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Biology: Macromolecules 2
Carbohydrates Carbohydrate organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio Meaning: hydrated carbon ratio of h:0 is 2:1 (same as in water) Source: plants (photosynthesis) E.g. sugars & starches Most abundant of 4 macromolecules Main, primary energy source easily digested Found in all parts of cell 3
Simple Carbohydrates Monosaccharide - simple carbohydrate (single, simple sugar) Chemical formula: c6h12o6 Structure: hydroxyl (-oh) groups & carbonyl (-c=o) group Contain a great deal of energy e.g. glucose, galactose, & fructose 4
Simple Carbohydrates Examples: Glucose Produced by green plants Galactose found in milk Fructose Found in fruit Same molecular formula (c6h12o6) but different arrangements of individual atoms (isomers) 5
Simple Carbohydrates Structure Linear or ring configuration Hydroxyl group (-oh) Attached to all carbon except 1 carbonyl group (-c=o) Carbon without an attached hydroxyl group is double-bonded to an oxygen All other available binding sites of carbon occupied by hydrogen atoms 6
Simple Carbohydrates GLUCOSE Linear, straight chain model 3D 7
Simple Carbohydrates GLUCOSE When Solid: Linear, Straight Chain Structure When in Water: Ring Structure Linear, straight chain à ring Form 8
Simple Carbohydrates GLUCOSE Linear Structure Ring Structure 9
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Simple Carbohydrates 12
Simple Carbohydrates 13
Simple Carbohydrates 14
Simple Carbohydrates 15
Complex Carbohydrates Dehydration Synthesis reaction in which small molecules join to form a large molecule, removing water in the process Hydrogen (H) removed from 1 Monosaccharide & hydroxyl (Oh) removed from another 16
Complex Carbohydrates Dehydration Synthesis reaction in which small molecules join to form a large molecule, removing water in the process Hydrogen (H) removed from 1 Monosaccharide & hydroxyl (Oh) removed from another 17
Complex Carbohydrates Disaccharide double sugar formed from combination of 2 simple sugars Molecular formula: C12H22O11 Formed from dehydration synthesis Contain a (covalent) bond between carbon (C) of one sugar & a oxygen (O) at any position on other sugar E.g. sucrose, lactose, & Maltose 18
Complex Carbohydrates Disaccharide double sugar formed from combination of 2 simple sugars 19
Complex Carbohydrates Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose (Table sugar) commonly used by plants to transport sugar from 1 part of plant to another 20
Complex Carbohydrates Glucose + galactose = lactose (milk sugar) -OH on C-1 of 1 monosaccharide & -OH on C-4 of another monosaccharide collectively give up 2 H & 1 O to form water & are then joined together by remaining O 21
Complex Carbohydrates Glucose + glucose = Maltose (malt sugar) 22
Complex Carbohydrates Polysaccharide - large molecule formed when many monosaccharides link together Composed of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides joined together through dehydration synthesis Most abundant of organic compounds Functions: structural support & storage E.g. starch, cellulose, & glycogen 23
Complex Carbohydrates Examples: Cellulose forms cell wall of plants; cannot be digested by animals Most animals that ingest grass or wood have special micro organisms living in their gut that digest the cellulose & animals in turn absorb the breakdown product 24
Complex Carbohydrates Examples: Starches (Found in plants) can be digested by animals Glycogen starch like compound produced by animals. In mammals glycogen is stored in liver & muscles where it provides a quick source of energy & serves as a storage substance for excess glucose taken up from blood. 25
Complex Carbohydrates 2 Major Types: Storage polysaccharides starches & related compounds in plants, & glycogen in animal liver & muscles. These giant molecules are made from repeating units of glucose in configuration, so they can all join together in a straight chain). Structural polysaccharides - include cellulose & related compounds. Cellulose is found in plant cell walls and is the most abundant organic compound on Earth. This provides us with fiber in our diet, wood, and paper. Cellulose is formed from glucose in the configuration, and for the -1-4 glycosidic linkages to form, every other glucose molecule must flip up side down, as we saw in lactose. Our bodies, and the bodies of almost all other animals, do not have the necessary enzymes to break this -linkage, thus we cannot digest cellulose, and it is the fiber or bulk in our diet. 26
Complex Carbohydrates 27
Carbohydrates Hydrolysis catabolic reaction that splits apart molecules with the consumption of water 28
Carbohydrates Hydrolysis catabolic reaction that splits apart molecules with the consumption of water 29
Carbohydrates 30
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