has a different A) mating behavior B) nesting material C) niche D) predator

8 Base your answers to questions 25 through 27 on the diagram below, which shows the evolution of Hawaiian Honey Creepers from a common ancestor. As their ancestors spread to new islands, they found a variety of different food sources. Gradually, behaviors and beak structures evolved that took advantage of these different food sources, resulting in the formation of several new species. 25. Some of the birds that could not compete with the honey creepers were successful living on other islands. State one reason why this could be possible. 26. Other types of birds arrived at the islands, but they found it difficult to compete with the many forms of honey creepers. Explain why the honey creepers were able to compete so successfully against the new arrivals. 27. Describe how the beaks of the bird species D, E, F, and J that eat fruits and seeds differ from the beaks of the bird species that eat only nectar. 28. Identify or describe one tool used in "The Beaks of Finches" lab, and explain why the special features of this beak represented either an advantage or a disadvantage in the competition.

9 Base your answers to questions 29 and 30 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. 29. A person expressed concern that the vegetarian finch may face greater competition when other finch populations increase. State whether the vegetarian finch will face competition if the populations of warbler finches, woodpecker finches, and mangrove finches increase. Support your answer. 30. The differences seen in the beaks of the four species of finches are most likely the result of A) gene expression and asexual reproduction B) variation and natural selection C) migration and the need to adapt D) heredity and a diet of seeds Base your answers to questions 31 and 32 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram represents three sections of a cell membrane showing three different methods involved in the transport of various molecules across the membrane. 31. Using information from the diagram, state one reason why the movement of molecules in method C represents active transport.

10 32. Methods A and B are classified as methods of passive transport because they do not require A) ATP B) carbon dioxide C) light D) DNA 33. The diagram below represents a laboratory experiment involving sucrose and water molecules in a cellophane bag which functions in the same way as dialysis tubing. Which statement correctly explains the rise of liquid in the tube at the end of the experiment? A) The concentration of sucrose molecules increased as water molecules entered the bag. This concentration increase pushed the liquid up the tube. B) Water entered the bag due to the lower concentration of water inside. The extra water pushed the liquid up the tube as the bag filled. C) Sucrose indicator entered the bag and reacted with the sucrose molecules. The reaction made the bag increase in size and pushed the liquid up the tube. D) Sucrose molecules moved out of the bag and up the tube while water moved out, causing the rise of liquid in the tube. Base your answers to questions 34 and 35 on the diagram below, which represents the shrinking of a cell in response to an increase in the concentration of a substance outside of the cell. 34. Identify one likely substance in the environment of the cell that caused this response. 35. Identify substance A.

11 36. The diagram below represents the distribution of some molecules inside and outside of an artificial cell over a period of time. Which statement is best supported by the diagram? A) Oxygen molecules entered the cell over time by active transport. B) Water molecules are too large to enter or leave the cell, so they remained where they were at the start of the investigation. C) Protein molecules are kept inside of the cell because the cell needs them. D) The protein molecules are too large to diffuse out of the cell. Base your answers to questions 37 and 38 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram represents a cell and its changes as a result of two laboratory procedure. A and B. 37. Explain why procedure B has the opposite effect of procedure A. 38. Describe procedure A and explain why it would cause the change shown.

12 Base your answers to questions 39 and 40 on the information and diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. Two models of a cell were made with dialysis tubing and placed in two beakers of fluid, A and B, each containing starch indicator solution, as represented in the diagram below. Enzyme Z was added to the artificial cell in beaker B. The solution outside each cell was tested for the presence of sugar. Initially, no sugar was present in the solution outside each cell. The results after one hour are represented below. 39. How would the results have been different in beaker B if an enzyme that digests protein was used instead of enzyme Z? 40. State one reason for the color change in beaker A after one hour.