Chapter What are the major divisions of the NS? 2. These are the four ways we study Neuroscience. i. Galvanic skin response (GSR) ii.

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1 1. What are the major divisions of the NS? What are the key parts and their functions? 2. These are the four ways we study Neuroscience Bodily responses When our body responds to arousing events in the environment it is the that responds. When aroused, responds by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow to the extremities, respiration, sweating, and muscle activity i. Galvanic skin response (GSR) ii. Electromyography (EMG) Brain structure i. computerized tomography (CT) ii. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Brain activity i. electroencephalogram (EEG) ii. positron emission tomography (PET) iii. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) iv. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) Biochemical activity i. Neurotransmitters Norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine andserotonin 3. What are the 4 characteristics of temperament outlined by Zuckerman? How is personality related to the search for the biological basis of personality?

2 4. Clustered under Extraversion are the following traits Positive emotion, reward sensitivity, social rewards, sociability, approach 5. Clustered under Neuroticism are the following traits 6. Clustered under Impulsivity are the following traits Psychoticism, lack of constraint, sensation seeking, novelty seeking, lack of conscientiousness, lack of agreeableness 7. Both the FFM and the Big Five split Eysenck s Psychoticism factor into 8. Other researchers write about an approach temperament (i.e., Extraversion) and an avoidance temperament (Neuroticism) or positive emotionality (Extraversion) and negative emotionality (Neuroticism) Eysenck s idea that the differences in personality are genetic and biological were evidenced by cross-cultural universality in traits i. One study of personality in 25 diverse countries including Uganda, Nigeria, Japan, Mainland China, the United States, the Soviet Union, Hungary, Bulgaria, and the former Yugoslavia suggested that consistency in these three traits over time, despite changing environments robust finding that Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism each have moderate heritability 11. Although Eysenck suspected that arousal and attention were involved with all three of his factors, he admitted that

3 research evidence did not suggest a clear hypothesis for a biological explanation of psychoticism 12. Eysenck thought that introverts had greater cortical arousal than extraverts, particularly in the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), a pathway transmitting signals from the limbic system and hypothalamus to the cortex The ARAS processes the more cerebral aspects of arousal or emotion (e.g., thinking about a difficult calculus problem) Activation in the ARAS can make a person alert and mentally sharp or sluggish and mentally dull 13. What is Eysenck s theory of arousal? What experiment was done to test it and what were the results? 14. Eysenck s theory of arousal was testable because arousal produced by the ARAS can be seen using EEG, whereas the arousal in the limbic system can be seen in the GSR and EMG 15. There is a significant difference in how extraverts and introverts respond to moderate stimulation suggesting the key difference between them is in their 16. Does noise level really matter when it comes to learning and performance? What experiment was conducted to show whether noise level mattered differently to extraverts and introverts? 17. When faced with a level of noise not to their liking introverts showed greater arousal and extraverts showed lower arousal 18. Introverts were by the loud extraverted level of noise whereas extraverts were by the soft, boring introverted level of noise. Overaroused; underaroused 19. How well did participants perform in the noise level and performance experiment? It depended on if they were working at their optimum level of noise. Introverts assigned to the extravert s noise level performed the worst, needing more trials to learn the rule. Next came extraverts

4 assigned to the introvert s noise level. The choice and assigned-same conditions performed best, learning the rule in the fewest number of trials 20. What s just right for introverts leading to their optimum performance is too little for extraverts 21. Eysenck hypothesized that physiological arousal could also account for individual differences in Neuroticism In contrast to Extraversion, which was related to activation of the ARAS, he thought that Neuroticism had to do with stability or instability of the sympathetic nervous system Basically, the vulnerability of people high in Neuroticism to negative emotions such as fear and anxiety was due to an extra-sensitive emotional or drive system 22. Extraversion and Neuroticism are similar in that both involve arousal; however, the big difference is in the valence or quality of that arousal Extraversion is marked by positive arousal such as excitement and energy, whereas Neuroticism is marked by negative arousal such as fear and anxiety 23. In terms of sympathetic nervous system activation, how are introverts and people high in neuroticism similar? How are they different? 24. What does the difference between introverts and those high in neuroticism imply? suggest that people high in Neuroticism may be more sensitive to negative emotions in particular, and not to arousing situations in general, the way that introverts are 25. According to Gray, what is personality? 26.. At first, Gray hypothesized two behavioural systems and linked these behavioural systems to Extraversion and Neuroticism in Eysenck s PEN theory. But now, after some 40 years of research and refinement, evidence suggests that there are three important behavioural systems that do not exactly map onto any existing measure of personality i. fight-flight-freeze system (FFFS) This system is associated with

5 ii. The second system, the behavioural approach system (BAS) iii. The third system, the behavioural inhibition system (BIS) 27. What is the reinforcement sensitivity theory? 28. When BIS is activated, people become more sensitive to. What happens when there s too little activation? Too much? sensitive to punishment and often more cautious Too little leads to risk proneness, similar to Eysenck s notion of Psychoticism Too much leads to risk aversion and generalized anxiety disorder 29. BAS is very similar to and BIS is very similar to. 30. BAS and BIS are similar, but not identical. How are the two different? When I want something I usually go all-out to get it. 1. I m always willing to try something new if I think it will be fun. 1. When I m doing well at something I love to keep at it. 1. Criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit. 2. If I see a chance to get something I want I move on it right away. 2. I crave excitement and new sensations. 2. When I get something I want, I feel excited and energized. 2. If I think something unpleasant is going to happen I usually get pretty worked up. 32. BIS will be activated and this will become manifested as. If rewards are more salient than punishments, then we will get a person who is willing to venture out into the world: Neuroticism; a neurotic extravert 33. if the punishment is more salient than the reward, or if the conflict is more salient than either the reward or the punishment, then we will get a person who would rather stay to himself or herself: a neurotic introvert 34. Gray suggested two things: our inherent behavioural systems FFFS, BAS, and BIS

6 predispose us to respond to punishments, rewards, and conflicts in a certain way RST suggests that the difference between healthy personality and psychopathology is one of degree: The underlying biological systems are essentially the same, differing only in their strength 35. How are neural differences related to BAS, BIS, and FFFS functioning in terms of food? 36. People with a strong BAS are more sensitive to reward, meaning that they will condition or learn responses more quickly by. However, people with a strong BIS are more sensitive to punishment, meaning that they will condition more quickly by. responding than by withholding a response; withholding a response than by responding 37. What was Zinbarg & Mohlman s either press the 3 key or do nothing experiment? What were the results of the experiment? 38. People with high scores on a mixed FFFS/BIS scale learned faster from. In addition, people who scored high on an anxiety scale also learned faster from. withholding than from reacting 39. Sensitivity to Punishment Questions include 1. Are you often afraid of new or unexpected situations? 2. Is it difficult for you to telephone someone you do not know? 3. As a child, were you troubled by punishments at home or in school? 40. Sensitivity to Reward Questions include 1. Do you often do things to be praised? 2. Do you like being the center of attention at a party or a social meeting? 3. Do you spend a lot of your time on obtaining a good image? 41. Participants who were sensitive to seemed to go by the rule when in doubt, leave it out. Punishment 42. He debated whether the heart or the brain was the seat of the soul or psyche, what we think of today as personality. Aristotle 43. He reasoned that certain functions of the brain were localized in parts of the cerebral cortex. He also turned phrenology into a science. Franz Joseph Gall

7 44. Who is George Combe and what significant discovery did he make? 45. He was critical of both phrenology and brain localization is a doctor, psychologist, and physiologist, viewed by many as the founder of experimental psychology, gave a lecture with the provocative title Old and New Phrenology William Wundt 46. What is DTI? diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), a special type of fmri that traces the diffusion of water in cells, is giving even more detailed pictures of the brain more importantly, DTI can highlight connections between cortical and subcortical regions DTI moves beyond localization and has the potential to enable researchers to study systems and functions as a whole rather than piecemeal 47. What might DTI reveal? How does this relate to Whittle, Allen, Lubman, and Yücel? 48. Whittle et al. (2006) proposed to use these techniques to study the neural networks of young people who may be at risk for. By studying preteens whose brains are still growing and forming connections even as they are developing their own unique personalities, Whittle et al. (2006) hoped to relate changes in neural networks with behaviour and psychopathology over time. depression, anxiety disorders, or delinquency based on their temperament 49. RST and Eysenck s theory are similar is the sense that Both theories make predictions for the three personality clusters, or temperaments, we identified earlier: Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Impulsivity 50. Eysenck maintained that his concept of psychoticism was a involving antisocial aspects of behaviour than just impulsivity. more general higher-order concept 51. Impulsivity is related to a broader cluster of characteristics including sensation seeking, novelty seeking, or venturesomeness 52. The early work on RST proposed that Impulsivity was controlled by. With the revised RST, there is consensus among researchers that it is related to. BAS; extraversion 53. Impulsivity is caused by the failure of BIS to inhibit behaviour, especially around novel or exciting stimuli

8 54. was correlated with thickness of three sections of the right, but not the left, cortex. That is, appeared to have more gray matter in these right hemisphere areas than extraverts Introversion; introverts 55. Wright et al. (2006) suggested that the relative thinning of three sections of the right cortex maybe be a neurological symptom of the lessened social inhibition found in extraverts 56. People high in Neuroticism had in the left hemisphere areas of the cortex compared to people low in Neuroticism and this effect was stronger in less gray matter; males than females 57. How are extraversion and neuroticism related in terms of the structural differences in the amygdala? Extraverts had a higher concentration of gray matter in the left amygdala as measured by MRI than introverts, and people high in Neuroticism had a lower concentration of gray matter in the right amygdala than people scoring low in Neuroticism 58. Depressed people also have lower concentration of gray matter in the amygdala, but according to Omura et al, 59. Extraversion and Neuroticism are each correlated with activity in the temporal and frontal parts of the cortex. What do these parts or regions control? 60. While looking at the positive pictures, extraverts showed more activity in the temporal and frontal parts of the cortex compared to when they saw. However, people high in Neuroticism showed greater activity in the temporal and frontal parts of the cortex when looking at negative pictures than when looking at the negative pictures; positive pictures 61. the cortexes are more active than the left during negative emotions, whereas the portion of these regions are more active than the right portion during positive emotions right frontal and prefrontal; left 62. Define the term left right asymmetries. 63.

9 More left asymmetry their left cortex responds to positive emotion more than their right cortex responds to negative emotion People with greater left asymmetry report more positive emotion to film clips than people with right asymmetry More right asymmetry their right cortex responds to negative emotions more than their left cortex responds to positive emotion report more negative emotion to film clips than people with left asymmetry 64. What kind of people are likely to show left or right asymmetry? 65. While viewing, extraverts showed more activity in the amygdala than did introverts Happy faces 66. or Extraversion, these biochemical differences involve the, whereas for people high in Neuroticism, seems to be key dopamine system; serotonin 67. are also more sensitive to fluctuations in the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain as a result of sensory input. Introverts 68. Extraverts have greater dopamine activity than introverts in general. This may be due to 69. Who is Mark Zuckerman and what was his research on sensory-deprivation and social isolation? 70. What are the different subscales of the Sensation Seeking Scale? Experience seeking Boredom susceptibility Thrill and adventure seeking measures

10 Disinhibition 71. are more likely to be younger at the age of first intercourse, and to have more sexual partners, more varied sexual experiences, and risky sex, defined as sex with strangers or under the influence of alcohol or other drugs. High-sensation seekers 72. Who are more likely to be sensation seekers? 73. Boredom Susceptibility Disinhibition 1. I would like to explore strange places. 3. I like to do frightening things. 5. I would like to take off on a trip with no pre-planned routes or timetables. 7. I would like to try bungee jumping. 74. Impulsive Sensation seeking is part of an alternative five-factor measure of personality that includes Impulsive Sensation Seeking, Neuroticism-Anxiety, Aggression-Hostility, Sociability, and Activity 75. How do high and low sensation seekers differ in terms of bodily responses? 76. High sensation seekers have greater pain tolerance, higher Extraversion, less hypochondriasis, and higher sensory thresholds compared to low sensation seekers 77. High sensation seekers, compared to low sensation seekers, had stronger reactions in parts of the brain related to arousal and reinforcement while viewing the highly arousing pictures, regardless of whether they were positive or negative In contrast, low sensation seekers showed faster and stronger activation in regions related to emotional regulation and decision making 78. Overall in terms of brain activity, high sensation seekers were more reactive to and were less sensitive to the arousal level of the pictures; heir positive or negative content compared to low sensation seekers

11 79. Zuckerman s (2008) latest model suggests that high sensation seeking comes from an interaction of these three systems: dopamine reactivity (which increases exploration of novel stimuli) low serotonin (which fails to inhibit behaviour) low norepinephrine/noradrenaline (which lessens the stress response to novel stimuli and the threat of punishment) 80. Explain why high sensation seekers have lower levels of serotonin than low sensation seekers.