Supplementary Information The antiparasitic drug ivermectin is a novel FXR ligand that regulates metabolism Address correspondence to Yong Li (yongli@xmu.edu.cn, Tel: 86-592-218151) GW464 CDCA Supplementary Figure S1. Chemical structures of GW464, CDCA and ivermectin. Schematic diagram of ivermectin displays a scaffold distinct from those of GW464 and CDCA, two known FXR ligands.
Relative Luciferase Activity 4 3 2 1 DMSO GW464 control SRC1 NCoR ID2 Supplementary Figure S2. FXR recruited coregulators induced by ligands by mammalian two-hybrid assays. Cos7 cells were cotransfected with 2 ng of VP16-FXR LBD, 2 ng of Gal4-SRC1 (124-1441) or Gal4-NCoR ID2 (C-terminal residues 2182-2439), together with 2 ng of pg5luc reporter. After transfection, cells were treated with.5 µm ivermectin or GW464. Cells were harvested 24 h later for the luciferase assays. Values are the means ± SEM of three independent experiments. p<.5, p<.1 compared with DMSO, as determined by Student s t test.
1.8 1.5 GW464 1.2.9 Photon counts ( 1,).6.3 1.8.6.4.2 No Peptide DAX1-1 DAX1-2 DAX1-3 SRC1-2 SRC1-3 SRC1-4 SRC2-2 SRC2-3 SRC3-3 PGC-1-1 PGC-1-2 PGC-1β-1 PGC-1β-2 TRAP22-1 SMRT-2 NCOR-2 Supplementary Figure S3. The recruitments of coregulator motifs by FXR are differentially regulated by ivermectin and GW464. Relative binding affinity of various coregulator peptide motifs to the FXR LBD/ivermectin and FXR LBD/GW464 complexes is determined by peptide competition assays, in which various unlabeled peptides (2 µm) are used to compete off the binding of the biotin-labeled SRC1-2 LXXLL motif to FXR LBD in response to.5 µm ivermectin or.5 µm GW464, respectively. Values are the means ± SEM of three independent experiments. Sequences of peptides used in the AlphaScreen assays are listed in Supplementary Table S3.
Relative Luciferase Activity 2 1 DMSO FXR PPAR PPAR PPAR PR GR RAR RAR PXR CAR ROR ROR ROR Supplementary Figure S4. Receptor-specific transactivation by ivermectin. Cos7 cells were cotransfected with pg5luc reporter together with the Gal4 DNA-binding domain fused with LBDs of various nuclear receptors. After transfection, cells were treated with DMSO or.5 M ivermectin. Cells were harvested 24 h later for the luciferase assays. Values are the means ± SEM of three independent experiments.
Relative Luciferase Activity Supplementary Figure S5. activated the transcriptional activity of FXR in different FXR response elements (RE). Different FXREs were synthesized and cloned into tk-luc vector. The sequences of FXRE1-4 are as follows: FXRE1, AGGTCA C TGACCT CG AGGTCA; FXRE2, AGGTCA T TGACCT TT; FXRE3, G AGGTCA A TGACCT TG AGGTCA TTG; FXRE4, TGACCT CN AGGTCA T TGACCT. COS-7 cells were cotransfected with plasmids encoding full-length FXR and FXRE1-4, respectively. After transfection, cells were treated with DMSO,.5 µm ivermectin or.5 µm GW464 for 18 h. Luciferase data were normalized to renilla activity cotransfected as an internal control. Values are the means ± SEM of three independent experiments.
A B F284H X A291W C D X L287T H447F X X E Coregulator Binding Activity (x1,) 25 2 15 1 5 WT F284H WT DMSO GW464 F284H SRC1-2 NCoR-2 Supplementary Figure S6. Differential effects of FXR mutations on ligand binding. (A-D)In the structural models, FXR is in gray, ivermectin is in yellow and GW464 is in purple. The hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds are shown with lines and arrows, respectively. The lost interactions by the mutations are marked with X. (E) The binding of coregulator motifs to FXR F284H mutant in response to.5 µm ivermectin by AlphaScreen assays. Values are the means ± SEM of three independent experiments. p<.5, p<.1 versus vehicle, as determined by Student s t test.
A 1 B 35 8 3 25 AST(U/L) 6 4 ALT(U/L) 2 15 2 1 5 Vehicle Vehicle C D 5 m 5 m Supplementary Figure S7. Liver injury evaluation of ivermectin on mice. Wild-type (WT) and FXR-/- (KO) mice were fed with high fat diet and i.p. injected with vehicle or ivermectin for 14 days (n=6 per group). The liver injury of ivermectin on mice were evaluated by analyzing the serum level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (A) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (B) using commercial kits (Biosino Bio-technology and science inc., Beijing, China). Values are the means ± SEM of six independent experiments. Liver histology characterization of mice injected with vehicle (C) or ivermectin (D) was analyzed by H&E staining which was performed on paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections by standard procedures.
25 Cholesterol (mg/dl) 2 15 1 5 WT KO WT KO WT KO HDL LDL/VLDL Total Cholesterol Vehicle Supplementary Figure S8. lowered serum cholesterol levels including HDL and LDL/VLDL. Wild-type (WT) and FXR-/- (KO) mice were fed with high fat diet and i.p. injected with vehicle or ivermectin for 14 days (n=6 per group). After fasting for 6 h, mice were sacrificed and serum were collected. HDL cholesterol (HDL), LDL + VLDL cholesterol (LDL/VLDL) and total cholesterol serum levels were measured with the EnzyChrom AF HDL and LDL/VLDL Assay Kit (BioAssay Systems, Hayward, CA, USA). Error bars are SEM; p<.5, p<.1 compared with vehicle, as determined by Student s t test.
A 35 GTT Vehicle B 3 ITT Vehicle 3 25 Glucose (mg/dl) 25 2 15 1 Glucose (mg/dl) 2 15 1 5 5 3 6 9 12 15 Time (min) 3 6 9 12 15 Time (min) Supplementary Figure S9. improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Mice fed with high fat diet and treated with ivermectin or vehicle for 1 days were fasted for 6 h with free access to water. For the glucose tolerance test (GTT) (A), 1 g/kg of glucose was injected intraperitoneally and blood glucose was measured with the Accu-Check Performa (Roche Applied Science, Mannheim, Germany ) at, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 min. For the insulin tolerance test (ITT) (B), 1 U/kg of recombinant human insulin (Novolin 3R; Novo Nordisk, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) was injected intraperitoneally, and blood glucose was measured at, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 min after insulin injection. n=6 for each group. Error bars are SEM; p<.5, p<.1 compared with vehicle, as determined by Student s t test.
2.5 DMSO GW464 Relative mrna expression 2 1.5 1.5 WT KO Supplementary Figure S1. mrna levels of L-PK regulated by ivermectin. mrna levels of L-PK in primary hepatocytes treated with DMSO, GW464 or ivermectin were quantified by real-time PCR and normalized to actin. Values are the means ± SEM of three independent experiments. p<.5 compared with vehicle, as determined by Student s t test.
Supplementary Table S1 Data collection and refinement statistics FXR/ Data collection Space group I21 21 21 Cell dimensions a, b, c (Å) 53.1, 161.76, 169.2 ( ) 9., 9., 9. Resolution (Å) 5.-2.81(2.9-2.81) R sym or R merge.76(.615) I / I 3.7(2.6) Completeness (%) 92.(85.) Redundancy 7.5(6.6) Refinement Resolution (Å) 34.84-2.97 No. reflections 15326 R work / R free 25.4/28.2 No. atoms Protein 346 Ligand/ion 124 Water 13 B-factors Protein 76.7 Ligand/ion 92.5 Water 47.2 R.m.s. deviations Bond lengths (Å).9 Bond angles ( ) 1.3 Values in parentheses are for highest-resolution shell.
Supplementary Table S2 The sequences of primers used in quantitative PCR. Genes Primer sequences Shp F: TGGGTCCCAAGGAGTATGC R: CAGTGATGTCAACGTCTCC Cyp7a1 F: CAAGAACCTGTACATGAGGGAC R: CACTTCTTCAGAGGCTGCTTTC BSEP F: GGGAGCAGTGGGTGTGGTAAAAG R: TCCTGGGAGACAATCCCAATGTT MDR2 F: GCAGCGAGAAACGGAACAG R: GGTTGCTGATGCTGCCTAGTT SR-BI F: CCTTCAATGACAACGACACCG R: CCATGCGACTTGTCAGGCT HMGCR F: AGCCGAAGCAGCACATGAT R: CTTGTGGAATGCCTTGTGATTG FDFT1 F: CATAACCAACACCCTACAGCACA R: TGCTTGCCCCTTCCGAA HMGCS F: GCCGTGAACTGGGTCGAA R: GCATATATAGCAATGTCTCCTGCAA LDLR F: GAGGAACTGGCGGCTGAA R: GTGCTGGATGGGGAGGTCT G6Pase F: ATGGAGGAAGGAATGAACA R: TGGGAAAGAGGACATAGAA PEPCK F: CTCACTGACTCGGCTTACG R: CCACTGAATGCAGACACTT L-PK F: ACCACCGCCAGTTGTTTGAG R: GGTCGGTAGCGAGACAGAAGC Actin F: CCAGCCTTCCTTCTTGGGTAT R: GTTGGCATAGAGGTCTTTACGG
Supplementary Table S3 The sequences of coregulator peptides used in the peptide competition profiling assays. Coregulator motifs Sequences DAX1-1 DAX1-2 DAX1-3 SRC1-2 SRC1-3 SRC1-4 SRC2-2 SRC2-3 SRC3-3 PGC-1-1 PGC-1-2 PGC-1β-1 PGC-1β-2 TRAP22-1 SMRT-2 NCoR-2 WQGSILYNMLMSA RQGSILYSMLTSA RQGSILYSLLTSS SLTERHKILHRLLQEGSP SKDHQLLRYLLDKDE AQQKSLLQQLLTE KHKILHRLLQDSS SLTERHKILHRLLQEGSP KENNALLRYLLDRDD AEEPSLLKKLLLAP PQRRPCSELLKYLTTNDD ELSLLQKLLLATS TEFSILRELLAQD VSQNPILTSLLQITG NMGLEAIIRKALMGKYDQ SFADPASNLGLEDIIRKALMGS