Study Guide for Biology Chapter 5

Class: Date: Study Guide for Biology Chapter 5 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following led to the discovery of cells? a. electricity c. microscopes b. computers d. calculators 2. Which of the following is part of the cell theory? a. All living things are made of one cell. b. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms. c. Most cells arise from existing cells. d. Cells are nonliving units that make up organisms. 3. When the volume of a cell increases, its surface area a. increases at the same rate. c. increases at a faster rate. b. remains the same. d. increases at a slower rate. 4. Surface area is an important factor in limiting cell growth because a. the cell can burst if the membrane becomes too large. b. materials cannot enter the cell if it is too large. c. the cell may become too large to take in enough food and to remove enough wastes. d. waste products cannot leave the cell if it is too small. 5. The size to which cells can grow is limited by their a. location. c. function. b. structure. d. surface area-to-volume ratio. 6. As cell size increases, the surface area-to-volume ratio a. decreases. c. increases then decreases. b. increases. d. remains the same. 7. To function most efficiently, a cell s size must be a. large. c. small. b. medium. d. any size. 8. Which of the following shapes would allow a cell to have the greatest surface area-to-volume ratio? a. sphere c. egg-shaped b. cube d. broad and flat 9. A cube with a side length of 6 mm has a surface area-to-volume ratio of a. 1:1. c. 3:1. b. 2:1. d. 6:1. 10. One difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that prokaryotes do not have a. DNA. c. cytoplasm. b. a cell membrane. d. a nucleus. 11. Which cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA? a. only animal cells c. only eukaryotic cells b. only prokaryotic cells d. all cells 12. The genetic material that provides instructions for making proteins is a. DNA. c. cytoplasm. b. cytosol. d. a ribosome. 1

13. A structure within a eukaryotic cell that carries out specific activities inside the cell is called a(n) a. organelle. c. nucleus. b. cytoplasm. d. membrane. 14. Which of the following statements about prokaryotes is correct? a. They have a nucleus. b. Their evolution preceded that of eukaryotes. c. The organelles in their cytoplasm are surrounded by membranes. d. They are multicellular organisms. 15. Only eukaryotic cells have a. DNA. c. ribosomes. b. membrane-bound organelles. d. cytoplasm. 16. Refer to the illustration above. Which structure acts as a boundary between the outside environment and the inside of the cell? a. structure 1 c. structure 3 b. structure 2 d. structure 4 17. Refer to the illustration above. Which structure immediately identifies this cell as a eukaryote? a. structure 1 c. structure 3 b. structure 2 d. structure 4 18. Refer to the illustration above. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is found in a. structure 1. c. structure 3. b. structure 2. d. structure 5. 19. Refer to the illustration above. Structure 2 is a. rough endoplasmic reticulum. c. a mitochondrion. b. a Golgi apparatus. d. the nucleus. 20. Refer to the illustration above. Which structure produces vesicles filled with proteins? a. structure 1 c. structure 4 b. structure 2 d. structure 5 21. Refer to the illustration above. Structure 5 is a. part of the endoplasmic reticulum. c. a mitochondrion. b. a Golgi apparatus. d. the nucleus. 2

22. Refer to the illustration above. The cell uses structure 3 to a. transport material from one part of the cell to another. b. package proteins so they can be stored by the cell. c. use light energy to make sugar. d. use energy from organic compounds to make ATP. 23. Refer to the illustration above. The cell shown is probably an animal cell because it a. has mitochondria. c. has a cell membrane. b. does not have a cell wall. d. does not have a nucleus. 24. Microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate fibers are three kinds of cytoskeleton a. protein fibers. c. organelles. b. membranes. d. DNA. 25. What kind of cytoskeleton fibers could help a cell change shape to fit into a space? a. microfilaments c. intermediate fibers b. microtubules d. tubulin fibers 26. Which of the following is true of both DNA and some proteins? a. made in nucleus b. made in ribosomes c. must be kept separate from cytoplasm d. must be kept separate from nucleus 27. cell : cell membrane :: a. nucleus : DNA c. organelle : cell b. nucleus : nuclear envelope d. cell : DNA 28. The double membrane surrounding the nucleus is called the a. nucleolus. c. ribosome. b. nuclear wall. d. nuclear envelope. 29. In a cell, proteins are made on the a. mitochondria. c. nucleus. b. ribosomes. d. cell membrane. 30. Where are bound ribosomes located? a. suspended in the cytosol b. inside the nucleus c. attached to membranes of another organelle d. outside the cell membrane 31. The organelle that moves proteins and other substances through the cell is the a. endoplasmic reticulum. c. Golgi apparatus. b. mitochondrion. d. cytoplasm. 32. The organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins is the a. endoplasmic reticulum. c. lysosome. b. ribosome. d. Golgi apparatus. 3

33. Refer to the illustration above. The structures labeled 4 are a. vesicles. c. ribosomes. b. lysosomes. d. chloroplasts. 34. Refer to the illustration above. Which structure packages proteins for distribution? a. structure 1 c. structure 3 b. structure 2 d. structure 4 35. Refer to the illustration above. Structure 3 is a(n) a. mitochondrion. c. ribosome. b. endoplasmic reticulum. d. vesicle. 36. Plant cells have a large membrane-bound compartment in which water, waste products, and nutrients can be stored. This compartment is called the a. mitochondrion. c. Golgi apparatus. b. chloroplast. d. central vacuole. 37. A cell that requires a lot of energy might contain large numbers of a. chromosomes. c. mitochondria. b. vacuoles. d. lysosomes. 38. The organelles associated with plant photosynthesis are the a. mitochondria. c. Golgi apparatus. b. chloroplasts. d. vacuoles. 39. sunlight : chloroplasts :: a. chloroplasts : lysosomes c. organic compounds : ribosomes b. organic compounds : mitochondria d. ATP : vesicles 40. What do chloroplasts and mitochondria have in common? a. absorption of light energy c. production of ATP b. presence in all cells d. digestion of cell wastes 41. All the following are found in both plant and animal cells, except a. a cell wall. c. mitochondria. b. a cell membrane. d. endoplasmic reticulum. 42. Short, thick outgrowths that allow prokaryotes to attach to surfaces or each other are called a. flagella. c. microfilaments. b. microtubules. d. pili. 4

43. Which of the following is an example of a prokaryotic cell? a. chloroplast c. bacterium b. fungus d. muscle cell 44. Which of the following pairs contains unrelated items? a. eukaryote-plant c. cell wall-animal cell b. ribosome-protein d. mitochondria-atp 45. What level of organization is the small intestine? a. cell c. organ b. tissue d. organ system 46. Which of the following statements about colonial organisms is correct? a. They are multicellular. b. Their cell activities are integrated. c. They are a collection of different kinds of cells. d. They can survive when separated. 47. cell membrane : cell :: a. window : house c. door : house b. roof : house d. wall : house 48. Which type of molecule forms the cell membrane? a. protein c. nucleic acid b. phospholipid d. carbohydrate 49. Phospholipids are molecules that have a. one polar phosphate head and two polar fatty acid tails. b. one polar phosphate head and two nonpolar fatty acid tails. c. one polar phosphate head and one polar fatty acid tail. d. one nonpolar phosphate head and two polar fatty acid tails. 50. The interior of the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane forms a nonpolar zone that a. allows most polar molecules to pass through the membrane. b. allows food to pass through the membrane. c. repels ions and most polar molecules. d. makes the membrane permeable to most molecules. 51. Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled A is composed of a. lipids. c. proteins. b. carbohydrates. d. DNA. 5

52. Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled D is a(n) a. cell-surface marker. c. enzyme. b. receptor protein. d. transport protein. 53. Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled C is a(n) a. cell-surface marker. c. enzyme. b. receptor protein. d. transport protein. 54. Proteins in the cell membrane that identify the cell are called a. cell-surface markers. c. enzymes. b. receptor proteins. d. transport proteins. 55. As a result of diffusion, the concentration of many types of substances a. always remains greater inside a membrane. b. eventually becomes balanced on both sides of a membrane. c. always remains greater outside of a membrane. d. becomes imbalanced on both sides of a membrane. 56. Refer to the illustration above. The process shown is called a. osmosis. c. active transport. b. facilitated diffusion. d. diffusion. 57. Diffusion is the movement of a substance a. only through a lipid bilayer membrane. b. from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration. c. only in liquids. d. from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. 58. The dispersal of ink in a beaker of water is an example of a. diffusion. c. active transport. b. osmosis. d. endocytosis. 59. Sugar molecules cross the cell membrane by a. active transport. c. osmosis. b. facilitated diffusion. d. simple diffusion. 60. Which of the following does not require energy? a. diffusion c. active transport b. endocytosis d. sodium-potassium pump 61. Ions move through ion channels by a. endocytosis. c. passive transport. b. simple diffusion. d. active transport. 62. The diffusion of water into or out of a cell is called a. solubility. c. selective transport. b. osmosis. d. endocytosis. 6

63. Osmosis is a type of a. active transport. c. simple diffusion. b. passive transport. d. endocytosis. 64. How does water pass through the cell membrane? a. directly through the lipid bilayer b. through a water ion pump c. through water carrier proteins d. through channel proteins just for water 65. Which of the following statements about an isotonic solution and a cell is correct? a. The solution has the same solute concentration that the cytoplasm does. b. The solution has a higher solute concentration than the cytoplasm does. c. A cell in the solution will lose water. d. A cell in the solution will gain water. 66. Unlike passive transport, active transport a. requires energy. b. moves substances down their concentration gradient. c. does not involve carrier proteins. d. moves water across the cell membrane. 67. Both active transport and facilitated diffusion involve a. ATP. b. movement against a concentration gradient. c. carrier proteins. d. channel proteins. 68. Which of the following is a form of active transport? a. osmosis c. facilitated diffusion b. simple diffusion d. sodium-potassium pump 69. The sodium-potassium pump a. is a carrier protein. c. is located in the cytoplasm of a cell. b. uses passive transport. d. transports sugar molecules. 70. The sodium-potassium pump usually pumps a. potassium ions out of the cell. b. sodium ions into the cell. c. potassium ions into the cell. d. only potassium ions and sugar molecules. 71. How many potassium ions does the sodium-potassium pump move into a cell if it moves six sodium ions out of the cell? a. two c. six b. four d. eight 72. Proteins and polysaccharides that are too large to move into a cell through diffusion or active transport move in by a. exocytosis. c. the sodium-potassium pump. b. endocytosis. d. channel proteins. 73. Molecules that are too large to be moved across a cell membrane can be removed from the cell by a. diffusion. c. endocytosis. b. exocytosis. d. osmosis. 74. Removing materials from a cell in vesicles is called a. osmosis. c. exocytosis. b. diffusion. d. endocytosis. 7

75. Which of the following descriptions of hormones is correct? a. signal molecules distributed throughout the body b. signal molecules that affect all cells in the body c. target molecules that communicate through direct contact d. target molecules that originate outside the body 76. Refer to the illustration above. What happens when the structure labeled A binds to the structure labeled B? a. Information is sent into the cell. c. The cell begins to swell. b. Proteins enter the cell. d. Ions enter the cell. 77. Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled B in the diagram is an example of a(n) a. channel protein. c. receptor protein. b. signal molecule. d. ion pump. 78. Signal molecules bind to a. carbohydrates. c. receptor proteins. b. marker proteins. d. transport proteins. 79. Which of the following transmit information into a cell by binding to signal molecules? a. channel proteins c. marker proteins b. receptor proteins d. signal proteins 80. What change takes place in the cell membrane if a signal molecule causes a transport protein to open? a. permeability change c. formation of a second messenger b. activation of an enzyme d. change in chemical reactions Completion Complete each statement. 81. All cells arise from. 82. The basic unit of structure and function in an organism is the. 83. A cell with a nucleus is a(n) cell. 84. Scientists think that cells evolved about 1.5 billion years ago. 85. All substances that enter or leave a cell must cross the cell. 86. The houses a cell s DNA, which contains genetic material. 87. Prokaryotic cells have a cell that surrounds the cell membrane. 88. The web of protein fibers that supports the shape of the cell is called the. 8

89. The cytoskeleton s network of fibers anchors cell organelles. 90. Ribosomes use RNA messages to assemble. 91. The is a structure that makes ribosome parts in the nucleus. 92. Rough endoplasmic reticulum has attached to its surface. 93. Vesicles that contain newly made proteins move through the from the ER to the Golgi apparatus. 94. Vesicles help maintain by storing and releasing various substances as the cell needs them. 95. Lysosomes work by fusing with other. 96. Photosynthesis takes place in the of plant cells. 97. A group of identical cells that can survive alone if separated are called organisms. 98. One way cells maintain homeostasis is by controlling the movement of substances across the cell. 99. The phospholipids form a barrier through which only small, substances can pass. 100. Ions and most polar molecules are repelled by the interior of the lipid bilayer. 101. Proteins that aid in moving substances into and out of cells are called proteins. 102. proteins enable a cell to sense its surroundings by binding to certain substances outside the cell. 103. To reach equilibrium, substances always flow from an area of high concentration to an area of concentration. 104. When one area has a higher concentration than another area does, a concentration exists. 105. Substances diffuse through a cell membrane either through the lipid bilayer or through proteins. 106. Oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through the lipid bilayer by diffusion. 107. Diffusion of ions through ion channels is a form of transport. 108. The diffusion of through cell membranes is called osmosis. 109. When the concentration of free water molecules is higher outside a cell than inside the cell, water will diffuse the cell. 110. If a cell is placed in a(n) solution, water will flow into the cell. 111. The - pump transports ions against their concentration gradients. 112. The sodium-potassium pump uses energy supplied by. 113. The movement of a substance into a cell by a vesicle is called. 9

A B 114. Refer to the illustration above. The process shown in figure B is called. 115. Refer to the illustration above. The process shown in figure A is called. 116. A signaling cell produces a signal that is detected by a cell. 117. Light is an environmental for the flowering of some plants. 118. In the cell membrane, proteins that bind to specific signal molecules and respond are called proteins. 119. Receptor proteins can change the of the cell membrane. 120. Receptor proteins may act as, triggering certain chemical reactions inside the cell. Short Answer 121. What are the three parts of the cell theory? 122. What happens to a cell s surface area-to-volume ratio as the cell gets larger? 123. What is the difference in the location of DNA in a prokaryotic cell and in a eukaryotic cell? 124. What is the function of organelles in eukaryotic cells? 125. Describe the characteristics of DNA in a prokaryotic cell. 126. What are three functions of the cytoskeleton? 127. What kind of ribosomes makes proteins that remain inside the cell? 128. What is the difference between the energy source of chloroplasts and mitochondria? What do the two organelles have in common? 129. What are the levels of organization of cells in a multicellular organism? 130. How does a multicellular organism develop from a single cell? 131. What makes up the lipid bilayer? 132. What characteristic of membrane proteins causes them to be held in the cell membrane? 133. What exists across a cell membrane if equilibrium is not reached? 134. What are two types of transport proteins? 135. Why are some water molecules not free to move across the cell membrane? 10

136. Explain why osmosis is a form of facilitated diffusion. 137. What specific carrier protein moves sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into a cell? 138. What is the function of the cell membrane during endocytosis? 139. What happens to a receptor protein once it binds to a signal molecule? 140. How can the cell s response to a signal cause a permeability change? 11