Biology 11 THE Cell
Objectives By the end of the lesson you should be able to: State the 2 types of cells Relate the structure to function for all the organelles
Types of Cells There are two types of cells: 1. Prokaryotic 2. Eukaryotic
What do you remember?? http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model. htm Label up your cells!!
Cell Membrane AKA: Plasma Membrane Confines the cytoplasm Controls what enters and leaves the cell Made of a phospholipid bilayer
Cell Membrane Structure of Cell Membrane The fatty acid tails are water hating The phosphate heads are water loving There are proteins embedded in the membrane to transport molecules through the membrane
Nucleus Surrounded by a double layer of nuclear membrane (four lipid layers) Houses nucleoplasm, DNA and nucleoli Recall: the nucleolus makes ribosomes Nuclear membrane is connected to the RER
Endoplasmic Reticulum Made of cell membrane folded into sacs There are two types: 1. Rough: has ribosomes attached 2. Smooth: no ribosomes attached RER & SER
RER & SER RER: processes proteins and sends them to the Golgi Apparatus SER: makes lipids, detoxifies poisons, drugs and other toxins
Ribosomes Found attached to the RER and floating in the cytoplasm Are the site of protein synthesis
Golgi Body AKA: Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Complex Made of flattened sacs of cell membrane Receives and exports proteins via vesicles
Vacuoles & Vesicles Membrane bound sacs used for storage Formed from ER and Golgi Apparatus
Protein Synthesis A little side-step from all the organelles You should be able to describe how these structures work together: DNA mrna Ribosomes RER Golgi Vesicles Proteins Nucleus Amino acids trna Nuclear Pore
Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell Converts chemical energy (glucose) into biological energy (ATP)
Chloroplast Site of photosynthesis, found in plants only Uses chlorophyll to convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose)
Flagella & Cilia Made of microtubles Flagella: move cells Cilia: move things past cells
Centrioles Not found in plant cells Help to organize spindle fibers during mitosis
Gives the cell its shape and supports organelles Moves things inside the cell Made of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments Cytoskeleton
Lysosomes & Peroxisomes Lysosomes: sac of hydrolytic enzymes that act as suicide sacs Peroxisomes: transfer hydrogen and detoxify parts of the cell
Crash Course Video Your Turn! Complete the Cell Parts Chart
Protein Synthesis 1. The nucleus receives a chemical signal to make a specific protein (RNA) 2. The DNA message for a specific protein is copied into a small molecule called ribonucleic acid or RNA 3. RNA leaves through a nuclear pore 4. The RNA message is delivered to the ribosome, where the protein is made
Protein Synthesis cont d 5. 5. The manufactured protein enters the ER 6. 6. A vesicle forms off the end of the ER and carries the vesicle to Golgi body 7. Golgi repackages the protein for transport 8. A vesicle forms off the end of Golgi to cell membrane 9. The vesicle attached to cell membrane and is release out
Protein Synthesis A little side-step from all the organelles Protein Synthesis Demo DNA Hank video! You should be able to describe how these structures work together: DNA mrna Ribosomes RER Golgi Vesicles Proteins Nucleus Amino acids trna Nuclear Pore
Diffusion and Osmosis Diffusion o Movement of PARTICLES from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Osmosis o Movement of WATER from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Osmosis Details Isotonic: equal concentration of water inside and outside the cell o o the concentration of the solute is equal on both sides of the cell membrane No net gain of water into or out of the cell Hypertonic: higher concentration of water inside the cell o o the concentration of the solute is higher outside of the cell Water moves out of the cell; the cell shrinks Hypotonic: lower concentration of water inside the cell o the concentration of the solute is higher on the inside of the cell so water moves into the cell; the cell swells (if too much it can burst! LYSIS!)