Biological Molecules 1
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1 Biological Molecules 1
2 Overview Macromolecules Monomers and polymers The four classes of biological molecules Lipids Saturated, unsaturated, trans fats Phospholipids Steroids Carbohydrates Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides Proteins Amino acids Primary, secondary, tereary, quarternary structure Nucleic acids NucleoEdes DNA and RNA BIOL 211 Spring
3 The four classes of biological molecules All living things are made up almost enerely of four classes of large biological molecules: carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids These are macromolecules - large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms Macro = large BIOL 211 Spring
4 What do macromolecules look like? BIOL 211 Spring
5 Polymer - a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks Monomer the building block Three of the four classes of life s organic molecules are polymers Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic acids BIOL 211 Spring
6 Polymers and monomers (of both nonbiological type) Monomer Polymer BIOL 211 Spring
7 Polymer and monomer examples (of the nonbiological type) Nylon monomer Nylon polymer Nylon polymer BIOL 211 Spring
8 Kevlar Polyethylene BIOL 211 Spring
9 Monomer Monomer Polymer Polymer
10 All of these are one of the four classes of biological molecules that make up living organisms EXCEPT: A) Nucleic Acids B) Proteins C) Lipids D) Macromolecules
11 Which of the classes of biological molecules have a polymer form A) All of them B)Lipids, Nucleic acids, Proteins C) Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Carbohydrates D)Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
12 Which of the following is NOT a good example of a polymer/ monomer combinaeon: A) Paper clip chain/ Paperclips B) Table/ Boards, Screws and Nails C) Paper chain/rings of Paper D) A Lego Wall/ Lego Blocks
13 Class I: Carbohydrates Sugars and the polymers of sugars Simplest carbohydrate monomers are monosaccharides More complex carbohydrate polymers are called polysaccharides Purpose: fuel and fuel storage, building material Sugar Cellulose BIOL 211 Spring
14 Examples of carbohydrates Sugar, starch, cellulose, glucose BIOL 211 Spring
15 Sugars Carbo = carbon, Hydrate = water Monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH 2 O Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) is the most common monosaccharide BIOL 211 Spring
16 Structure of carbohydrates Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Though often drawn as linear skeletons, in aqueous solutions many sugars form rings 16
17 1 Monosaccharides Some common carbohydrate monomers Fructose Fruit sugar Glucose Produced by photosynthesis, used as energy storage Ribose Important in RNA (ribonucleic acid) Glucose BIOL 211 Spring
18 2 Disaccharides Two monosaccharides bond together to create a disaccharide Examples of disaccharides: Sucrose Table sugar Lactose Sugar found in milk BIOL 211 Spring
19 Lactose intolerance Inability to digest the sugar in milk Caused by a lack of the enzyme lactase, which breaks down lactose into its monosaccharides glucose and galactose Bacteria in your gut can metabolize it through fermentaeon though, which produces hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane BIOL 211 Spring
20 Many Polysaccharides Many monosaccharides linked together The structure and function of a polysaccharide are determined by its sugar monomers and how they are connected Two types of polysaccharides: storage and structural BIOL 211 Spring
21 Examples of polysaccharides Storage- These are ohen branched Starch Found in plant Glycogen found in animals Two types of Starch: 21
22 Structural polysaccharides One structural polysaccharide is cellulose The polysaccharide cellulose is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells BIOL 211 Spring
23 BIOL 211 Spring
24 What are the two main types (funceons) of polysaccharides? What are some examples of each? BIOL 211 Spring
25 What do they do? Type of macromolecule Example FuncBon Carbohydrates Starch, sugar Energy storage, structure Lipids Fat Cell membranes, energy storage Nucleic acids DNA, RNA Store geneec material Proteins Trypsin Cell machinery BIOL 211 Spring
26 BIOL 211 Spring
27 Cellulose is... A) A polysaccharide B) An important component of cell walls C) Made up of many monosaccharides D) All of the above
28 Which of the following is NOT a monosaccharide? A) Sucrose B) Glucose C) Ribose D) Fructose
29 Can you name 3 common polysaccharides? 1) Cellulose 2) Starch 3) Glycogen
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