Macromolecules. Polymer Overview: The 4 major classes of macromolecules also called are: 1) 2) 3) 4)

Transcription

1 Macromolecules Polymer Overview: The 4 major classes of macromolecules also called are: 1) 2) 3) 4) Q: Which of the above are polymers? (put a star by them). Polymer literally means. Polymers are long molecules with many units. Polymers are made up by. These monomers are linked together by bonds. Polymers form covalent bonds by also called reactions. To link two monomers together, a must be lost. Polymers can be broken apart by reactions. Hydrolysis literally means. To break up a polymer, you must use a molecule. The above reactions are important because much of the food that we eat consists of macromolecules that are too big to enter into our cells. Hydrolysis reactions are needed to down these large molecules into smaller ones. These smaller monomers then enter into the, then finally into cells. Once inside cells, the monomers are into new and different polymers needed for the cell to function. Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates form the major source of for people of the world. They are the, most easily obtainable, and most readily form of fuel. They serve to spare the burning of. The simplest formula for a carbohydrate is a written as. While disaccharides are written as (due to a loss of a ). Many monosaccharides linked together is called a. Most sugars end in.

2 Sugars differ from one another A) by the numbers of (size) and B) their arrangement [location of hydroxyl groups ( ) and carbonyl groups ( and )]. Q: The 2 sugars glucose and galactose are pictured below. Explain what gives these sugars different shapes and therefore different functions. Glucose, as well as most sugars form in aqueous solutions. Simple sugars can be combined by a condensation/ dehydration reaction to form or. Q: Explain how eating simple sugars is linked to amino acids and fatty acids: A linkage is a covalent bond formed between 2 by a condensation/ dehydration reaction. Q: Which disaccharides are being formed below?

3 Plants generally transport carbohydrates from their to their in the form of. Sucrose or table sugar is a disaccharide formed from and. Polysaccharides serve 2 roles: and. The polysaccharides,, and are composed entirely of monomers. Q: What makes the 2 storage polysaccharides starch and glycogen differ? Answer this by filling in the chart. Starch Glycogen is the most abundant compound on earth! It is found in the of plants. Q: Look at the glycosidic linkages found in starch and cellulose below. What is the difference between them?

4 In starch, all the glucose monomers are in the ( ) position. Starch is and can have. In cellulose, the glucose monomers are all in the ( ) position. Cellulose is / never branched. As we now know, plants have cellulose in their cell walls. The / straight groups help give plants and therefore wood strength. Cellulose is found in everything from to. Q: Humans cannot digest cellulose. Why is this? Q: Why then do humans eat fruits, vegetables, and grains that contain cellulose which provide no nutrients for humans? Some bacteria, some and some are able to digest cellulose. For example, have cellulose digesting bacteria in their (1 st stomach) that hydrolyze hay to nourish the cow. have protozoa in their gut to make a meal out of wood. is a carbohydrate found in the of arthropods. (insects, spiders, crustaceans). It is used as surgical that decomposes after the incision heals. Complete the following chart: Roles of carbohydrates Storage Examples of molecules Chitin and cellulose Energy Glucose (animals) and sucrose (plants)

5 Lipids: Lipids are not. They are than the other macromolecules, they have affinity for water ( ), and they contain mostly. Fats are formed by dehydration reactions linking a backbone to 3 chains. Fats / Lipids/ have 3 fatty acid chains that contain between and carbons. The head region near the glycerol contains a. The tail regions contain C-H bonds. This tail end is the reason why fats are and don t mix with water. Fats can be or. Saturated fats have only bonds in their hydrocarbon tails. While unsaturated fats have one or more bonds in their hydrocarbon tails. Some properties of saturated vs. unsaturated fats that result due to these structural differences are: saturated fats are mostly fats and are at room temperature (i.e. ). Unsaturated fats are mostly from and and are at room temperature ( i.e. ). Unsaturated fats are oils due to the in their hydrocarbon tails not allowing the molecules to together. Q: Peanut butter and margarine are partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. What does this mean? If a person has a diet high in fats they may develop / clogged. This is when saturated fats get converted to / plaque on the lining of and restrict blood flow.

6 Both and have similar properties due to the fact that both have many chains. Hence, both yield lots of when they are burned/ broken down. We mostly get vegetable oils from the of plants. Mammals store fats in tissue that can and as fat is deposited and withdrawn from storage. Mammals also store fat around vital to cushion the organs and beneath the to insulate the body. are similar to fats, but they only have fatty acids, not 3. The head region contains a group and is charged. When you place phospholipids into they assemble into a cluster called a. This helps to the hydrophobic tails. At the surface of a phospholipids are arranged into a providing a boundary between the cell and its external environment. Q: Explain why this structure makes it difficult for polar or uncharged molecules to pass through the membrane. are lipids that have carbon skeletons with fused. For example, is a steroid. Cholesterol comes from cell membranes. It is necessary in the body in amounts to build other steroids such as the hormones like and progesterone.

7 Proteins: Of the 4 macromolecules, you are primarily. The 8 functions of proteins are listed below. Complete the chart. Type of protein Function Examples collagen- tendons & ligaments Keratin- hair, horns, feathers Storage Albumin- egg white Transport of other substances Hormonal *not all hormones are proteins! Protects against disease Accelerate chemical reactions Actin and myosin-move muscles Cilia and flagella propel cells Nerve cell detects chemical signals from other nerve cells Each protein has a unique 3-D shape or and is constructed from different amino acids. Polymers of amino acids are called. Q: Label the parts to the amino acid below. Amino acids are grouped according to their side chains called the group. The R group can be (hydrophobic), (hydrophilic), (carboxyl), or (amino).

8 Q: What types of bonds hold amino acids together? Peptide bonds form when an joins 2 amino acids by a condensation/ dehydration reaction, linking a to an group. The sequence of amino acids determines a protein s shape/ conformation. The structure of a protein is the linking of in a chain by peptide bonds. is caused by an error in the primary structure of a protein. With sickle-cell anemia, amino acid is substituted with a different amino acid in the protein. Hemoglobin s function is to transport on. Just by changing one amino acid in the primary structure of this protein, a person develops the disorder.

9 There are 2 types of protein structures: and. The alpha-helix is formed when weak bonds form many times between the on the carboxyl group and the on the amino group. An example of a protein that has the alpha-helix for the secondary protein structure is found in. The beta-pleated sheets form when 2 regions of a polypeptide chain lie to each other and form. This secondary protein structure is found in. The structure to proteins is when all the groups of the amino acids come into play causing several bond types to occur. The / non-polar side chains cluster at the core away from. Then attractions occur to reinforce the hydrophobic interactions. form between the side chains due to polar molecules having partial charges. bonds form between the positive and negatively charged side chains. bonds also occur at the tertiary level as a result of the R-group side chains. The most important are the covalent. These form where 2 amino acids that have a side chain are brought together.

10 The protein structure is when or more polypeptides (tertiary level) come together to form a protein. It s not until the quaternary level that the protein gets folded and actually works. is an example of a 4 o level protein where 3 supercoiled into a large helix come together to form a rope-like structure with great strength. is when polypeptide subunits and 4 non-polypeptide parts called that contain come together. The heme groups are where binds. The 4 levels of protein folding occur with the aid of proteins. They help to fold the proteins into their correct in order to function properly. is when a protein unravels/ loses its 3-D conformation. Denaturation is caused by changes in,, and that disrupt the bonds. Because determines when it comes to any molecule, if the 3-D conformation is altered, the molecule will become biologically.