Chapter 6 Action-Oriented Approaches 1
Action-Oriented Theories - -Behaviorally specific interventions -Counselor role is directive -Are responsive to third party pay 2
Action-Oriented Theories - -Behavioral principles have been assimilated into the mainstream of counseling. -Problems are seen as maladaptive learning patterns. -No reflections of feelings 3
Behavioral Movement - View of Nature: - Scientific - Structured Behaviors are: - Observable - Measurable -Focuses on overt behavior 4
Behavioral Movement - Thorndike (1874 1949) 5
Behaviorism - -Animal Studies Charles Darwin 6
Classical Conditioning - (Pavlov) 7
Behaviorism - Watson -Father of Behaviorism (Give me a Child, I ll give you a rich man, poor man, beggar man, thief.) (Little Albert) 8
Behaviorism - - Thorndike Puzzle Box 9
Operant Conditioning B. F. Skinner - Skinner Box 10
Operant Conditioning Skinner s work has resulted in many practical applications in: Education Training B. F. Skinner And views of society 11
Cognitive Trend (modeling, social Observational learning) 12
Behavioral Movement - -Superstition -Horoscope (Study) -Psychics (Study) 13
Explain This One! Count the people, wait until they shift, and then count them again. 14
Thing aren t always the way we see them. 15
Behavioral Movement - Client Contracts - General Goal of Behavioral Counseling - - Create new conditions for learning Arguments against Behavioral Counseling: - Treatment of symptoms - Manipulation (therapist is in control) - We don t live in a skinner box 16
Behavioral Movement - Techniques: - Relaxation Training (progressive relaxation) -Systematic Desensitization (Classical Conditioning) - Biofeedback 17
Behavioral Movement - Token Economy: -Given as soon as possible after behavior occurs -Gradually replace with verbal phrase. Temper Tantrum 18
Behavioral Movement - Punishment - used to reduce the frequency of a client s behavior by presenting an aversive stimuli. Extinction - the removal of the reinforcement. Shaping - the process in which complex terminal behaviors are reinforced in approximate successive stages. Flooding - bombarding the subject with the stimulus until fatigue sets in or until the stimulus loses its pleasurable value. Time-Out - the removing of the subject from the environment where the inappropriate behavior is occurring. 19
Behavioral Movement - Modeling Behavior: 1. Live Models 2. Symbolic Models (Audio / Video) 3. Multiple Models (Groups) 4. The more similar the models are the more effective 20
Behavioral Movement - Learned Helplessness 21
Rational-Emotive Behavior Counseling Albert Ellis 22
Rational-Emotive Behavior Counseling (Albert Ellis) -Concerned with cognition and feelings. -Disputes irrational beliefs in a direct, active and confrontive manner. Basic Hypothesis - our emotions stem mainly from our beliefs, evaluations, interpretations and reactions to life situations. Anxiety, unhappiness, and negative emotions come from evaluative thoughts about traumatic situations. 23
Rational-Emotive Behavior Counseling (Albert Ellis) We - -Make or contribute to our own problems by our perceptions. -Condition ourselves to feel disturbed or depressed. -Make mistakes - we learn to live with them. -Have the ability to change. -Are all somewhat neurotic. -Blame is the core of most emotional disturbances. Criticized for being overly: combative directive, and intellectual 24
Therapeutic Techniques: Cognitive Method 1. Disputing of irrational beliefs (confronting) show client it s not the event but their perception. 2. Cognitive homework - experience (public speaking). 3. Changing ones language - relearning of statements. (a word is only a word - only meanings change) 25
Therapeutic Techniques: Emotive Technique - 1. Rational-emotive imagery - mentally experience situations and good outcomes. 2. Role Play - rehearse new or different behaviors (work on unpleasant feelings. 3. Shame attacking exercises - -clients do or experience something they re afraid of. -they then see its not such a big deal or that other don t see it that way. 26
Chapter 11 Career Counseling Career Counseling
Career Counseling - What Do You Want To Be When You Grow Up? Vocation is tied to a: - - Sense of identity - Self-image - Sense of worth -How is a vocation selected? -What s important? -High School - (Work / College)
Career Counseling - The world of Work: -Changes in the Workplace -Work and Leisure -Use of Technology -Changing work ethics -Education -Vocational training -College vs. Vocational School Deferring gratification -
Career Counseling - Practical Applications for Career / Vocational counseling: 1. Assessment - identify interests & abilities 2. Establish Goals - - assess skills - interests - motivation 3. Counseling - reality A vocational counselor teaches people to change their attitudes about work.
Career Counseling - Career Counseling Process - From assessment To resume writing To application preparation To interview skills.
Career Counseling - Second Career Counseling - Changing Careers - Defining the Problem -
Career Counseling - Work and Adjustment - 1. Attitudes 2. A job is such a part of our life. 3. Occupational stress and job related problems are one of the leading public health problems.
Career Counseling - Career Exploration - - Assessment - Research - Homework - Volunteer work - Visiting occupational areas - Career days at high schools, college s
Next Week (Week 7) Research Paper Draft Due and Ready For Proofing Do not post to Draft on turnitin until after this Proofing.