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PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER The Project has been realised with the support of the European Union and has been co-financed by the European Social Fund *** **Molekuláris bionika és Infobionika Szakok tananyagának komplex fejlesztése konzorciumi keretben ***A projekt az Európai Unió támogatásával, az Európai Szociális Alap társfinanszírozásával valósul meg. 2011.10.14.. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 1

Peter Pazmany Catholic University Faculty of Information Technology BEVEZETÉS A FUNKCIONÁLIS NEUROBIOLÓGIÁBA INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONAL NEUROBIOLOGY By Imre Kalló Contributed by: Tamás Freund, Zsolt Liposits, Zoltán Nusser, László Acsády, Szabolcs Káli, József Haller, Zsófia Maglóczky, Nórbert Hájos, Emilia Madarász, György Karmos, Miklós Palkovits, Anita Kamondi, Lóránd Erőss, Róbert Gábriel, Zoltán Kisvárdai, Zoltán Vidnyánszky 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 2

Cerebellum: its structure and neuronal network Imre Kalló & Miklós Palkovits Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Faculty of Information Technology I. Macroscopic and microscopic structure II. Functonal characterization of afferent and efferent connections III. Cerebellar neuronal network. 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 3

Role of the cerebellum in the central organisation of movement It occupies a determinative site in the hierarchy of movement regulation Its basic function: - initiation, coordination, execution, learning of movement - ongoing control of posture It is in close relationship with the sensory and motor systems it receives information from - muscles and joints through the spinal cord - special neurons of the spinal cord - motor areas of the cerebral cortex - neurons of the brainstem (oliva inferior, formatio reticularis) - vestibular system - visual- and auditory system - associative cortical areas it provides information to - the ascending and descending motor systems 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 4

Primary motor cortex 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 5

Descending lateral corticospinal pathway Ref: Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed. Edited by Eric R. Kandel, James H. Schwartz, and Thomas M. Jessell. New York, McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing, 2000 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 6

Site of motor planning and generation of motor programs A Motor planning B Motor programs Ref: Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed. Edited by Eric R. Kandel, James H. Schwartz, and Thomas M. Jessell. New York, McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing, 2000 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 7

Subdivisions of thalamus with motor functions thalamus sma = supplementer motor area pma = premotor area VA-VL = Ventral anterior and lateral nuclei VP = Ventral posterior complex VPLo = Ventral posterolateral nucleus, pars oralis 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 8

Basic neuronal connections 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 9

Regulatory circuits VLo = Ventral lateral nucleus, pars oralis VLc = Ventral lateral nucleus, pars caudalis 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 10

Location and gross anatomy of the cerebellum (rat) 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 11

The cerebro-cerebellar circuit Brainstem Spinal cord Ref: Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed. Edited by Eric R. Kandel, James H. Schwartz, and Thomas M. Jessell. New York, McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing, 2000 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 12

Location and gross anatomy of the cerebellum (human) 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 13

Phylogenetic subdivisions of the cerebellum ARCHICEREBELLUM - posture PALEOCEREBELLUM - muscle tone NEOCEREBELLUM - regulated movement 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 14

Functional anatomical subdivisions of the cerebellum VESTIBULOCEREBELLUM = archicerebellum FLOCCULO-NODULAR LOBE (balance, eyemovement) SPINOCEREBELLUM = paleocerebellum MEDIAL (VERMIS) + INTERMEDIATE CORTEX (execution of movement) CEREBROCEREBELLUM = neocerebellum LATERAL CORTEX (planning and control of movement) 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 15

Structure of the cerebellum Macroscopic structure - vermis, hemispheres, lobes, folia - peduncles - nuclei 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 16

Microscopic anatomy of the cerebellum: structure of the vermis and the cerebellar lobes are similar vermis 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 17

Cerebellar lobes, peduncles and deep nuclei 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 18

Microscopic anatomy of the cerebellum: middle cerebellar peduncle 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 19

Deep cerebellar nuclei 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 20

Microscopic anatomy of the cerebellum: Deep cerebellar nuclei 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 21

Cerebellar nuclei FASTIGIUS EMBOLIFORMIS GLOBOSUS LATERALIS (MEDIALIS) (ANTERIOR INTERPOSITUS) (POSTERIOR INTERPOSITUS) (DENTATUS) 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 22

Functional anatomical subdivisions of cerebellum 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 23

Structure of the cerebellum MACROSCOPIC STRUCTURE - vermis, hemispheres, lobes, folia - pedunculi - nuclei MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE - cerebellar cortex - layers - cell types 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 24

Layers of the cerebellar cortex: 1-3 Medulla: 4 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 25

Cell types of the cerebellar cortex: Note the size, and the number of cells in the different layers 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 26

CELL TYPES Cerebellar cortex Purkinje cell - granule cell + basket cell - Golgi cell - stellate cell - glial cells White matter glial cells Cerebellar nuclei neuron + glial cells 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 27

Characteristics of the cerebellar neurons Cell types Layers Function Innervated neurons Projection neuron Purkinje cells Purkinje inhibitory Deep cerebellar and vestibular nuclei Interneurons Granule cells Granule cell excitatory Purkinje-, stellate- basket and Golgi cells Basket cells Molecular inhibitory Purkinje cells Stellate cells Molecular inhibitory Purkinje cells Golgi cells Granule cell inhibitory Granule cells 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 28

M Cell types of the cerebellar cortex: location of different cell types P G 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 29

Two types of cerebellar afferents: mossy fibers and climbing fibers Cerebellar glomerulus 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 30

Purkinje cells 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 31

Neuronal connections of the Purkinje cells afferents efferents 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 32

Neuronal connections of the Purkinje cells 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 33

Characteristics of the cerebellar neurons Cell types Layers Function Innervated neurons Projection neuron Purkinje cells Purkinje inhibitory Deep cerebellar and vestibular nuclei Interneurons Granule cells Granule cell excitatory Purkinje-, stellate- basket and Golgi cells Basket cells Molecular inhibitory Purkinje cells Stellate cells Molecular inhibitory Purkinje cells Golgi cells Granule cell inhibitory Granule cells 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 34

Neuronal connections of the granule cells 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 35

Structure of the cerebellar glomerulus 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 36

Neuronal connections of the granule cells 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 37

Activation of Purkinje cells by the axons of granule cells (paralell fibers) Red: Dendritic trees of Purkinje cells innervated by granule cells Green and Blue: Dendritic trees of Purkinje cells innervated by inferior olive neurons located in different subdivisions of the nucleus 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 38

Characteristics of the cerebellar neurons Cell types Layers Function Innervated neurons Projection neuron Purkinje cells Purkinje inhibitory Deep cerebellar and vestibular nuclei Interneurons Granule cells Granule cell excitatory Purkinje-, stellate- basket and Golgi cells Basket cells Molecular inhibitory Purkinje cells Stellate cells Molecular inhibitory Purkinje cells Golgi cells Granule cell inhibitory Granule cells 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 39

Distribution of basket cells in the cerebellar cortex Basket cells are marked by cjun-immunoreactivity 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 40

M The cell body of basket cells are in the Purkinje cell layer G 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 41

Lateral inhibition by basket cells 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 42

Characteristics of the cerebellar neurons Cell types Layers Function Innervated neurons Projection neuron Purkinje cells Purkinje inhibitory Deep cerebellar and vestibular nuclei Interneurons Granule cells Granule cell excitatory Purkinje-, stellate- basket and Golgi cells Basket cells Molecular inhibitory Purkinje cells Stellate cells Molecular inhibitory Purkinje cells Golgi cells Granule cell inhibitory Granule cells 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 43

Localization and connectivity of stellate cells in the cerebellar cortex 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 44

Characteristics of the cerebellar neurons Cell types Layers Function Innervated neurons Projection neuron Purkinje cells Purkinje inhibitory Deep cerebellar and vestibular nuclei Interneurons Granule cells Granule cell excitatory Purkinje-, stellate- basket and Golgi cells Basket cells Molecular inhibitory Purkinje cells Stellate cells Molecular inhibitory Purkinje cells Golgi cells Granule cell inhibitory Granule cells 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 45

Localization and connectivity of Golgi cells in the cerebellar cortex 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 46

Pathways of the cerebellum: the afferent connections Pathways: cerebrum (cortico-ponto-cerebellar) spinal cord (spino-cerebellar) oliva inferior (olivo-cerebellar) formatio reticularis (reticulo-cerebellar) vestibular system (vestibulo-cerebellar) mossy fibers mossy fibers climbing fibers mossy fibers mossy fibers 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 47

The cerebro-ponto-cerebellar pathway 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 48

The cerebrocerebellum 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 49

Information processing in the cerebro-cerebellar pathway 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 50

Pathways of the cerebellum: the afferent connections Pathways: cerebrum (cortico-ponto-cerebellar) spinal cord (spino-cerebellar) oliva inferior (olivo-cerebellar) formatio reticularis (reticulo-cerebellar) vestibular system (vestibulo-cerebellar) mossy fibers mossy fibers climbing fibers mossy fibers mossy fibers 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 51

Structure, location and function of the spinocerebellar pathway 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 52

Spinocerebellum 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 53

Origin of spinocerebellar tracts 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 54

Pathways of the cerebellum: the afferent connections Pathways: cerebrum (cortico-ponto-cerebellar) spinal cord (spino-cerebellar) oliva inferior (olivo-cerebellar) formatio reticularis (reticulo-cerebellar) vestibular system (vestibulo-cerebellar) mossy fibers mossy fibers climbing fibers mossy fibers mossy fibers 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 55

The olivocerebellar tract 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 56

Pathways of the cerebellum: the afferent connections Pathways: cerebrum (cortico-ponto-cerebellar) spinal cord (spino-cerebellar) oliva inferior (olivo-cerebellar) formatio reticularis (reticulo-cerebellar) vestibular system (vestibulo-cerebellar) mossy fibers mossy fibers climbing fibers mossy fibers mossy fibers 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 57

The reticulo-cerebellar tract 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 58

Pathways of the cerebellum: the afferent connections Pathways: cerebrum (cortico-ponto-cerebellar) spinal cord (spino-cerebellar) oliva inferior (olivo-cerebellar) formatio reticularis (reticulo-cerebellar) vestibular system (vestibulo-cerebellar) mossy fibers mossy fibers climbing fibers mossy fibers mossy fibers 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 59

The vestibulocerebellum 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 60

cortico-pontin afferents spinal cord and brainstem afferents Termination fields of the afferent pathways in the cerebellum vestibular afferents 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 61

Pathways of the cerebellum: the efferent connections Cerebello-cerebral pathway: Purkinje cell cerebellar nuclei thalamo-cortical rubro-spinal Cerebello-vestibular pathway: Purkinje cell vestibular nuclei vestibulo-spinal 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 62

Ventral motor nuclei of the thalamus Execution of motor impulses Integration of informations deriving from the cerebellum and basal ganglia Modulation of motor impulses Co-ordination of motor impulses 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 63

Dentato-thalamic and dentato-rubral pathways 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 64

Pathways of the cerebellum: the efferent connections Cerebello-cerebral pathway: Purkinje cell cerebellar nuclei thalamo-cortical rubro-spinal Cerebello-vestibular pathway: Purkinje cell vestibular nuclei vestibulo-spinal 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 65

Pathways of the cerebellum: the efferent connections Cerebello-cerebral pathway: Purkinje cell cerebellar nuclei thalamo-cortical rubro-spinal Cerebello-vestibular pathway: Purkinje cell vestibular nuclei vestibulo-spinal 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 66

Structure, location and function of the cerebellovestibular pathway 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 67

Anatomical Incoming Relay Termination field Function regions informations nucleus Spinocerebellum vermis vestibular fastigial medial system: coordination of labyrinth, vestibularis nucleus, movements spinal cord reticular formation, (upper part motor cortex of the body) cranial nerves (head, neck) intermediate spinal cord interpositus lateral system: coordination of cortex (lower part nucleus ruber (magno- movements of the body) cellular), distal motor cortex Cerebrocerebellum lateral cortex cerebral dentate integrative system: initiation of cortex nucleus ruber (parvo- movements, cellular), planning and premotor cortex temporal-tuning (area 6) of movements Vestibulocerebellum flocculonodular vestibular lateral medial system: posture, lobe labyrinth vestibular motoneurons vestibular reflexes 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 68

Cerebellar network model Activation of Purkinje cells - climbing fibers - stimulation of single Purkinje cells - Golgi cell, inhibition by basket cells - mossy fibers - glomerulus activation by T-axons 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 69

Cerebellar network model 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 70

Cerebellar network model 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 71

Cerebellar network model 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 72

Cerebellar network model Activation of Purkinje cells (signal divergence) - climbing fibers - stimulation of single Purkinje cells - Golgi cell, inhibition by basket cells -mossy fibers - glomerulus activation by T-axons - Output signal originating from Purkinje cells (signal convergence) - cerebellar nuclei efferent pathways 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 73

Cerebellar network model 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 74

Cerebellar network model 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 75

Planning and programing Basal ganglia Cerebellar Cerebellar network network model model Sensory associative cortex Premotor cortical areas Cerebrocerebellum Execution Movement Cerebellum Motor cortex Motoneurons Sensory cortical areas Sensory signals Receptors Feedback signals Peripheral receptors 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 76

Cerebellar network model Planning and programing Basal ganglia Sensory association cortex Premotor cortical areas Cerebrocerebellum Cerebellum Motor cortex Execution Movement Motoneurons Sensory cortical areas Sensory signals Peripheral receptors Spinocerebellum Receptors Feedback signals 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 77

Cerebellar network model Planning and programing Basal ganglia Sensory association cortex Premotor cortical areas Cerebrocerebellum Cerebellum Motor cortex Execution Movement Motoneurons Sensory cortical areas Sensory signals Peripheral receptors Spinocerebellum Receptors Feedback signals 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 78

Cerebellar network model Planning and programing Basal ganglia Sensory association cortex Premotor cortical areas Cerebrocerebellum Cerebellum Motor cortex Execution Movement Motoneurons Sensory cortical areas Sensory signals Peripheral receptors Spinocerebellum Receptors Feedback signals 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 79

Cerebellar network model Planning and programing Basal ganglia Sensory association cortex Premotor cortical areas Cerebrocerebellum Cerebellum Motor cortex Execution Movement Motoneurons Sensory cortical areas Sensory signals Peripheral receptors Spinocerebellum Receptors Feedback signals 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 80

Cerebellar network model Planning and programing Basal ganglia Sensory association cortex Premotor cortical areas Cerebrocerebellum Cerebellum Motor cortex Execution Movement Motoneurons Sensory cortical areas Sensory signals Peripheral receptors Spinocerebellum Receptors Feedback signals 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 81

Cerebellar network model Planning and programing Basal ganglia Sensory association cortex Premotor cortical areas Cerebrocerebellum Cerebellum Motor cortex Execution Movement Motoneurons Sensory cortical areas Sensory signals Peripheral receptors Spinocerebellum Receptors Feedback signals 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 82

Cerebellar network model Planning and programing Basal ganglia Sensory association cortex Premotor cortical areas Cerebrocerebellum Cerebellum Motor cortex Execution Movement Motoneurons Sensory cortical areas Sensory signals Peripheral receptors Spinocerebellum Receptors Feedback signals 2011.10.14. TÁMOP 4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 83

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