Hindwi Journl of Food Qulity Volume 2017, Article ID 2904951, 7 pges https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2904951 Reserch Article The Composition Anlysis of Mc (Lepidium meyenii Wlp.) from Xinjing nd Its Antiftigue Activity Jieying Li, 1,2 Longfei Chen, 2 Jinwei Li, 1,2 Zhenhu Dun, 3 Song Zhu, 2 nd Liuping Fn 1,2 1 Stte Key Lortory of Diry Biotechnology, Technology Center, Bright Diry & Food Co. Ltd., Shnghi 200436, Chin 2 School of Food Science nd Technology, Jingnn University, Wuxi 214122, Chin 3 Institute of Food Reserch, Hezhou University, Gungxi 542899, Chin Correspondence should e ddressed to Zhenhu Dun; dzh65@126.com nd Liuping Fn; fnliuping@jingnn.edu.cn Received 30 My 2017; Revised 11 Octoer 2017; Accepted 16 Octoer 2017; Pulished 16 Novemer 2017 Acdemic Editor: Hui-Min D. Wng Copyright 2017 Jieying Li et l. This is n open ccess rticle distriuted under the Cretive Commons Attriution License, which permits unrestricted use, distriution, nd reproduction in ny medium, provided the originl work is properly cited. Environment would ffect the nutritionl composition of mc, especilly its secondry metolite. The chemicl compositions nd function of Xinjing mc were not very cler. The chemicl compositions nd ioctivity of Xinjing mc were determined. A mouse model ws lso used to evlute the ntiftigue ctivity of Xinjing mc s forced swimming test ws performed nd certin iochemicl prmeters relted were estimted. The results show tht the Xinjing mc is rich in protein content nd mino cids, especilly rnched chin mino cids such s Vline nd Isoleucine relted to the effect of ntiftigue. It lso hs considerle minerls ions such s C nd Mg. Besides, ioctive ingredients such s mc mide, glucosinolte, nd lkloid of Xinjing mc re similr to those of mc from other res, which qulify the iologicl vlue of Xinjing mc. The results of mice model suggest tht mc hs dose-dependent ntiftigue ctivity y decresing lood lctic cid, s well s incresing liver glycogen content nd the forced swimming time. 1. Introduction Mc (Lepidium meyenii Wlp.), iennil herceous plnt of the fmily rssice, which is cultivted minly in the centrl Andes of Peru t elevtions of 3500 4500 m ove se level, hs een used s oth food nd trditionl medicine in the region for over 2000 yers [1]. Domestic nd foreign experts reserched on the nutritionl compositions nd secondry metolites of mc, finding tht it not only contins rich protein, mino cids, ft, nd minerls ion [2] ut lso contins vriety of secondry metolites: mc ene, lkloid (including mc mide), glucosinolte, nd other components [3 5]. These secondry metolites re considered closely relted to the helth effects of mc. Recent reserch shows tht the logicl ility of mc includes improving fertility, improving sexul performnce, ntiprolifertive function, improving growth rte, ntipostmenopusl osteoporosis, nd ility in vitlity nd stress tolernce [6]. Most studies hve een conducted to exmine its iologicl ctivity on enhncing sexul performnce or fertility. Only few reports show the ntiftigue effect of mc powder [7] or mc extrct [8]. Mc minly grows t cold ut humid climte since its hrdy, strong dptility, so it is suitle to plnt it in the high ltitude region for 2700 3200 m ove se level in some res of western Chin [9]. In 2004, Yunnn Huize introduced mc from the United Sttes nd the cultivtion experiment ws success [10]. In Chin, mc is currently minly cultivted in the Yunnn region, where its cultivtion hs formed certin scle [11]. In ddition to Yunnn, Pmirs in Chin Xinjing is lso suitle to cultivte mc for its geogrphicl loction nd climte where mc hs lso een introduced recently. However, only few reports were crried out to nlyze the chemicl composition nd iology ctivity of yellow mc cultivted t Pmirs in Chin Xinjing [12]. Its nutritionl vlue nd qulity evlution re not cler nd deserve further evlution. In ddition, those foods in which mc is the min rw mteril, such s mc cndy nd mc grnules, re populr in the mrket. In recent yers, the unique overll effect of mc hs een widespred in the world of helth food industry, especilly fter Chin introduced mc s kind of new resource food in 2011 [13]. Recently, mny kinds of helth
2 Journl of Food Qulity products with mc s the min rw mteril on the mrket rpidly expnd nd hve een getting more nd more concerns. However, their declred ntiftigue effect hs not een confirmed y ctul dt nd it is difficult to gurntee their qulity. Only few reserches relted to the chemicl composition nd iology ctivity of Xinjing mc lthough it hs een plnted widely in Xinjing. In this pper, the contents of essentil nutritionl compositions of mc cultivted in Xinjing re investigted. The contents of sic chemicl compositions of wter content, oil content, protein content, mino cid content, nd minerl content were nlyzed. Besides, the iologicl ctivities of some secondry metolites were investigted, such s lkloids, mc mide, nd glucosinoltes. The qulity of Xinjing mc cn e vlued in the level of composition ingredients y comprison with the dt from other reports out the compositions of mc. Animl models were lso mde to test the ntiftigue effect of Xinjing mc, in order to provide theoreticl support for further development of helth cre products mde of Xinjing mc. 2. Mterils nd Methods 2.1. Mterils. Thedriedyellowmcrootwscollectedfrom PmirinXinjingProvincetltitudeof3000mprovided y Tngshiyi Biotechnology Co., Ltd. The dried mc ws grounded into fine powder (75 μm) using crusher. The roots were stored in polyethylene gs nd frozen t 20 Cuntil their use. 2.2. Chemicls nd Instruments. Regents used for chromtogrphy were of HPLC grde (Fisher, Pittsurgh, USA). Otherregentsusedwereofnlyticlgrde.Acrusher (Ningo Shunhui Electric Applince Co. Ltd., Zhejing, Chin) ws used for crushing the mc tuers to powders. A UV 2600 spectrophotometer ws used in ll sornce mesurements (Techcomp Ltd., Shnghi, Chin). A fridge (Hier Co. Ltd., Shndong, Chin) ws used for storing the smples until tested. An H1850 Centrifuge (Xingyi Centrifuge Instrument Co., LTD., Chin) ws used for centrifugtion. 2.3. Anlysis Method of Compositions 2.3.1. Anlysis Method of Chemicl Compositions. Moisture content ws determined y the Assocition of Officil Anlyticl Chemists 925.10 method [14]. The crude protein content ws estlished in Kjeldhl pprtus, following the AOAC 920.87 method [14]. The fctor N 6.25 ws used to convert nitrogen into crude protein. The crude ft content ws determined y n SOX 406 utomtic ft nlyzer (Hnon Instruments, Shndong, Chin). Petroleum ether ws used s solvent nd the operting temperture ws 70 C. The crude sh content ws determined y the AOAC 923.03 method [14]. Amino cids were determined using Mikrotechn AAA 881 utomtic mino cid nlyzer ccording to the method descried y Moore nd Stein [15]. Hydrolysis of the smples ws performed in the presence of 6 M HCl t 110 C for 24 h under nitrogen tmosphere. To estimte the content of minerls ion, mc smples were digested y concentrted nitric cid nd perchloric cid (4 : 1, v/v). Minerls ion (K, N, Mg, C, Zn, Fe, Cu, nd Mn) were mesured y using n tomic sorption spectrophotometer (Shimdzu Instruments, Inc., AAF-7000F, Kyoto, Jpn) following the recommendtions of the Assocition of Officil Anlyticl Chemists [14]. 2.3.2. Anlysis Method of Bioctive Ingredients. The content of totl lkloids in mc ws determined y cidic dye colorimetry s descried y Gn et l. [16]. Bromothymol lue ws used for chromogenic gent nd nuciferine ws used s stndrd to drft the stndrd curve. The content of mc mide is determined y the method of HPLC-MS [17]. N- enzyl hexdecnmide ws used s stndrd. The content of glucosinoltes ws estimted y the HPLC-MS method [18]. Benzyl glucosinolte ws used s stndrd. 2.4. Antiftigue Effects In Vivo of Mc 2.4.1. Regents nd Kits. The dignostic kits for lood lctic cid, tissue glycogen, nd serum ure nitrogen were purchsed from Jincheng Bioengineering Institute (Nnjing, Chin). Other commercil chemicls used in the experiments were of nlyticl grde nd were purchsed from Guoyo Chemicl Regent Fctory (Shnghi, Chin). 2.4.2. Experiment Animls. 160 mle Kunming mice, weighing18 22gttheeginningofthestudy,werepurchsed from Shnghi SLAC Lortory Animl Co., Ltd. (Shnghi, Chin), License Numer: SCXK (Shnghi) 2012-0002, certificte numer: 2013001805390. They were fed under controlled environmentl conditions of temperture (22 ± 2 C) nd 12-h light/drk cycle nd mintined on stndrd rodent diet nd tp wter unless otherwise stted. All nimls received professionl humne cre in complince with the guidelines of the Experimentl Animl Mngement nd Animl Welfre Ethics Committee of Jingnn University (Wuxi, Chin). The numer of niml experimentl ethicl inspection is JN Numer 20140417-0529(30). 2.4.3. Experiment Design. After one week of dpttion, the mice were rndomly divided into four groups (40 mice in ech group) s follows: (i) control (C) group: the mice were llowedfreeccesstostndrdrodentdietndtretedwith distilled wter; (ii) low-dose Mc-treted (LMT) group: the mice were llowed free ccess to stndrd rodent diet nd treted with 40 mg/kg.w of mc; the mc tuer powder ws dissolved in distilled wter; (iii) moderte-dose Mctreted (MMT) group: the mice were llowed free ccess to stndrd rodent diet nd treted with 400 mg/kg.w of mc; (iv) high-dose Mc-treted (HMT) group: the mice were llowedfreeccesstostndrdrodentdietndtretedwith 1200 mg/kg ody weight of mc. All tretment groups were dministrted with the sme volume t 0.2 ml/10 g.w dy y gvge using feeding needle, once dy for 30 consecutive dys. All mice were provided with free ccess to stndrd rodent pellet food, which contins crude protein (18%), crude ft (4%), crude fier (5.0%), C (1 1.8%), P (0.6 1.2%),
Journl of Food Qulity 3 moisture (10%), nd sh (8%). The ody weights of mice were mesured weekly. 2.4.4. Forced Swimming Test. The forced swimming test ws nlyzed ccording to the method descrie y Zhng et l. [19] with some modifiction. After the lst tretment, 10 mice of ech dose group were used for the forced swimming test. The 40 mice were llowed to rest for 30 min nd then weighted nd loded with tin wire (5% of ody weight) ttched to the til. The forced swimming cpcity of mice ws crried out in n crylic plstic pool (50 cm 50 cm 40 cm) with 30-cm-deep wter t 25 ± 0.5 C. The wter ws stirred to keep the mice lims moving. The mice were determined to e exhusted when they filed to return to the surfce of wter to rethe within 7-s period; then the forced swimming time ws immeditely recorded. 2.4.5. Blood Lctic Acid Assy. Blood lctic cid ws nlyzed ccording to the method descrie y Zhng et l. [19] with some modifiction. After the lst tretment, 10 mice of ech dose group were used for the lood lctic cid ssy. The mice were llowed to rest for 30 min, nd then forced to swim without lods in the swimming pool s descried in forced swimming test for 10 min while the wter temperture ws chnged to 30 ± 0.5 C. Fifty microliters of lood smple ws collected y inner cnthus leeding method efore, immeditely fter, nd 20 min resting fter swimming, respectively. Blood smples of the mice were collected in heprinized tues. The concentrtion of lood lctic cid ws determined y the kits purchsed from Nnjing Jincheng Bioengineering Institute (Nnjing, Chin). The ccumultion of lood lctic cid (the re of lood lctic cid under the curve) ws clculted ccording to technicl stndrds for testing nd ssessment of helth food [20] using the following eqution: The ccumultion of lood lctic cid = 1 2 (+) 10+1 2 (+c) 20. (1) In the eqution, is the lood lctic cid concentrtion of mice efore swimming; is the lood lctic cid concentrtion of mice immeditely fter swimming; c is the lood lctic cid concentrtion of mice 20 min (resting) fter swimming. 2.4.6. Serum Ure Nitrogen Anlysis. After the lst tretment, 10 mice of ech dose group were used for the serum ure nitrogen nlysis. After swimming for 90 min without lods (s descried in lood lctic cid test), the lood smples were collected through removing the eyell nd then centrifuged t 3500 g, 4 C for 15 min efore nlysis. The concentrtion of serum ure nitrogen ws determined y the serum ure nitrogen kits. 2.4.7. Liver Glycogen Anlysis. After the lst tretment, the other40micewerellowedtorestfor30minndthen scrificed y decpittion under nesthesi with sodium pentoritl (40 mg/kg.w, ip) to collect livers. The livers were wshed with 0.9% sline nd lotted y filter pper. The liver smple ( 100 mg) ws ccurtely weighted. The content of liver glycogen ws determined ccording to the recommended procedures provided y the kits purchsed from Nnjing Jincheng Bioengineering Institute (Nnjing, Chin). 2.5. Dt Anlysis. The tests in this pper were duplicted for ech smple nd men vlues of the duplicted tests re presented. Comprisons were crried out on softwre of SPSS for Windows (version 19.0, SPSS Inc. 2015). All niml experimentl dt were expressed s the men ± SD. The dt weresujectedtoone-wynlysisofvrince.p < 0.05 ws considered to e sttisticlly significnt. 3. Results nd Discussion 3.1. Compositions of Xinjing Mc 3.1.1. Chemicl Compositions. It is showing in Tle 1 tht the wter content of the mc cultivted in Xinjing is 7.01%, which is slightly lower thn the dt reported y Dini et l. (10.40%) (1997), s well s Yng et l. (10.40%) [21], while it isclosetothtreportedyyundjin(7.64%)[22].proteinis the most importnt nutrient for humn since it is relted to orgnisms running nd life ctivities, so tht protein content is n importnt indictor of the nutritionl vlue of foods. As it shows from Tle 1, the protein content of yellow mc cultivted in Xinjing is 13.42%, which is higher thn protein content of 10.2% reported y Dini et l. [2], 9.1% reported y Yng et l. [21], nd 8.87% reported y Yu et l. (2004). It mens tht Xinjing mc is n undnt resource of nutrition s new kind of introduced food. The lipid content of 1.42% is lower when compred to the results of 2.2% y Dinietl.[2]nd2.0%yYuetl.(2004),utitiscloseto result of 1.38% reported y Yng et l. [21]. This vrition my e ttriuted to the plnting environment. The sh content of 3.41% in our report is similr to 3.08% reported y Du et l. [23]. 3.1.2. Amino Acid Composition. The mino cid composition (Tle 2) shows tht Xinjing mc hs high content of essentil mino cids, reching 27.2%. Compred with the essentil mino cid pttern of FAO-WHO in 1973 [24], the contents of methionine, phenyllnine, nd leucine re, respectively, 8.5 mg/g protein, 31.9 mg/g protein, nd 46.4 mg/g protein, which re lower thn essentil mino cid pttern. The contents of Threonine, Vline, Isoleucine, nd Lysine re, respectively, 32.7 mg/g protein, 65.0 mg/g protein, 36.6 mg/g protein, nd 50.4 mg/g protein, which re close to those in the pttern. The Vline content of 65.0 mg/g protein is much higher thn tht of 50 mg/g protein in the pttern. Vline is closely connected with the ntiftigue ctivity of mc. Besides, Isoleucine nd Leucine cn lso contriute to the ntiftigue function of mc. As result, mc cultivted in Xinjing shows n excellent profile, confirmed y the high content in essentil mino cids. 3.1.3. Minerl Composition. Minerl compositions of yellow mc cultivted in Xinjing re shown in Tle 3. The three elements including C, Mg, nd Zn re closely relted to the
4 Journl of Food Qulity Compositions Wter content/% Tle 1: Compositions of yellow mc cultivted in Xinjing. Protein content/% Oil content/% Ash content/% Mc mide (mg/g mc) Glucosinolte (mg/g mc) Alkloid (mg/g mc) Mc 7.01 ± 0.04 13.42 ± 0.57 1.42 ± 0.16 3.41 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.01 1.24 ± 0.04 0.20 ± 0.05 Dt in this tle re ll expressed y wet sis content. Tle 2: Amino cid composition of yellow mc cultivted in Xinjing. Amino cids Content mg/g protein Essentil mino cid pttern Chemicl score Essentil mino cid Threonine 32.7 40 82 Vline 65.0 50 130 Methionine 8.5 35 24 Phenyllnine 31.9 60 53 Isoleucine 36.6 40 92 Leucine 46.4 70 66 Lysine 50.4 55 92 Nonessentil mino cid contents Asprtte 82.8 Glutmte 138.9 Serine 25.4 Histidine 27.5 Glycine 43.1 Arginine 202.3 Alnine 39.4 Tyrosine 22.8 Cysteine 2.5 Proline 0.5 () Amino cid with mens one of the essentil mino cids; () Chemicl score = 100 (per grm of the mino cid contents in detected protein/per grm the mino cid contents in the essentil mino cid pttern). ntiftigue ctivity of mc. The Xinjing mc is especilly rich in the content of Mg, C, nd K. Although the content of Cu is slightly lower nd the content of C is higher, the other minerl contents of the Xinjing mc re found to e in consistency with the results of erlier investigtion y Dini et l. [2]. 3.1.4. Biologicl Active Ingredients. Alkloid is one of the most importnt ioctive components nd it is relted to mny helthy effects of mc. From Tle 1, we cn find tht the contentoflkloidinxinjingmcis0.20%.thisresult is similr to the dt 0.22% reported y Gn et l. [16]. As the unique lkloid only found in mc, mc mide ws reported to hve influence on incresing liido [25]. The content of mc mide is 0.17 mg/g mc (0.0017%), which is in ccord with the rnge of 0.0016% 0.013% in other reports [26]. Glucosinoltes re secondry metolites with negtive ion hydrophilic which contin sulphur nd nitrogen in plnt. Thererechngelesidechins(R)ndsulphoβ-Dglucofurnoses in them [27]. The decomposition products of them nd themselves were considered to hve lots of iologicl ctivity, such s the ility to comt pthogens nd cncer. The content of glucosinolte ws shown in Tle 1. The enzyl glucosinolte content of Xinjing mc is 1.24 mg/g mc, which lso mens tht the proportion of glucosinolte is 0.124% in mc. This is lower thn the result of 0.2% reported y Li et l. [5]. 3.2. Mice Experimentl Results 3.2.1. Effect of Xinjing Mc on Forced Swimming Time. Ftigue is one of the most frequent physiologicl rections. Tn et l. [28] hve descried the complex mechnism of ftigue s follows: it is cused y the depletion of energy sources, including decrese in glycemic levels nd liver glycogen consumption. The side effects of ftigue include the ccumultion of lood lctic cid, the disorder of internl environment, nd metolic control disorders of nervous system [28]. In our report, the forced swimming test ws performed nd certin iochemicl prmeters relted were estimted. The forced swimming test is common experimentl exercise model to evlute the ntiftigue ctivity [29]. The mximum swimming time is directly relted to the ility of ftigue, so prolonged swimming times in forced swimming test indicte n incresing ility of ntiftigue [30]. The effects of Xinjing mc on forced swimming time re shown in Figure 1. As we cn see from Figure 1, forced swimming times of mice in MMT nd HMT groups re significntly longer (P < 0.05) thn tht in control group nd increse y 54.3% nd 77.3%, respectively. Forced swimming time in LMT group is 17.7% longer thn tht in the control group ut the difference is not significnt. This my e ttriuted to the lower dose of LHT group, which is only 10% of the dose in MMT nd 3.33% of tht in HMT, respectively. Wen et l. [31] found tht the forced swimming time of mice with 5.0 g/kg BW Yunnn mc significntly extended nd reched 324 sec compred with the control, which ws 211 sec. These results indicted tht Xinjing mc hs significnt ntiftigue ctivity when the dose is enough nd is cple of elevting the exercise tolernce in mice. 3.2.2. Effect of Xinjing Mc on Blood Lctic Acid Content. During intense exercises, the muscle produces considerle mount of lctic cid when it otins sufficient energy from neroic glycolysis, nd the incresed concentrtion of lctic cid rings out reduction in the ph vlue in muscle tissue nd lood, which could induce vrious iochemicl nd physiologicl side effects nd led to ftigue [32]. Therefore,
Journl of Food Qulity 5 Tle 3: Minerl ion composition of yellow mc cultivted in Xinjing (mg/kg). Minerl ion Zn Fe Cu Mn K N Mg C Content 30.7 ± 1.3 82.4 ± 0.8 5.9 ± 0.6 11.2 ± 0.6 11700.0 ± 141.4 188.0 ± 24.9 847.5 ± 15.3 13700.0 ± 282.8 Forced swimming time (s) 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 c c Blood lctic cid content (mmol/l) 200 150 100 50 0 C LMT MMT HMT Groups Figure 1: Effect of Xinjing mc on forced swimming time (C, control; LMT, low-dose mc-treted group; MMT, medium-dose mc-treted group; HMT, high-dose mc-treted group. Ech vlue represents the men ± SD (n = 10). Different letters indicte significnt differences mong groups (P < 0.05)). 0 C LMT MMT HMT Groups Figure 2: Effect of Xinjing mc on lood lctic content (C, control; LMT, low-dose mc-treted group; MMT, medium-dose mc-treted group; HMT, high-dose mc-treted group. Ech vlue represents the men ± SD (n = 10). Different letters indicte significnt differences mong groups (P < 0.05)). lood lctic cid content is sensitive index of ftigue sttus. The ccumultion of lood lctic cid content cn e n integrted indictor for investigting the chnges of lood lctic cid content. The effect of Xinjing mc on lood lctic cid content is showninfigure2.wecnfindthtfter10-minswimming nd 20-min rest, the ccumultions in MMT nd HMT groups were significntly lower thn tht in the control group (P < 0.05), decresed y 23.9% nd 28.2%, respectively. This result ws similr to those of Zhng et l. [33] nd Go et l. [34], which used Yunnn mc nd Peru mc, respectively. The ccumultion of lood lctic cid content in LMT group is lso lower thn the control group, ut it is not significnt. These results indicte tht Xinjing mc effectively delys the increse in lood lctic cid content, reduced the ctolism of protein for energy, nd incresed the dptive cpcity to exercise lod. However, the dose of Xinjing mc should e tkenintoconsidertiontorechthentiftiguectivity. 3.2.3. Effect of Xinjing Mc on Serum Ure Nitrogen Content. Ure is formed in the liver s the end product of protein metolism. Protein nd mino cids hve stronger ctolic metolism when the ody cnnot cquire enough energy produced y crohydrtes nd ft ctolic metolism fter n intense exercise, during which ure nitrogen increses [35]. Thus, serum ure nitrogen content is nother sensitive index of ftigue sttus. Serum ure nitrogen content (mmol/l) 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 C LMT MMT HMT Groups Figure 3: Effect of Xinjing mc on serum ure nitrogen content (C, control; LMT, low-dose mc-treted group; MMT, mediumdose mc-treted group; HMT, high-dose mc-treted group. Ech vlue represents the men ± SD (n = 10). Different letters indicte significnt differences mong groups (P < 0.05)). AsshownyFigure3,theserumurenitrogencontents of LMT nd MMT groups re not significntly higher thn tht of control group. This results show tht LMT nd MMT group cn not significntly increse the serum ure nitrogen content. The serum ure nitrogen content of HMT group
6 Journl of Food Qulity Glycogen content in liver (mg/g liver) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 C LMT MMT HMT Groups Figure 4: Effect of Xinjing mc on glycogen content in liver (C, control; LMT, low-dose mc-treted group; MMT, medium-dose mc-treted group; HMT, high-dose mc-treted group. Ech vlue represents the men ± SD (n = 10). Different letters indicte significnt differences mong groups (P < 0.05)). is significntly higher thn tht of the control group, which indictes tht too much intke of mc my increse the urden of protein metolism of ody so tht the serum ure nitrogen content of the deling group ws higher thn the control group. As consequence, the dose of mc for 1200 mg/kg w in HMT group cn do hrm to the mice. However, Zhng et l. [33] found tht Yunnn mc with the dosge of 0.4 g/kg BW nd 1.2 g/kg BW could significntly decrese the serum ure nitrogen content of mice compred with the control. Go et l. [34] found tht Peru mc during the experimentl dosge hs no ovious effect on the serum ure nitrogen content of mice compred with the control. The different results my e relted to the different plnting region nd chemicl composition. 3.2.4. Effect of Xinjing Mc on Glycogen Content in Liver. Energy for exercise is derived initilly from the rekdown of glycogen in muscle. After intense exercise, it my e depleted, nd t lter stges the energy will e derived from heptic glycogen [36]. Therefore, the depletion of glycogen stores my esignificntfctorinthedevelopmentofftigue. The effects of Xinjing mc on glycogen content in liver re shown in Figure 4. The liver glycogen content of MMT nd HMT groups ws significntly higher (P < 0.05) thn tht of control group, incresed y 66.3% nd 80.9%, respectively. The glycogen content in liver in the LMT group is lso lower, ut not significntly (P > 0.05). These results indicted tht Xinjing mc my contriute to the ctivtion of energy metolism which could dely physicl ftigue y incresing the storge of glycogen in liver. Also, s mentioned efore, the intke of mc must rech certin dose s to show the ctivity of ntiftigue. Similrly, Zhng et l. [33] lso found tht Yunnn mc with the dosge of 0.4 g/kg BW nd 1.2 g/kg BW could significntly increse the glycogen content in liver of mice compred with the control. 4. Conclusions Xinjing mc is rich in protein content nd mino cids, especilly rnched chin mino cids such s Vline nd Isoleucine relted to the ctivity of ntiftigue. It lso hs considerle minerls ion contents such s C nd Mg which is relted to ntiftigue ctivity. Besides, iologicl ctive ingredient contents such s mc mide, glucosinolte, nd lkloid of Xinjing mc re similr to those in mc from other res, which indictes it cn provide similr helth enefits like mc from other res. The results show tht the dried powder of Xinjing mc hs resonle nutritionl structure nd is kind of high vlue qulity food. The results of mice experiment showed tht intke of mc for 400 mg/kg w nd 1200 mg/kg w cn decrese lood lctic cid content s well s increse liver glycogen content nd forced swimming time. However, mc intke of 1200 mg/kg w cn significntly increse the serum ure nitrogencontentstodohrmtotheody.soxinjing mc hs dose-dependent ntiftigue effect y decresing lood lctic cid s well s incresing liver glycogen content nd forced swimming time. The intke dose of mc for 400 mg/kg w cn ring out significnt ntiftigue ctivity. Conflicts of Interest All uthors declre tht there re no conflicts of interest regrding the puliction of this pper. Acknowledgments The uthors cknowledge finncil support of the Specil Fund for Grin Reserch in the Pulic Interest (201513003-8), Agro-Scientific Reserch in the Pulic Interest (201303073-01), Chin Ntionl Nturl Science Foundtion (31371812, 31401532), the Science nd Technology Infrstructure Progrm of Jingsu (BM2014051/004), the Open Project Progrm of Stte Key Lortory of Diry Biotechnology, Bright Diry & Food Co. Ltd. (SKLDB2016-003), The Six-Tlent Peks Project in Jingsu Province, nd QingLn Project, which hs enledustocrryoutthisstudy. References [1] H. E. Flores, T. S. Wlker, R. L. Guimrães,H.P.Bis,ndJ.M. Vivnco, Anden root nd tuer crops: underground rinows, HortScience,vol.38,no.2,pp.161 167,2003. [2] A. Dini, G. Migliuolo, L. Rstrelli, P. Sturnino, nd O. Schettino, Chemicl composition of Lepidium meyenii, Food Chemistry,vol.49,no.4,pp.347 349,1994. [3] B.Cui,B.L.Zheng,K.He,ndQ.Y.Zheng, Imidzolelkloids from Lepidium meyenii, Journl of Nturl Products, vol. 66, no. 8, pp. 1101 1103, 2003. [4] M.Gnzer,J.Zho,I.Muhmmd,ndI.A.Khn, Chemicl profiling nd stndrdiztion of Lepidium meyenii (Mc) y reversed phse high performnce liquid chromtogrphy,
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