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Transcription:

LEARNING Relatively permanent change in behavior Acquired from experience or observation Learning Associative Learning Observational Learning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Associative Learning learning that certain events go together

ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING Events occur together Our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence

ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING Events occur together Our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence

ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING Events occur together Our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence

BEHAVIORISM Psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes Most current behaviorists would argue that mental processes should be studied Ivan Pavlov John B. Watson

IVAN PAVLOV OG behaviorist to study learning Used dogs Earned Russia s first Nobel Prize (1904)

The Dogs: The is the stimulus for the response of. The Dogs: The meat is the stimulus for the response of salivation. Because no special conditions are needed for the meat to cause salivation it is natural and automatic.

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli Unconditioned Stimulus (US) Unconditioned Response (UR) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Classical Conditioning a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US) an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR) Conditioned Response (CR) the learned response to a previously neutral, but now conditioned, stimulus (CS)

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING UCS Food UCR Salivation Neutral Stimulus (NS) A stimulus that does not elicit a response by itself In the case with the dogs the experimenter was the neutral stimulus. No reason for the dog to salivate at the sight of the experimenter when presented by himself For a reaction specific conditions are necessary the subject must associate the neural stimulus with the conditioned stimulus Now, in this case, the dog must associate the experimenter with.

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Association over time Originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with the UCS, comes to trigger a response Experimenter(NS) with food (UCS) salivate (UCR) Experimenter(NS) with food (UCS) salivate (UCR) Experimenter(NS) with food (UCS) salivate (UCR) Experimenter(CS) food (UCS) salivate (UCR)

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Conditioned Response (CR) Learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus Even when the experimenter no longer brings food with him, the dog will continue to salivate at the sight of the experimenter. Sight of the Experimenter=CS Salivation=CR

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING OTHER EXAMPLES An experimenter sounds a tone just before delivering an air puff to your eye UCS UCR NS CS CR The Office Jim classically conditions Dwight UCS Jim offers mint UCR CS CR Accepts mint Computer sound Expects mint

THINK CONDITIONED=LEARNED

JOHN B. WATSON Conditioned Little Albert to fear white rats, later all white, fluffy animals Previously not afraid of white rats, Watson presented a loud banging sound when Albert saw a white rat conditioned fear of rats. UCS Loud Noise UCR CS CR Crying Rat Crying

PAVLOV S LEGACY AND APPLICATIONS Classical conditioning is a learning technique that virtually all organisms use to adapt to their environments. Pavlov showed that learning processes can be studied objectively (by observing behaviors) Classical conditioning can be helpful in treatment programs for substance abuse, phobias, etc. Counter-conditioning: conditioning the stimulus to a different response (i.e. drug induced nausea when smoking) Flooding: used to treat phobias; expose individual to the harmless stimulus until the fear responses are extinguished Avoidance conditioning: organism is taught to avoid a stimulus

PAVLOV S LEGACY AND APPLICATIONS ADVERTISEMENTS

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