Mineral Oil Appliation Experiments: Reduing Current Season PVY Prinipal Investigator(s). Russell L. Groves, Assistant Professor and Entomology Extension Speialist, Department of Entomology, 537 Russell Laoratories, University of Wisonsin, Madison 5376 groves@entomology.wis.edu (68) 262 3229. Amy Charkowski, Assoiate Professor, Department of Plant Pathology, Russell Laoratories, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisonsin, Madison, WI 5376 amy@plantpath.wis.edu (68) 262 7911. A. J. Bussan, Assoiate Professor and Hortiultural Crops Extension Speialist, Department of Hortiulture, 429 Hortiulture, University of Wisonsin, Madison, WI 5376 ajussan@wis.edu, (68) 262 3519. Alex Crokford, Langlade County Agriultural extension Agent, 837 Clermont Street, PO Box 46, Antigo, WI 5449 46, alex.rokford@es.uwex.edu, (715) 627 6236. Cooperator(s): Stewart Gray, USDA ARS, Plant Protetion Researh Unit and Professor, Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaa, NY 14853 smg3@ornell.edu, (67) 255 7844. Roert Coltman, Program Diretor, Wisonsin Seed Potato Certifiation Program, P.O. Box 328, Antigo, WI 5449 roltman@fastaff.wis.edu, (715) 623 439. Rik Hafner, Senior Field Inspetor, Wisonsin Seed Potato Certifiation Program, P.O. Box 328, Antigo, WI 5449, rjhafner@fastaff.wis.edu, (715) 61 3643. Kevin Bula, Senior Field Inspetor, Wisonsin Seed Potato Certifiation Program, P.O. Box 328, Antigo, WI 5449, kpula@fastaff.wis.edu, (715) 61 3644. Sott Chapman, Assoiate Researh Speialist, Department of Entomology, 537 Russell Laoratories, University of Wisonsin, Madison 5376 hapman@entomology.wis.edu (68) 262 9914. Astrat. In reent years, Potato Virus Y has reemerged as a serious disease prolem in many potato prodution areas in the northern United States and eastern Canada. Asymptomati ultivars whih express mild or no symptoms when infeted with PVY omined with an inrease in reominant strains of this virus prevent aurate field identifiation and rouging of infeted plants. There is a lak of effetive strategies to redue the inidene of PVY infeted plants and tuers, and there is a need to improve ost effetive methods of determining PVY levels in seed lots and further understanding the impat of urrent season virus infetion on tuer storage and quality attriutes. Limited information urrently exists to doument the optimal oil appliation onditions to limit infetion of PVY during the urrent season. In the first year of preliminary researh, we have doumented signifiant redutions in PVY inidene using different foliar oil protetants at varying onentrations and appliation frequenies. This area of investigation seems extremely important towards limiting ontinued losses assoiated with asymptomati potato ultivars in whih PVY remains a hallenge.
Foliar Mineral Oil Treatments Antigo, Wisonsin 28. Langlade County Airport. I. Oil Appliations(s). Foliar Treatments (N=12): 12 treatments X 4 reps = 48 plots Treat Produt Appliation No. Frequeny Rate Nozzle Plot Flag (days) [on] Tip Numer Color 1) (11, 21, 31, 41) red 2) Aphoil 7.2 D3 DC25 (12, 22, 32, 42) white 3) 7.4 D3 DC25 (13, 23, 33, 43) lue 4) 7.4 XR 113 (14, 24, 34, 44) yellow 5) 4.2 D3 DC25 (15, 25, 35, 45) orange 6) 4.4 D3 DC25 (16, 26, 36, 46) pink 7) JMS 7.75 D3 DC25 (17, 27, 37, 47) green 8) 7.15 D3 DC25 (18, 28, 38, 48) rown 9) 7.15 XR 113 (19, 29, 39, 49) silver 1) 4.75 D3 DC25 (11, 21, 31, 41) lime 11) 4.15 D3 DC25 (111, 211, 311, 411) violet 12) QRD 416 4.1 D3 DC25 (112, 212, 312, 412) 2 red (OMRI Approved Formulation) II. Plot Size. Dimensions: 24 ft rows X 36 row (4 rows/ plot) = 54 ft 2 / plot 54 ft 2 / plot X 48 plots experimental repliates separated y 3, 2 alleys total experiment size =.6 ares Cultivars: treatment rows will onsist of 4, 2 plant rows of virus free S. tuerosum, v. Silverton ( ) flanked on all sides y guard rows of the PVY resistant v. Villetta Rose ( ) (Figure 1). Drive rows for foliar appliations ( ) will e arranged to over Villetta rose order rows and provide aess for foliar appliations to 4 row experimental plots. III. PVY Inoulum. Inoulum of Potato virus Y will e estalished y sap inoulating 2, plants entrally in the 2 nd and 3 rd rows of eah experimental plot. Infeted sap was generated from Niotiana taaum plants mehanially, sap inoulated with PVY O and PVY N:O from isolates olleted in Wisonsin 24 6. Plants were inoulated 26 June 28. IV. Treatment Evaluations: Foliar oil appliations will e applied eginning 1 July 28 using a CO 2 pressurized, trator mounted sprayer with a 12 oom operating at either 8 and 4 psi delivering total volumes of 21.1 and 37.5 gpa through 13 nozzles odies equipped with either 1) a D3 DC25 Dis Core type one spray tip, or 2) a XR 11 3VS Flat Fan spray tip spaed 12 apart, respetively. Inidene of PVY will e surveyed monthly y ounting all symptomati plants, and their relative position in eah experimental plot. Total plot yield will e determined at the onlusion of the experiment from eah plot.
REP IV 44 49 46 412 42 48 45 41 411 43 47 41 REP III 35 39 32 312 31 36 34 38 31 311 37 33 Irrigation Gun Alley 112 REP II 24 22 26 212 29 21 211 25 28 23 21 27 REP I 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 11 111 112 74 Rows,222 Figure 1. Experimental plot layout for evaluation of foliar applied, mineral oil treatments at the Langlade County Airport, Antigo, Wisonsin 28. Experimental plot size 4, row (36 ed) X 24 with 4 repliates resulting in an experiment size (222 X 112 ), (.6 ares). Two, PVY infeted plants, PVY O ( ) and PVY N:O ( ) were inoulated 26 June 28 in the enter 2 rows of eah plot to serve as an inoulum soure for spread.
28/Jun/28 (PVY Management Oil Appliations_28.PRT) Protool Spray/Seeding Plan Page 1 of 1 University of Wisonsin Madison Protool ID: Study Diretor: Loation: Investigator: Dr. Russ Groves Reps: 4 Plots: 12 y 2 feet Spray vol: 21.1 gal/a (37.5 gal/a for treatments 4 and 9) Mix size: 16 liters Trt Treatment Form Form Form Rate Other Other Growth Appl Amt Produt No. Type Name Con Unit Type Rate Unit Rate Rate Unit Stage Code to Measure 1 CHK 2 ADJ Aphoil 1 % SL 2 % v/v 32. ml/mx 3 ADJ Aphoil 1 % SL 4 % v/v 639.9 ml/mx 4 ADJ Aphoil 1 % SL 4 % v/v 639.9 ml/mx 5 ADJ Aphoil 1 % SL 2 % v/v 32. ml/mx 6 ADJ Aphoil 1 % SL 4 % v/v 639.9 ml/mx 7 ADJ JMS 1 % SL.75 % v/v 12. ml/mx 8 ADJ JMS 1 % SL 1.5 % v/v 24. ml/mx 9 ADJ JMS 1 % SL 1.5 % v/v 24. ml/mx 1 ADJ JMS 1 % SL.75 % v/v 12. ml/mx 11 ADJ JMS 1 % SL 1.5 % v/v 24. ml/mx 12 INSE QRD 416 1 % SL 1 % v/v 16. ml/mx Material Appliation Treatment Amount Amount Applied Date Rate (flag olors) Produt Water Aphoil Monday 2% (2=white, 5=orange) 64 ml 32 L (= 4. gal) 4% (3=lue, 4=yellow, 6=pink) 1.9L 32 L (= 8.4 gal) Thursday 2% (5=orange) 32 ml 16 L 4% (6=pink) 64 ml 16 L 3.5 L (.92 gal) JMS Monday.75% (7=green, 1=lime) 24 ml 16 L 1.5% (8=rown, 9=silver, 11=violet) 48 ml 16 L Thursday.75% (1=lime) 12 ml 16 L 1.5% (11=violet) 24 ml 16 L 1.3 L (.34 gal) QRD 416 Monday 1.% (12=2 red) 16 ml 16 L Thursday 1.% (12=2 red) 16 ml 16 L 32 ml Produt quantities required for listed treatments and appliations over 12 suessive weeks of treatment: Amount* Unit Treatment Name 12 week total 3.5 L Aphoil 1 SL 42 L (11.1 gal) 1.3 L JMS 1 SL 15.6 L (4.1 gal) 32 ml QRD 416 1 SL 3.8 L (1. gal) * 'Per area' alulations ased on spray volume= 4 gal/a, mix size= 5 liters (mix size asis). * Produt amount alulations inreased 25 % for overage adjustment. * 'Per volume' alulations use spray volume= 4 gal/a, mix size= 5 liters.
Mean Proportion of PVY Infeted Plants.5.4.3.2.1 a Aphoil (2%) Applied 1X / week Aphoil (4%) Aphoil (2%) Appliation Frequeny Applied 2X / week Aphoil (4%) (.75%) (1.5%) (.75%) (1.5%) QRD 416 (1.%) Figure 1. Mean proportion of PVY infeted plants olleted from the experimental plots reeiving different mineral oil ompounds, appliation frequenies, and appliation rates. Proaility of a differene in mean umulative proportion of PVY infeted plants is provided (α=.5) with a Least Squared Differene, means separation proedure. Means not followed y the same letter among olumns are signifiantly different. Applied 1X / week Applied 2X / week P=.213 Applied 2X / week (Conentration) Mean Proportion of PVY Infeted Plants.5.4.3.2.1 a Aphoil 1X Aphoil 2X JMS Stylet Oil 1X JMS Stylet Oil 2X P=.134 QRD 416 2X (Appliations / week) Figure 2. Mean proportion of PVY infeted plants among oil ompounds applied. Proaility of a differene in mean umulative proportion of PVY infeted plants is provided (α=.5).
Mean Proportion of PVY Infeted Plants.5.4.3.2.1 XR 113 P=.64 D3 DC25 XR 113 P=.2629 D3 DC25 Nozzle Tip / Aphoil JMS Figure 3. Mean proportion of PVY infeted plants omparing the extender range, flat fan nozzle tips (XR 113) with the dis ore, hollow one nozzle tips (D3 DC25). Proaility of a differene in mean umulative proportion of PVY infeted plants etween tips is provided (α=.5) for eah oil ompound evaluated, Aphoil and JMS, respetively. Mean Proportion of PVY Infeted Plants.5.4.3.2.1 a Aphoil JMS Stylet Oil P=.439 QRD 416 Figure 4. Mean proportion of PVY infeted plants omparing the mineral oil ompounds Aphoil, JMS, and QRD 416. Proaility of a differene in mean umulative proportion of PVY infeted plants among ompounds is provided (α=.5).
Tale 1. Mean (± SE) yield and quality parameters olleted from experimental treatments loated at the Langlade County Regional Airport, Experimental Researh Faility, Antigo, WI. Mean Yield and Quality Parameters / Treatment 1 Compound Applied Trt No. Appl Freq 2 Conentration Mean Proportion. (%) Nozzle Tip 3 US #1, Grade A Mean Proportion. US #1, Grade B Mean Total Yield (wt. / a) Untreated 1 96.5 ±.6 a 3.5 ±.6 a 358.4 ± 2. a Aphoil 2 7 2. D3 DC25 96.2 ±.7 a 3.8 ±.7 a 366.2 ± 4.9 a 3 7 4. D3 DC25 96.6 ±.3 a 3.4 ±.3 a 343.7 ± 15.8 a 4 7 4. XR 113 96. ±.5 a 4. ±.5 a 344.8 ± 1.6 a 5 4 2. D3 DC25 96.1 ±.3 a 3.9 ±.3 a 341. ± 12.2 a 6 4 4. D3 DC25 96.4 ±.4 a 3.6 ±.4 a 325. ± 29.4 a JMS 7 7.75 D3 DC25 96.1 ±.6 a 3.9 ±.6 a 32.5 ± 3.5 a 8 7 1.5 D3 DC25 96. ±.8 a 4. ±.8 a 335.5 ± 19.9 a 9 7 1.5 XR 113 95.9 ±.9 a 4.1 ±.9 a 318.8 ± 24.8 a 1 4.75 D3 DC25 97.2 ±.1 a 2.8 ±.1 a 367. ± 46.1 a 11 4 1.5 D3 DC25 95.7 ±.1 a 4.3 ±.1 a 313.3 ± 14.7 a QRD 416 12 4 1. D3 DC25 97.1 ±.3 a 2.9 ±.3 a 397.2 ± 27.4 a 1 Means followed y the same letter are not signifiantly different (P >.5; Fisher s Proteted LSD; n = 4). 2 Appliation frequeny of mineral oil ompounds ourred on either a weekly (one / 7 days) or i weekly (one / 4 days) asis. 3 Mineral oils were applied through a CO 2 pressurized, trator mounted sprayer with a 12 oom operating at either 8 and 4 psi delivering total volumes of 21.1 and 37.5 gpa through 13 nozzles odies equipped with either 1) a D3 DC25 Dis Core type one spray tip, or 2) a XR 11 3VS Flat Fan spray tip spaed 12 apart, respetively.
5 P=.8428 Mean Total CWT / Are 4 3 2 1 Aphoil (7) Aphoil (4) JMS Stylet Oil (7) JMS Stylet Oil (4) QRD 416 (4) Figure 5. Mean estimated total hundred weight (CWT) / are omparing the mineral oil ompounds Aphoil, JMS Stylet Oil, and QRD 416 applied at weekly (every 7 days) and i weekly (every 4 days). Proaility of a differene in mean estimated total hundred weight among ompounds and appliation intervals are provided (α=.5). 5 P=.2129 Mean Total CWT / Are 4 3 2 1 Aphoil JMS Stylet Oil QRD 416 Figure 6. Mean estimated total hundred weight (CWT) / are omparing the mineral oil ompounds Aphoil, JMS Stylet Oil, and QRD 416. Proaility of a differene in mean estimated total hundred weight among ompounds are provided (α=.5).
Mean Proportion of PVY Infeted Plants.5.4.3.2.1 a Aphoil (2%) Applied 1X / week Aphoil (4%) Aphoil (2%) Appliation Frequeny Applied 2X / week Aphoil (4%) (.75%) (1.5%) (.75%) (1.5%) QRD 416 (1.%) Figure 7. Mean proportion of PVY infeted plants resulting from winter grow out tests onduted in Homestead, FL 28 9. Symptoms reorded from plants grown from tuers reeiving different mineral oil ompounds, appliation frequenies, and appliation rates. Proaility of a differene in mean umulative proportion of PVY infeted plants is provided (α=.5) with a Least Squared Differene, means separation proedure. Means not followed y the same letter Applied 1X / week Applied 2X / week P=.213 Applied 2X / week (Conentration) Mean Proportion of PVY Infeted Plants.5.4.3.2.1 a Aphoil 1X Aphoil 2X d JMS Stylet Oil 1X JMS Stylet Oil 2X P<.1 QRD 416 2X (Appliations / week) Figure 8. Mean proportion of PVY infeted plants resulting from winter grow out tests onduted in Homestead, FL 28 9. Symptoms reorded from plants grown from tuers reeiving different oil ompounds applied. Proaility of a differene in mean umulative proportion of PVY infeted plants is provided (α=.5). d d
Mean Proportion of PVY Infeted Plants.5.4.3.2.1 XR 113 P=.8872 D3 DC25 XR 113 P=.4916 D3 DC25 Nozzle Tip / Aphoil JMS Figure 9. Mean proportion of PVY infeted plants resulting from winter grow out tests onduted in Homestead, FL 28 9. Symptoms reorded from plants grown from tuers omparing the extender range, flat fan nozzle tips (XR 113) with the dis ore, hollow one nozzle tips (D3 DC25). Proaility of a differene in mean umulative proportion of PVYinfeted plants etween tips is provided (α=.5) for eah oil ompound evaluated, Aphoil and JMS, respetively. Mean Proportion of PVY Infeted Plants.5.4.3.2.1 a Aphoil JMS Stylet Oil P=.31 QRD 416 Figure 1. Mean proportion of PVY infeted plants resulting from winter grow out tests onduted in Homestead, FL 28 9. Symptoms reorded from plants grown from tuers omparing the mineral oil ompounds Aphoil, JMS Stylet Oil, and QRD 416. Proaility of a differene in mean umulative proportion of PVY infeted plants among ompounds is provided (α=.5).
Researh Summary: 28 Field Season Results: 1) A signifiant differene in PVY (foliar) detetion was oserved among the different mineral oil ompounds examined, the appliation frequenies, and rate (or onentration). This resulted from a signifiant Compound X Appliation X Rate interation (F=7.12, df=3,9, P=.213). All oil appliations redued PVY foliar detetion when ompared with the untreated ontrol. Among appliation frequenies and produt onentrations, Aphoil applied twie weekly, at oth the 2 and 4% onentrations, resulted in the lowest overall foliar detetion of PVY. The remaining treatment ominations were not signifiantly different (Figure 1). 2) Averaging over mineral oil onentrations, Aphoil applied twie weekly again provided the greatest amount of protetion from infetion y PVY when ompared to other treatment ominations (Figure 2). Here again, the remaining treatment ominations were not signifiantly different to eah other, however all were signifiant improvements over untreated ontrol plots where as muh as 35% PVY infetion was deteted. 3) Comparing nozzle types for mineral oil appliation, no signifiant differenes were deteted etween nozzle tips with either the Aphoil or the JMS produts under the onditions of our test (Figure 3). Reall, we onduted this omparison with only Aphoil and JMS applied weekly at the higher, presried onentrations (4 and 1.5%) for eah ompound, respetively. 4) Averaging over appliation frequeny, onentration, and nozzle type, no signifiant differenes were oserved among the 3 mineral oil ompounds tested in this experiment with respet to foliar detetion of PVY infetion (Figure 4). Numerially, Aphoil had the least infetion (3.1%) followed y QRD 416 (5.1%), and then JMS (7.8%). Again, all ompounds performed etter than untreated ontrol plots whih reahed 35% infetion y the end of the experiment. 5) No signifiant impats on tuer yield and quality were oserved among any of the treatment ominations in the experiment (Tale 1). Speifially, the mean proportion of US #1 'A' and 'B' grade potatoes, as well as total hundred weight / are, did not differ among the interation or main effet treatments in the experiment. 6) Closer examination of treatment effets with respet to total hundred weight per are, did not reveal any signifiant differenes among appliation frequeny and the mineral oil treatment applied (Figure 5). Averaging over all appliation frequenies and onentrations, no differenes in tuer yield and quality were noted among the mineral oil ompounds examined (Figure 6). Numerially, appliations of QRD 416 (2X week at 1%) resulted in the highest total yields (397.3 wt/a), followed y the untreated ontrol plots (358.4 wt/a), Aphoil (applied one and twie weekly at 2 and 4%) (343.9 wt/a), and JMS (applied one and twie weekly at.75 and 1.5%). 28 9 Winter Grow Out Test Results: 1) The most important set of oservations for this experiment must e interpreted from the Wisonsin Seed Certifiation, Winter Grow Out Test loated in Homestead, FL. As is often the ase with asymptomati varieties (e.g. Silverton Russet ), the infetion frequenies in the aove ground portion of plants do not often aurately reflet the inidene of infetion among daughter tuers. Similar to the field ased assays at the end of the growing season, some signifiant differenes in PVY were oserved among the different mineral oil treatments examined. Here again, all oil appliations redued PVY detetion when ompared with the untreated ontrol (49.5%). Following the untreated ontrol, the QRD 416 ompound averaged 15.3% PVY inidene. Among remaining appliation frequenies and produt onentrations, Aphoil applied at the 2% onentrations, oth one and twie a week, resulted in the next highest overall PVY infetion. Finally, all remaining treatment ominations were not signifiantly different (Figure 7).
2) Averaging over mineral oil onentrations, JMS and Aphoil applied twie weekly provided the greatest amount of protetion from infetion y PVY when ompared to other treatment ominations (Figure 8). Here again, treatment ominations other than QRD 416, were signifiant improvements over untreated ontrol plots where as muh as 49.5% PVY infetion was deteted. 3) Comparing nozzle types for mineral oil appliation, no signifiant differenes were again deteted etween nozzle tips with either the Aphoil or the JMS produts during the Winter Grow Out Test (Figure 9). 4) Averaging over appliation frequeny, onentration, and nozzle type, no signifiant differenes were oserved etween the JMS and the Aphoil tested in this experiment (Figure 1). Numerially, JMS had the least infetion (4.4%) followed y Aphoil (8.5%), and then QRD 316 (15.3%). Again, all ompounds performed etter than untreated ontrol plots whih reahed 49.5% infetion during the Winter Grow Out Test.