1 Unit 2 Notes: Cells What you need to know: 1. MC.2.B.1: Construct a hierarchy of life from cells to ecosystems. (ex: cell, tissue, organ etc) 2. NS.12.B.4: Relate the development of the cell theory to current trends in cellular biology 3. MC.2.B.2: Compare and contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 4. MC.2.B.3: Describe the role of sub-cellular structures in the life of a cell: organelles ribosomes Cytoskeleton 5. MC.2.B.4: Relate the function of the plasma (cell) membrane to its structure. 6. MC.2.B.5: Compare and contrast the structures of an animal cell to a plant cell. 7. MC.2.B.7: Compare and contrast active transport and passive transport mechanisms: diffusion osmosis endocytosis exocytosis phagocytosis pinocytosis Vocabulary 1. eukaryote An organism in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a distinct nucleus. 2. prokaryote A microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles 3. organelle A specialized structure with a specific function in a living cell. (little organ) 4. lipid bilayer The structure of cell membranes, a thin membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules 4. diffusion the movement of particles through random motion from areas of high concentration to low concentration 5. osmosis Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane 6. equilibrium A condition in which a concentration of a solute is the same throughout a solution. 7. active transport An energy requiring process that moves molecules across a cell membrane. 8. passive transport A process that moves molecules across a cell membrane and does not require energy. 9. exocytosis An energy requiring process that expels substances from the cell. 10. endocytosis An energy requiring process that brings substances into the cell. 11. pinocytosis The ingestion of liquid into a cell by the pinching in of the cell membrane. 12. phagocytosis The ingestion of solid material by the in-folding of the cell membrane
2 Organelles and Structures: 13. nucleus The organelle that contains the genetic material and controls all processes for the eukaryotic cell. 14. cytoplasm The gel-material within a living cell 15. Endoplasmic reticulum A network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis. (smooth & rough) 16. Golgi bodies (apparatus, A complex of stacked membranes involved in secretion and intracellular transport complex) 17. Lysosomes An organelle containing enzymes that digests and recycles waste 18. Vacuoles A space or vesicle enclosed by a membrane and typically stores fluid with dissolved materials. 19. Mitochondria Organelle that functions in energy production. Converts food molecules into usable energy. 20. Chloroplasts An organelle that contains chlorophyll and aids in the process of photosynthesis. 21. centrioles A structure found in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in cell division 22. ribosome A structure found in all cells that produces proteins. 23. cytoskeleton A structure of protein filaments that gives cells their shape and structure 24. cell (plasma) membrane The semipermeable membrane that encloses the cytoplasm of a cell 25. cell wall A support structure outside the cell membrane (not found in animals). 26. Large (central) vacuole Large vacuole in plant cells that help give structure and rigidity to the plant.
3
1. MC.2.B.1: Construct a hierarchy of life from cells to ecosystems. (ex: cell, tissue, organ etc) 4 CELL TISSUE ORGAN ORGAN SYSTEM ORGANISM Ex: Ex: Ex: Ex: Ex: picture picture picture picture picture 2. NS.12.B.4: Relate the development of the cell theory to current trends in cellular biology Important Scientists: Anton van Leeuwenheok Theodor Schwann Matthais Schleiden Rudolph Virchow Cell Theory: 1. 2. 3. Central piece of equipment:
5 3. MC.2.B.2: Compare and contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Nucleus: PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
6 4. MC.2.B.3: Describe the role of sub-cellular structures in the life of a cell: organelles, ribosomes, Cytoskeleton Organelle: ORGANELLES ROLE OR FUNCTION DESCRIPTION/PICTURE NUCLEUS RIBOSOMES ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM GOLGI BODIES LYSOSOMES VACUOLES CENTRAL (LARGE) VACUOLE MITOCHONDRIA CHLOROPLAST
Microtubule: STRUCTURE ROLE OR FUNCTION DESCRIPTION/PICTURE CENTRIOLES 7 CELL WALL CELL (PLASMA) MEMBRANE CYTOPLASM CYTOSKELETON
8 5. MC.2.B.5: Compare and contrast the structures of an animal cell to a plant cell. Plants Only Plants and Animals Animals only BASIC LIPID Hyrophilic: Hydrophobic:
9 6. MC.2.B.4: Relate the function of the plasma (cell) membrane to its structure. Phospholipid bilayer: Structure Function Proteins: Carbohydrates: Cholesterol:
10 7. MC.2.B.7: Compare and contrast active transport and passive transport mechanisms: diffuses, osmosis, endocytosis, exocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis PASSIVE TRANSPORT ACTIVE TRANSPORT ENERGY REQUIREMENT CONCENTRATION GRADIENT Examples of Passive Transport: Examples of Active Transport: 1. Diffusion: 1. Endocytosis Phagocytosis: Pinocytosis: 2. Osmosis: 2. Exocytosis
11 Cells Test Review: Determine if the following are prokaryotic, eukaryotic, or both. 1. Can be multicellular 2. Has a nucleus 3. Bacteria 4. Smaller and less complex Determine which organelles have these functions. 5. Modifies proteins and moves them around the cell 6. Provides energy for the cell 7. Regulates or controls what enters and leaves the cell 8. Helps divide the cell 9. Package products and send them to their final destination 10. Surrounds the cell and provides structure, support, and protection 11. Breaks down compounds to clean the cell 12. Provides support inside of the cell 13. Makes proteins 14. Breaks down chemical energy in food and changes it to usable energy Determine which has this structure: plant cell, animal cell, or both 15. Large central vacuole 16. Nucleus 17. Cell wall 18. Mitochondria 19. Chloroplast 20. Centrioles 21. Golgi bodies 22. Ribosomes 23. Endoplasmic reticulum Define the following terms. 24. Passive transport: 25. Active Transport: 26. Diffusion: 27. Phagocytosis: 28. Pinocytosis: 29. Osmosis: 30. What is something that both passive and active transport have in common?
12 Determine whether the following are active or passive transport. 31. Diffusion 32. Exocytosis 33. Endocytosis 34. Osmosis What will happen to the following cells? 35. The cell is put into salt water. Why does the cell shrink? 36. The cell is put into fresh water. Why does the cell burst? Answer the following questions to describe the structure of the cell membrane. 37. How are the phospholipids arranged? 38. What are the channels and pumps that help materials cross made of? 39. What helps give the cell membrane extra support and structure? 40. What is the cell membrane s job? 41. What kinds of cells have a cell membrane? Put the following terms in order from smallest to largest and define them: organism, tissue, cell, organ system, organ 42. 43. 44. 45. 46.