Firefighter Pre Hospital Care Program Module 3 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Definitions Anatomy The science of the structure of the body. Physiology That section of the science of biology which deals solely with the operation of the functional processes of the many coordinated physical units of the human body
The Planes of the Body Anatomical Position ( all the anatomic terms consider a person facing you, hands at side, palms forward ) Anterior ( front ) Posterior ( back )
The Planes of the Body Midline ( the middle; centre ) Midclavicular line ( through the middle of the clavicle ) Midaxillary ( through the middle of the armpit to the ankle )
Directional Terms Superior ( higher; towards the head ) Inferior ( lower, away from the head ) Lateral ( away from the body s midline )
Directional Terms Medial ( toward the body s midline ) Proximal ( towards the body or point of attachment ) Distal ( away from a point of attachment )
Movement Terms
Anatomic Positions Prone ( laying face down ) Supine ( laying face up )
Anatomic Positions Fowler s Position ( semi-sitting; helps short of breath patients ) Lateral Recumbent Position ( recovery position; good for semiconscious breathing patients ) Trendelenburg Position ( feet elevated higher than the head; good for patients in shock )
Firefighter Pre Hospital Care Program Module 3 The Skeleton
The Skeletal System Gives form to the body Protects vital organs Consists of 206 bones Framework for attachment of muscles Permits motion of the body
The Skull Frontal bone Maxillae Mandible
The Skull ( Medial View ) Parietal bone Temporal bone Zygomatic bone
The Skull ( Posterior View ) Occipital bone Mastoid process
The Spinal Column ( 7 Vertebrae ) ( 12 Vertebrae ) ( 5 Vertebrae ) ( 5 Vertebrae Fused to 1 ) ( 4 Vertebrae Fused to 1 )
The Thorax ( Anterior View ) Clavicle Sternum 1 1 Xyphoid Process Ribs ( 12 pairs ) Thorax + Skull = Axial Skeleton
The Thorax ( Posterior View ) Cervical Spine 7 (C7 can be felt under the skin) Scapula 1 1
The Pelvis Inferior Vena Cava iliac crest ilium Descending Aorta Severe internal bleeding in this area if the pelvis is fractured Femoral Aorta Pubis Pubis symphysis
Hip The Lower Extremity Femur (if both femurs are fractured, there may be severe internal blood loss) Thigh Patella Fibula Tibia Leg
The Upper Extremity Clavicle Humerus Scapula Radius Ulna Wrist Upper + Lower Extremities = Appendicular Skeleton
Types of Joints Ball-in-socket Joint Found in the shoulder and hip joints, which allows for rotation and bending Hinge Joint Found in finger, elbow and knee joints, which allows for motion in one plane only
Firefighter Pre Hospital Care Program Module 3 The Musculoskeletal System
Functions of the Musculoskeletal System Gives the body shape Protects internal organs Provides for movement Consists of more than 600 muscles and 206 bones
Types of Muscle Skeletal (voluntary) Muscle Muscles that attach to the bone of the skeleton Also called voluntary muscle as they are under direct voluntary control of the brain
Types of Muscle Cardiac Muscle Found within the heart Specially adapted involuntary muscle, that is rich in blood and has it s own electrical system
Types of Muscle Smooth Muscle Carries out the automatic work of body organs Found within the gastrointestinal tract, the urinary system, the blood vessels and the bronchi of the lungs
Firefighter Pre Hospital Care Program Module 3 The Abdominal Cavity
The Abdomen The abdomen is a major body cavity. It contains the organs of digestion and excretion. It is separated into 4 quadrants Pain in a particular quadrant provides important clues to certain injuries or diseases Umbilicus Right Upper Quadrant Right Lower Quadrant Left Upper Quadrant Left Lower Quadrant
Organs of the Abdomen
Firefighter Pre Hospital Care Program Module 3 The Respiratory System
The Respiratory System Anatomy Pharynx Nasopharynx Oropharynx Epiglottis Larynx Tongue and soft tissues may obstruct the airway here; use head positioning, jaw thrust, oral or nasal airway to keep open Trachea Right main bronchus Left main bronchus Bronchiole Diaphragm Lungs Alveolus
Breathing Process: Inhalation Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity. Pressure in the lungs decreases. Air travels to the lungs.
Breathing Process: Exhalation Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax. As the muscles relax, all dimensions of the thorax decrease. Pressure in the lungs increases. Air flows out of the lungs.
Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Oxygen-rich air is delivered to alveoli with inspiration. Oxygen diffuses into the blood. The body does not use all the inhaled oxygen (so mouth to mouth can still deliver some oxygen). Carbon dioxide is removed from blood and exhaled.
Control of Breathing Brain stem controls breathing Brain stem detects carbon dioxide Increases breathing rate if the carbon dioxide level in blood becomes too high Hypoxic drive is a backup system. Activates when oxygen levels fall to stimulate breathing This backup system is active in some patients with chronic lung diseases like emphysema
Normal Breathing Characteristics Normal rate and depth Adults 12 to 20 breaths/min. Children 15 to 30 breaths/min. Infants 25 to 50 breaths/min Regular rhythm Good breath sounds (these are quite soft, quiet sounds detectable with a stethoscope) in both lungs Regular rise and fall movements in the chest Easy, not labored
Recognizing Inadequate Breathing Irregular rhythm Labored breathing Use of neck or belly muscles to help breathing Pursed lips Pale or blue skin Cool, clammy skin Faster respiratory rate
Infant and Child Anatomy Airway structures in infants & small children are smaller & more easily obstructed than those of adults! Cricoid cartilage softer, not as well developed Trachea narrower Tongue occupies more of pharynx Nose & mouth smaller Trachea Cricoid Tongue cartilage Nose
Firefighter Pre Hospital Care Program Module 3 The Circulatory System
The Circulatory System
Right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs The Heart Left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to body Aorta Right Atrium Left Atrium Right Coronary Artery Left Coronary Artery Right Ventricle Left Ventricle
Blood Flow Through the Heart
Circulation of Blood Blood from the body is brought to the heart via the LARGE VEINS (inferior and superior vena cava) Right atrium right ventricle Pulmonary Artery LUNGS Pulmonary Vein Left Atrium Left Ventricle Aorta Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins Vena cava back to Right Atrium
Electrical Conduction System Sinoatrial (SA) Node Known as a pacemaker Generates contractions 60 to 100 times per minute Atrioventricular (AV) Node Transmits signal from pacemaker down to lower part of heart If no signal is received, will automatically become a backup pacemaker and generate contractions at a rate of 40 to 60 times per minute Purkinje fibers Fibers that convey the impulses to the ventricular muscle
Normal Heart Rates Age Pulse Rate ( beats per minute ) Adult 60-100 Adolescent ( 11 14 yr ) 60-105 School Aged Child ( 6 10 yr ) 70-110 Pre-school Aged Child ( 1 5 yr ) 80-120 Infant ( 1 month 1 yr ) 90-140 Newborn ( 0 1 month ) 120-160
Components of Blood Blood is made of three main parts: Plasma A sticky, yellow fluid that carries blood cells, nutrients and cellular waste material
Components of Blood White Blood Cells & Platelets White Blood Cells are responsible for the bodies immunity Platelets are essential in blood clotting
Components of Blood Red Blood Cells Give colour to the blood are oxygen carriers
Physiology of the Circulatory System Pulse The wave of blood through the arteries formed when the heart contracts Can be felt where an artery passes near the skin surface and over a bone Carotid ( neck ) Brachial ( medial arm ) Radial ( thumb side of wrist ) Femoral ( groin ) Posterior Tibial ( medial side of ankle ) Dorsalis Pedis ( top of foot )
Physiology of the Circulatory System Blood pressure Amount of force exerted against walls of arteries Systole: Heart contracts Diastole: Heart relaxes Perfusion Circulation of blood within an organ or tissue If inadequate, the patient goes into shock (as evidenced by cool, pale, sweaty skin, loss of consciousness or restlessness, shortness of breath)
Firefighter Pre Hospital Care Program Module 3 The Nervous System
The Nervous System The nervous system controls the body s voluntary and involuntary actions. Somatic nervous system Regulates voluntary actions Autonomic nervous system Controls involuntary body functions
Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System Links the organs of the body to the central nervous system. Sensory nerves carry information from the body to the central nervous system. Motor nerves carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body.
Sensory and Connecting Nerves The connecting nerves in the spinal cord form a reflex arc. If a sensory nerve in this arc detects an irritating stimulus, it will bypass the brain and send a direct message to a motor nerve.
How the Nervous System Works The nervous system controls virtually all of our body activities including reflex, voluntary and involuntary activities Voluntary activities are action that we consciously perform (ie, passing a dish) Involuntary activities are actions that are not under our control such as digestion, sweating and blood vessel constriction. These functions are controlled by the autonomic nervous system
Autonomic Nervous System Broken down into two components Sympathetic nervous system Reacts to stress with a flight or fright response. Some common responses are dilated pupils, increased pulse rate, or rising BP. Parasympathetic nervous system Causes the opposite effect of the sympathetic nervous system
Firefighter Pre Hospital Care Program Module 3 The Integumentary & Endocrine System
The Skin ( Integumentary System ) The skin s primary responsibilities include: Protects the body from the environment Regulates body temperature Transmits information from environment to the brain
Anatomy of the Skin
Endocrine System Complex message and control system Made up of seven glands Glands produce and release hormones.
Endocrine System Pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Glands Pancreas Ovary ( female ) Testis ( male )
Endocrine Glands Gland Adrenal Ovary Location Kidneys Female pelvis ( 2 glands ) Function Regulate salt, sugar and sexual function Regulate sexual function, characteristics and reproduction Hormones Produced Adrenaline Estrogen Pancreas Retroperitoneal Space Regulates glucose metabolism Insulin Parathyroid Pituitary Neck ( beside & behind thyroid ) Base of skull Regulate serum calcium Regulates all other endocrine glands Parathyroid Hormone Multiple, very important hormones Testes Male Scrotum ( 2 glands ) Regulate sexual function, characteristics and reproduction Testosterone Thyroid Neck ( over larynx ) Regulates metabolism Thyroxine
Firefighter Pre Hospital Care Program Module 3 The Urinary System and Genital System
Anatomy of the Genitourinary System Kidney Adrenal Gland Inferior Vena Cava Rectum ( cut view ) Aorta Bladder Urethra
Anatomy of the Genitourinary System Kidneys located in the posterior muscular wall of the abdomen (the back near the lower ribs) rid the blood of toxins and control the balance of water and salt via urine 20% of the output of blood from the heart passes through the kidneys every minute
Anatomy of the Genitourinary System Anterior Posterior
Male Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System
For All Questions Pertaining to this Module, Contact Your E.M.S. Command Coordinator. North / West ( 416 ) 338 9429 South / East ( 416 ) 338 8796