Behavioural Approach. in Psychology
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1 Behavioural Approach in Psychology
2 Behaviorism (aka Learning Theory) The behaviorist movement began in America in 1913 with John Watson Watson felt that psychological research had to be scientific
3 3 Main Assumptions of Behaviourism Nearly all behaviour is learnt Animals and humans learn in the same way The mind is irrelevant
4 Nearly all behaviour is learnt Except inborn reflexes and instincts Environmental factors influence behaviour, to the exclusion of of innate/inherited factors Learn new behaviour through classical or operant conditioning (collectively known as 'learning theory')
5 The mind is irrelevant Concerned with observable behaviour, as opposed to internal events like thinking and emotion Only observable behaviour can be objectively and scientifically measured
6 Animals and Humans Learn in Same Way Humans more complex, but the principles of how we learn are the same: humans learn to drive a car, cats learn to use a cat flap Rats/pigeons primary source of data for behaviourists, easily controlled Both form stimulus-response associations
7 Stimulus-Response Everything from speech to emotions were simply patterns of stimulus and response. Watson denied the existence of mind or consciousness. Watson believed that all individual differences in behaviour were due to different experiences of learning
8 "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations and the race of his ancestors (Watson, 1924, p. 104).
9 Two Types of Conditioning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning
10 Classical Conditioning Involves learning a new behaviour via the process of association. In simple terms, two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal. Only works on reflexive actions.
11 Stage 1 ~ Before Conditioning A unconditioned stimulus UCS produces an unconditioned response UCR This means a stimulus in the environment has produced a behaviour/response in the person/animal which is not taught or learnt, but is a natural response (i.e. unconditioned).
12 Like Pavlov s Dogs: the food is a UCS, and salivating is a UCR The dog hasn t learnt to do this, it just happens
13 Modern Day Examples... Men spray their bodies with Lynx...and women come a running
14 Modern Day Examples...
15 Stage 2 ~ During Conditioning A neutral stimulus is associated/paired with the unconditioned stimulus UCS then becomes known as the conditioned stimulus CS.
16 Modern Day Examples...
17 UCS and CS Many Associations? The UCS must be associated with the CS on many occassions, for learning to take place. However, one trail learning can happen on certain occasions when it is not necessary for an association to be strengthened over time (such as being sick after food poisoning or drinking too much alcohol).
18 Stage 3 ~After Conditioning Now the conditioned stimulus CS has been associated with the unconditioned stimulus UCS to create a new conditioned response CR, a new behaviour The bell alone, a CS, can make the a new piece of learning dog salivate, a CR.
19 In My Home... All these have become CSs in my home and they make people nauseous, the CR. With one pairing.
20 Little Albert or Albert Bach Little Albert is a classic example of Watson s work. Another example, if a learner associates negative emotional experiences with school, then this can obviously have bad results, such as creating a school phobia
21 Watch This Classical Conditioning
22 Operant Conditioning BF Skinner studied how animals can learn from the consequences of their actions. Classified consequences in terms of positive and negative reinforcement.
23 Skinner is regarded as the father of Operant Conditioning. He stated that Behavior which is reinforced tends to be repeated (i.e. strengthened); behaviour which is not reinforced tends to die out-or be extinguished (i.e. weakened).
24 Positive Reinforcement When something desirable is obtained in response for doing something. E.g. Giving a star or certificate to a well-behaved child to encourage future behaviour.
25 Negative Reinforcement When something undesirable is removed when something happens. Negative reinforcement strengthens behaviour because it stops or removes an unpleasant experience. E.g. if you don t do your homework, you must give your teacher 5. So, you ll complete your homework to avoid paying the 5 strengthening the behavior of completing your homework.
26 Watch This Operant Conditioning
27 Limitations of Behavioural Approach Ignores biology Low -eoclogical Validity Can we compare humans to animals Too deterministic (little free-will)
28 Strengths of the Behavioural Approach Scientific Objective Shown comparisons between animals and humans
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