Neuronal control. Neuronal control 6/11/11
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1 Neuronal control 05 The goal of this lecture is to discuss basic neuronal control issues by introducing concepts associated with the structure - function of the neurolemma, membrane potentials, synapses and sensory receptors. The sections for this lecture are: Introduction to neural control Structure of the nervous system Neuronal membrane potentials Synapses and communication Receptors of the sensory system (think in the slap in the face example as a lecture map) Life is a series of chemical reactions occurring in compartmentalized environments. The main purpose of life is to keep itself alive Physiology, the study of how life works, is based on the simultaneous occurrence of the following three concepts: levels of organization structure / function relationship homeostatic regulation Neuronal control nervous and endocrine talk Membrane variable membrane potential in pacemaker cells Synapses electric and chemical excitatory and inhibitory temporal / spatial summation pre-synaptic inhibition pre-synaptic facilitation synaptic transmission Sensory System sensory system information receptors and its potential sensory neural pathways association cortex and perceptual processing look for the slap in the face example and for the boy sees girl example as learning tools 1
2 Introduction neuronal and endocrine talk Introduction neuronal and endocrine talk structure / function relationship 2
3 Introduction neuronal and endocrine talk Introduction Peripheral Nervous System: (somatic and ANS divisions) neuronal and endocrine talk 3
4 Introduction Characteristics of three type of neurons: neuronal and endocrine S talk E Introduction Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System: neuronal and endocrine talk S E 4
5 Introduction neuronal and endocrine talk Introduction neuronal and endocrine talk S E 5
6 Introduction neuronal and endocrine talk S E Introduction neuronal and endocrine talk 6
7 Introduction neuronal and endocrine talk S E Introduction S E neuronal and endocrine talk 7
8 Introduction Hyperpolarized neuronal and endocrine talk Introduction Receptor location for acetylcholine, nor-epineprine and epinephrine: neuronal and endocrine talk 8
9 Introduction Some effects of ANS activity: eye heart neuronal and endocrine talk arterioles veins lungs salivary Introduction Some effects of ANS activity: stomach intestine neuronal and endocrine talk gall bladder liver pancreas fat cells kidneys uterus skin 9
10 the slap in the face example plasma membrane potentials Miniglossary of terms describing membrane potentials 10
11 Membrane Na K K 11
12 Na 12
13 13
14 (what is happening with channels and pumps???) (what is happening with channels and pumps???) 14
15 (what is happening with channels and pumps???) (what is happening with channels and pumps???) 15
16 all or none Na and K conductances 16
17 neurotoxins and Na / K conductances positive feedback 17
18 propagated saltatory 18
19 (to be expanded on CV lectures) 19
20 simple diffusion, diffusion of solutes if membrane is permeable, Fick's first law of diffusion J= -DA dc/dx J= net rate diffusion, moles or grs per unit time A= area of the plane dc/dx= concentration gradient across plane D= diffusion coefficient (proportionality cte) osmosis, water diffusion through memb. impermeable to ions, van't Hoff's law for osmotic pressure = irtm = osmotic pressure i= # of ions formed by dissociation of a solute R= ideal gas constant T= absolute temperature m= solute molal conc (moles solute / kg water) facilitated diffusion, diffusion of solutes through a transporter Michelis-Menten (influx / efflux are symetrical) V= Vmax [S] / Km + [S], V= rate of transport [S]= substrate concentration Vmax= max. rate of transport (influx=efflux) Km= substrate concentration for half Vmax e.g., when Km for influx = Km for efflux, equilibrium is reached at an internal concentration equal to that of the external concentration active transport, transport against concentration / electrical gradient Michelis-Menten (influx / efflux are asymetrical) V= Vmax [S] / Km + [S], V= rate of transport [S]= substrate concentration Vmax= max. rate of transport (influx efflux) Km= substrate concentration of for half Vmax e.g., when Km for influx= 0.5 mm and Km for efflux= 5 mm, equilibrium is reached at an internal concentration 10x that of the external concentration electrochemical equilibrium across a semi-permeable membrane Nernst equation Ea-Eb= -60 mv/z log10 [x]a/[x]b, Ea-Eb= ion electrochemical potential in mv z= valence of the ion (e,g., K=Na=1) [x]a= internal concentration [x]b= external concentration an electrical potential difference of about 60mV is needed to balance a 10 fold concentration difference of a univalent ion electrochemical equilibrium across a semi-permeable membrane chord conductance equation Em= gk EK/gT + gna ENa/gT + gca ECa/gT Em= membrane potential gk, gna, gca= ion conductances involved EK, ENa, ECa= ion potential equilibrium involved gt= total conductance of all ions involved expresses transmembrane electrical potential difference as a weighted average of permeable ions' equilibrium potentials involved Gibbs - Donnan equilibrium steady-state properties of a mixture of permeant (e.g., initial KCl solution inside B) and impermeant ions (e.g., initial KY solution in side A, where Y is an anion to which the plasma membrane is completely impermeable) across a semi permeable membrane Under this condition, equilibrium between the A and B sides will be reached when the product of the concentration of the permeant cation K and the permeant anion Cl is equal in side A and side B. Differences between Graded Potentials and Action Potentials 20
21 Synapses the slap in the face example 21
22 Synapses Synapses electric and chemical excitatory and inhibitory temporal / spatial summation pre-synaptic inhibition and pre-synaptic facilitation synaptic transmission Synapses Synapses electric and chemical electric chemical excitatory and inhibitory temporal / spatial summation pre-synaptic inhibition and pre-synaptic facilitation synaptic transmission 22
23 Synapses Synapses electric and chemical excitatory and inhibitory temporal / spatial summation pre-synaptic inhibition and pre-synaptic facilitation synaptic transmission Synapses Synapses electric and chemical excitatory excitatory and inhibitory temporal / spatial summation pre-synaptic inhibition and pre-synaptic facilitation inhibitory synaptic transmission 23
24 Synapses Synapses excitatory electric and chemical excitatory and inhibitory inhibitory temporal / spatial summation pre-synaptic inhibition and pre-synaptic facilitation synaptic transmission Synapses Synapses electric and chemical Neurotransmitter release is controlled from outside a neuron excitatory and inhibitory temporal / spatial summation pre-synaptic inhibition and pre-synaptic facilitation synaptic transmission from inside a neuron How is controlled what is released at this neuronal terminals? 24
25 Synapses Synapses Neurotransmitter release is controlled electric and chemical excitatory and inhibitory temporal / spatial summation pre-synaptic inhibition and pre-synaptic facilitation synaptic transmission from inside a neuron How is controlled what is released at this neuronal terminals? (link these concepts to previous lectures) Synapses Synapses electric and chemical excitatory and inhibitory temporal / spatial summation pre-synaptic inhibition and pre-synaptic facilitation synaptic transmission (link these concepts to previous lectures) 25
26 Synapses Synapses electric and chemical excitatory and inhibitory temporal / spatial summation pre-synaptic inhibition and pre-synaptic facilitation synaptic transmission (link these concepts to previous lectures) Synapses Synapses electric and chemical excitatory and inhibitory temporal / spatial summation pre-synaptic inhibition and pre-synaptic facilitation synaptic transmission (link these concepts to previous lectures) 26
27 Synapses Synapses electric and chemical excitatory and inhibitory temporal / spatial summation pre-synaptic inhibition and pre-synaptic facilitation synaptic transmission (link these concepts to previous lectures) Synapses Synapses Factors Determining Synaptic Strength electric and chemical excitatory and inhibitory temporal / spatial summation pre-synaptic inhibition and pre-synaptic facilitation synaptic transmission 27
28 Synapses Synapses Classes of some neurotransmitters electric and chemical excitatory and inhibitory temporal / spatial summation pre-synaptic inhibition and pre-synaptic facilitation synaptic transmission Sensory system the slap in the face example 28
29 Sensory system sensory system sensory system and sensory information receptors and receptor or generator potential neural pathways in sensory systems association cortex and perceptual processing S E Sensory system sensory system sensory system and sensory information receptors and receptor or generator potential neural pathways in sensory systems association cortex and perceptual processing 29
30 Sensory system sensory system sensory system and sensory information receptors and receptor or generator potential neural pathways in sensory systems association cortex and perceptual processing Sensory system sensory system sensory system and sensory information receptors and receptor or generator potential neural pathways in sensory systems association cortex and perceptual processing 30
31 Sensory system sensory system sensory system and sensory information receptors and receptor or generator potential neural pathways in sensory systems association cortex and perceptual processing Sensory system sensory system sensory system and sensory information receptors and receptor or generator potential neural pathways in sensory systems association cortex and perceptual processing 31
32 Sensory system sensory system sensory system and sensory information receptors and receptor or generator potential neural pathways in sensory systems association cortex and perceptual processing Sensory system sensory system sensory system and sensory information receptors and receptor or generator potential neural pathways in sensory systems association cortex and perceptual processing 32
33 Sensory system Some Principles of Sensory System Organization: 33
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