What is Learned? Lecture 9

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Transcription:

What is Learned? Lecture 9 1

Classical and Instrumental Conditioning Compared Classical Reinforcement Not Contingent on Behavior Behavior Elicited by US Involuntary Response (Reflex) Few Conditionable Behaviors Instrumental Reinforcement Contingent on Behavior Behavior Emitted by Organism Voluntary Responses ( Spontaneous ) Many Conditionable Behaviors 2

Avoidance Learning Solomon & Wynne (1953) Dog Placed in One Side of Apparatus Overhead Lights Deliver CS Floor Grid Delivers US After CS-US Interval Vault Barrier Escape After US Onset Avoidance Before US Onset 3

Two-Factor Theory of Avoidance Learning Mowrer (1947); critiqued by Seligman & Johnston (1973) Light ==> Shock Respond During Shock ==> Escape Respond Prior to Shock ==> Avoidance Classical Conditioning Anticipatory Fear Conditioned to Light Instrumental Conditioning Reinforce Escape/Avoidance Cessation of Shock US Cessation of Light CS 4

The Stimulus-Response Theory of Learning Association between Stimulus and Response Pavlov: CS = Bell; CR = Salivation Thorndike: CS = Puzzle Box; CR = Paddle Press Skinner: CS = (Illuminated) Key; CR = Keypeck Reinforcement Pavlov: US = Meat Powder Thorndike: Reward = Escape Skinner: Reinforcement = Food Pellet 5

Assumptions of S-R Learning Theory Association by Contiguity Co-Occurrence in Space, Time Arbitrariness (Equipotentiality) Any Stimulus, Any Response Empty Organism Organism as Black Box Collecting Ss, Rs Passive Organism Metaphor of Conditioning 6

Taste-Aversion Learning (Bait Shyness) Garcia & Koelling (1966) Compound CS US Bright, Noisy, Sweet Water Foot Shock (Immediate Pain) X-Rays (Delayed Nausea) Avoidance Test of Conditioning Choose Water Source Bright, Noisy Water Sweet Water 7

Taste-Aversion Learning Garcia & Koelling (1966) CS1 CS2 CS3 US1 UR1 US2 UR2 All Subjects Group 1 Group 2 Light Noise Taste Shock X-Ray 8

Preference Test of Conditioned Fear (Avoidance of Water Source) Garcia & Koelling (1966) CR (Licks per Mnute) 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Shock X-Ray CS Sweet Bright/Noisy US 9

Implications for S-R Learning Theory Arbitrariness Taste-Nausea, Sight/Sound-Shock Empty Organism Internal Structure Shaped by Evolution Association by Contiguity CS, CR Distant in Space, Time Law of Exercise One-Trial Taste-Aversion Learning 10

Species-Specific Defense Reactions Bolles (1970) Escape/Avoidance Learning in Pigeons Easy: Flap Wings, Stretch necks Impossible: Key Peck Escape/Avoidance Learning in Rats Easy: Jump Up, Run Hard: Lever Press Avoidance Learning Capitalizes on Species-Specific Repertoire of Defensive Reactions Built In by Evolution 11

The Preparedness Principle (Belongingness) Seligman (1970); Rozin & Kalat (1971) By Virtue of Its Evolutionary History, Each Species is Predisposed to Learn Certain Associations Prepared Unprepared Contraprepared 12

Constraints on Learning Biological Evolutionary History Cognitive Internal Representation of CS CR 13

Standard Paradigm for Classical Conditioning CS US CR Bell Food Drops of Saliva Time 14

Delay Conditioning CS US CR Bell Food Drops of Saliva Time 15

Trace Conditioning CS US CR Bell Food Drops of Saliva Time 16

Simultaneous Conditioning CS US CR Bell Food Drops of Saliva Time 17

Backwards Conditioning CS US CR Bell Food Drops of Saliva Time 18

Conditioned Inhibition in Backwards Conditioning Fear Conditioning Tone ==> Shock CR = Heart Rate Acceleration Physiological Index of Fear Standard Paradigm HR Acceleration During Tone Conditioned Fear Response Backward Paradigm HR Deceleration During Tone Inhibition of Fear Response 19

Contiguity Contiguity vs. Contingency in Conditioning Rescorla (1967, 1988) CS Co-Occurs with US Contingency CS Predicts US Standard Paradigm CS, US both Contingent and Contiguous Delay, Trace Conditioning CS, US Contingent but Not Contiguous Simultaneous Conditioning CS, US Contiguous but not Contingent Backwards Conditioning, Extinction (Below Zero) CS Predicts Absence of US 20

Informational Value of the CS When the US is Contingent on the CS, then the CS Provides Information About the US Conditioning Occurs Because the CS Provides Information about US Conditioning Does Not Occur When the CS is Not Informative What Happens When the Information in the CS is Redundant? 21

Conditioned Emotional Responses Tone CS Footshock US CR: Heart Rate Acceleration Paradigmatic Variations Standard Paradigm Delay, Trace Paradigms Simultaneous Paradigm Backwards Paradigm Safety Signal 22

The Blocking Experiment (1) Kamin (1969) Initial Conditioning with Compound CS CS1 CS2 US Noise Light Shock Test Conditioning with Light CS Alone Test CS2 CR Light Fear 23

The Blocking Experiment (2) Kamin (1969) Phase 1: Conditioning with Noise CS1 (1) Phase 2: Add Light CS2 Simultaneous with CS1 (2) 1 CS1 US Noise Shock CS1 Noise 2 CS2 US Light Shock Test CS2 CR Light Fear 24

The Blocking Effect Kamin (1969) Test Response to Light CR Magnitude 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Noise Alone Compound Alone Noise then Compound Sequence of Conditioning Trials 25

Unblocking the Blocking Experiment Phase 1: Conditioning with Simple CS Phase 2: Add Light CS2 Preceding CS1 1 CS1 US Noise Shock CS1 Noise 2 CS2 US Light Shock Test CS2 CR Light Fear 26

Predictability, Surprise, and Conditioning Kamin (1969) Conditioning Only Occurs When the US Surprises the Organism Organism Searches Environment for Predictors of US Irrelevant, Redundant Stimuli are Ignored Classical Conditioning Involves the Formation of Expectations CS predicts US 27

Implications for S-R Learning Theory Association by Contiguity Association by Contingency Empty Organism Expectations, Surprise Passive Organism Actively Engaged in Predicting Events 28

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