Skeletal System - Prelab 1 1. Which bones contain the paranasal sinuses? What function do the sinuses serve? 2. What two areas are separated from each other by the hard palate? Name the two bones that form the hard palate. 3. Most of the nasal septum is formed by what bones (be specific)? 4. The main sources of oxygenated blood supplying the brain are the internal carotid and vertebral arteries. Deoxygenated blood leaves the brain by way of the internal jugular veins. What openings in the axial skeleton transmit these vital blood vessels? 5. What important nerves are transmitted throught the cribriform plate and optic foraminae? What special senses would be affected if these nerves were damaged? 6. What is the function of the hyoid bone? 7. What delicate structures are protected by the petrous portion of the temporal bone? 8. What connection occurs within the foramen magnum? 9. The occipital condyles participate in forming which joint? 10. What endocrine gland is cradled by the sella turcica? 11. The condylar process of the mandible articulates with the mandibular fossa to form which joint? 12. A fracture of the orbit (from a fist, for example) could potentially damage which bones? 13. What are fontanels? What is their function? 14. Why are the lacrimal bones so named? 15. Which two bones form the zygomatic arch? Where can the arch be palpated externally? 16. What are the alveoli and in which bones are they found? 17. Where can the mastoid process be palpated externally?
Skeletal System - Prelab 2 1. What is transmitted through the intervertebral foraminae? 2. What important neural structure passes through the vertebral foraminae? 3. What is the function of the articular facets on the vertebrae? 4. What is a herniated (slipped) disc and what symptoms might it produce? How could a laminectomy relieve the symptoms? 5. Why are the transverse processes best developed in the thoracic vertebrae? 6. Why do lumbar vertebrae have the heaviest bodies? Skeletal System - Prelab 3 1. Describe how various bones form the following articulations. a. attachment of clavicle to axial skeleton and upper extremity b. shoulder joint c. elbow joint d. hip joint e. knee joint f. sacroiliac joint 2. Describe the anatomy of the carpal tunnel. What is the clinical significance of this passage? 3. What is a sesamoid bone? Give an example. 4. What large nerve enters the gluteal region from the pelvis by way of the greater sciatic notch? 5. What three structures are typically damaged from a blow to the lateral aspect of the knee joint? 6. Where can the following bony landmarks be palpated externally? a. anterior superior iliac spine and iliac crest b. medial malleolus, lateral malleolus c. medial epicondyle d. spine, acromion and coracoid process of scapula e. styloid processes of radius and ulna f. olecranon process g. tibial tuberosity h. pubic symphysis 7. List the bones which comprise the pelvis (pelvis = basin). Compare the greater (false) pelvis with the lesser (true) pelvis. What are the principal structural differences between typical female and male pelvises, and why do these differences exist?
The Skeletal System The Axial Skeleton The Appendicular Skeleton Articulations and Body Movements The Skeleton: Framework of bones and cartilage that protects organs and allows movement of body parts. Functions 1. Provides attachments for muscles, thus acting as levers to produce movement. 2. Protects internal organs. 3. Mineral storage - Ca2+ 4. Hematopoiesis - blood formation (marrow) Types of bones Long bones - greater length than width; curved for strength to absorb stress of body weight (otherwise would break); both compact and spongy (humerus) Short bones - cube-shaped; nearly equal in width and length; spongy except at surface (carpal and tarsal) Flat bones - Thin; composed of 2 nearly parallel plates of compact bone enclosing spongy bone (cranial bones) Irregular bones - bizarre shapes including vertebrae; variable amounts of spongy and compact Sesamoid bones - sesame seed-shaped bones embedded in tendons (patella in tendon of quadriceps femoris) Sutural bones - AKA Wormian bones are small bones contained within joints of cranial bones Divisions of the skeletal systems: Adult has 206 bones Axial skeleton - forms longitudinal axis of skeleton Skull Vertebral column including sacrum Rib cage Appendicular skeleton - forms the bones of the upper and lower limbs upper extremities lower extremities plus girdles (connect extremities to axial skeleton) Bone Markings Depressions and openings Fissure a narrow, slit-like opening through which blood vessels or nerves pass Fontanel space between cranial bones at birth Foramen a rounded opening through which blood vessels, ligaments or nerves pass Fossa a shallow, basin-like depression Meatus a tube or passageway within a bone Paranasal sinus an air-filled cavity within a bone lined with a mucous membrane; connects to the nasal cavity Sulcus a groove that allows passage of a blood vessel, nerve or tendon Processes to which muscles, tendons or ligaments attach Crest a prominent border or ridge of bone Epicondyle a prominence above a condyle Linea (line) a ridge of bone less prominent than a crest Spinous process (spine) a sharp, slender process Trochanter a very large prominence found only on the femur Tuberosity a large, round, roughened process Processes that help form joints Condyle a large, round articulating prominence Facet a smooth, flat articulating surface Head a rounded articulating projection supported on a narrowed neck Ramus a projection of a bone that forms an angle with the largest part of the bone All bones and features to know Cranium Sutures Coronal Sagittal Lambdoidal Squamosal Occipitomastoid suture Cranial bones Frontal Parietal Occipital Markings - occipital condyles, external occipital protuberance Temporal (petrous portion, squamous portion, mastoid process) Markings - mandibular fossa, zygomatic process (of the zygomatic arch), styloid process Sphenoid Markings - sella turcica ( Turkish saddle ) Ethmoid Markings - cribriform ( moth eaten ) plate, olfactory foramina, perpendicular plate, crista galli ( cock s comb ), superior and middle nasal conchae
All bones and features to know - cont. Facial bones Maxilla (forms part of the hard palate) Markings alveoli, inferior nasal concha Zygomatic Nasal Lacrimal Palatine (forms part of the hard palate) Mandible Markings - condylar process, alveoli Vomer Inferior nasal concha (turbinate) Openings Foramen magnum ( big hole ) - occipital Carotid foramen (canal) - temporal Jugular foramen - occipital Superior orbital fissure Inferior orbital fissure Optic foramen Internal auditory meatus - temporal External auditory meatus - temporal Foramen rotundum - sphenoid Foramen ovale - sphenoid Foramen spinosum - sphenoid Foramen lacerum Mental foramen - mandible Hypoglossal canal Vertebral Column Parts of a typical vertebrae: Body Vertebral arch (pedicle, lamina, spinous process) Vertebral foramen Transverse processes Spinous process Superior and inferior articular facets or processes Intervertebral foraminae Intervertebral discs Specific vertebrae Atlas Axis Markings - odontoid process or dens Cervical vertebrae Markings - transverse foraminae, bifid spines Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx The Bony Thorax Sternum: 3 bones of the sternum - manubrium, body, xiphoid process, jugular notch, clavicular notch Ribs: Types - true, false, floating Costal cartilages Bones of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Extremity Clavicle Scapula: left vs. right, glenoid cavity (fossa), spine, acromion, coracoid process, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa, subscapular fossa Humerus: left vs. right, head, greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, shaft, medial epicondyle, capitulum, trochlea, olecranon fossa, deltoid tuberosity Radius: head, shaft, radial tuberosity, styloid process Ulna: olecranon process, trochlear notch, shaft, styloid process Bones of the wrist and hand, metacarpals - hamate, capitate, pisiform, triquetrum, lunate, trapezium, trapezoid, scaphoid, phalanges, proximal, middle, distal Bones of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb Coxal bone: Ilium: iliac crest, greater sciatic notch, anterior superior iliac spine, iliac fossa Ischium: ischial tuberosity Pubis Other markings of the coxal bone: Pubic symphysis, acetabulum, obturator foramen, sacroiliac joint Femur: left vs. right, head, neck, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, shaft, medial condyle, lateral condyle, gluteal tuberosity Patella Tibia: left vs. right, medial condyle, lateral condyle, tibial tuberosity, shaft, medial malleolus, intercondylar eminence Fibula: head, shaft, lateral malleolus Tarsals: talus, calcaneus, others as a group Metatarsals (not separately but as a group) Phalanges (not separately but as a group) Knee joint Tendon of the quadriceps femoris Patellar ligament Medial collateral (tibial) ligament Lateral collateral (fibular) ligament Anterior cruciate ligament Posterior cruciate ligament Medial meniscus Lateral meniscus Paranasal sinuses Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells (sinus) Sphenoid sinus Maxillary sinus
Axial Skeleton Identify the following bones and their markings. Skull Vertebral Column including Sacrum Rib cage Sacrum
Paranasal sinuses
Appendicular skeleton Forms the bones of the upper and lower limbs Identifications: With the aid of your Lab Manual, identify the following bones and their markings. upper extremities lower extremities plus girdles (connect extremities to axial skeleton)
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb