Biology 2401 The Skeletal System Purpose: The lab will describe the microscopic and gross anatomy of bone, identify bones of the body, and identify important bone markings. I. Overview of the Skeleton A. Discuss names and descriptions of bone markings B. Identify the four main types of bone C. Identify major anatomical structures of the typical long bone D. Identify major structures of the osteon E. Observe a slide and identify the structures of compact bone II. Axial Skeleton (Skull, Vertebrae, Ribs, Sternum, Hyoid) A. Identify bones of the axial skeleton B. Identify important bone markings III. Appendicular Skeleton References: A. Identify the major bones of the appendicular skeleton B. Identify important bone markings o Exercise 5 Classification of Tissues, 37 o Exercise 7 Overview of the Skeleton, 69 o Exercise 8 The Axial Skeleton, 79 o Exercise 9 The Appendicular Skeleton, 95 WCJC Biology 2401 Rev 081508
X-SECTION OF COMPACT BONE periosteum endosteum perforating (Volkmann's) canal osteon (Haversian system) - central (Haversian) canal blood vessel, nerve - lamella - lacuna - osteocytes - canaliculus AXIAL SKELETON SKULL - CRANIAL BONES: Frontal - frontal (coronal) suture Parietal - sagittal suture Temporal - squamous suture - zygomatic process - external acoustic (auditory) meatus - mastoid process - styloid process - carotid canal Occipital - lambdoid suture - occipital condyles - foramen magnum - external occipital protuberance Sphenoid - sella turcica Ethmoid - middle nasal conchae - superior nasal conchae - ethmoid air cells - crista galli - cribriform plate - olfactory foramina - perpendicular plate WCJC Biology 2401 1 of 5 Rev 081508
SKULL - FACIAL BONES: Nasal Maxilla - palatine process of the maxillae - infraorbital foramen Palatine Inferior nasal conchae Zygomatic Mandible - mental foramen - mandibular foramen - mandibular condyle - coronoid process Lacrimal Vomer HYOID BONE: VERTEBRAE: Cervical - 7 - atlas - axis - dens (odontoid process) Thoracic - 12 Lumbar - 5 Sacral (sacrum) - 5 fused Coccyx - 3 to 5 fused Markings of a typical vertebrae: dorsal spinous process transverse process vertebral foramen (cavity) body lamina pedicle Other vertebral structures: intervertebral foramen intervertebral disc - annulus fibrosus - nucleus pulposus WCJC Biology 2401 2 of 5 Rev 081508
STERNUM: manubrium - suprasternal (jugular) notch body xiphoid process RIBS: Pairs 1-7 - true ribs Pairs 8-10 - false ribs Pairs 11-12 - floating ribs costal cartilage APPENDICULAR SKELETON PECTORAL GIRDLE: Clavicle - acromial end - sternal end Scapula - superior border - lateral (axillary) border - medial (vertebral) border - spine - acromion process - coracoid process - glenoid cavity (fossa) - supraspinous fossa - infraspinous fossa UPPER LIMB: Humerus - greater tubercle - lesser tubercle - surgical neck - medial epicondyle - lateral epicondyle - trochlea - capitulum - coronoid fossa - olecranon fossa - deltoid tuberosity WCJC Biology 2401 3 of 5 Rev 081508
Ulna - styloid process - coronoid process - olecranon process - trochlear (semilunar) notch - radial notch Radius - radial tuberosity - styloid process - neck Carpals (8 per hand) Metacarpals (5 per hand) MP joint Phalanges (14 per hand) proximal middle distal IP joint PELVIC GIRDLE (2 coxal bones): - acetabulum Ilium - iliac crest - anterior superior iliac spine - greater sciatic notch Ishium - ischial tuberosity - ischial spine Pubis - obturator foramen pubic symphysis WCJC Biology 2401 4 of 5 Rev 081508
LOWER LIMB: Femur - neck - greater trochanter - lesser trochanter - gluteal tuberosity - medial condyle - lateral condyle - intercondylar fossa (notch) - medial epicondyle - lateral epicondyle Patella Tibia - medial condyle - lateral condyle - anterior border (crest) - medial malleolus - intercondylar eminence - tibial tuberosity Fibula - lateral malleolus Tarsals (7 per foot) calcaneus talus Metatarsals (5 per foot) Phalanges (14 per foot) proximal middle distal WCJC Biology 2401 5 of 5 Rev 081508