The Schema is Mightier Than the Sword Using Player Cognition to Predict Gaming Behavior
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1 The Schema is Mightier Than the Sword Using Player Cognition to Predict Gaming Behavior Vanessa Hemovich, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Psychology DigiPen Institute of Technology
2 Today s Talk: Cognitive Science in Games How is cognition relevant to games and player outcomes? What are schemas? How do they predict behavior? How are schemas formed and activated? Under what conditions are schemas useful to explain decision making, information processing, and player choices?
3 What is a schema? An organized mental representation of stimuli to help relate concepts to one another Stored in long-term memory Can be very subjective, and based on individual experience
4 What is a schema? Assimilation is the process of fitting information into an existing mental framework (i.e., recognition)
5 What is a schema? Assimilation is the process of fitting information into an existing mental framework (i.e., recognition)
6 What is a schema? Accommodation is changing schemas to fit criteria and characteristics of new stimuli This explains the progression of simple mental concepts to more complex representational structures
7 What is a schema? Accommodation is changing schemas to fit criteria and characteristics of new stimuli This explains the progression of simple mental concepts to more complex representational structures
8 Schema Activation Conceptually-driven (controlled) top-down processing
9 Schema Activation Conceptually-driven (controlled) top-down processing
10 Schema Activation Conceptually-driven (controlled) top-down processing
11 Schema Activation Conceptually-driven (controlled) top-down processing
12 Schema Activation Data-driven (automatic) bottom-up processing
13 Schema Activation Data-driven (automatic) bottom-up processing
14
15 Schema Activation is Complicated Can top-down and bottom-up processing occur simultaneously?
16 Schema Activation is Complicated Can top-down and bottom-up processing occur simultaneously?
17 The player understands where to go to get to the check-point (top-down)
18 The player understands where to go to get to the check-point (top-down) But enemy agents arrive to block the intended path (bottom-up)
19 Predicting Player Attention The Role of Schemas Conceptual Fluency: recognition feels good, and it is a powerful reinforcer Players have a long history of working with schemas (or mental rules ) in games Heart health (or affection) Trophy achievements Hourglass time
20 Predicting Player Attention The Role of Schemas Conceptual Fluency = Game Schema Consistency Schema match Players have a long history of working with consistent schemas (or mental rules ) about a Start Menu: New Game at the top Exit Game at the bottom
21 Schema match
22 Schema match
23 Schema inconsistent (mismatch)
24 This is known as conceptual disfluency. It creates attentional blink when a stimulus goes against what is mentally anticipated or expected. Schema inconsistent (mismatch)
25 This is known as conceptual disfluency. It creates attentional blink when a stimulus goes against what is mentally anticipated or expected. Schema inconsistent (mismatch)
26 This is known as conceptual disfluency. It creates attentional blink when a stimulus goes against what is mentally anticipated or expected. Schema inconsistent (mismatch)
27 This is known as conceptual disfluency. It creates attentional blink when a stimulus goes against what is mentally anticipated or expected. Schema inconsistent (mismatch)
28 This is known as conceptual disfluency. It creates attentional blink when a stimulus goes against what is mentally anticipated or expected. Schema inconsistent (mismatch)
29 This is known as conceptual disfluency. It creates attentional blink when a stimulus goes against what is mentally anticipated or expected. Schema inconsistent (mismatch)
30 Predicting Knowledge Formation The Role of Schemas Cognitive Mapping A mental map that relates player preferences and perceptions within a spatial matrix. These mental representations assist player decision-making and drive information processing.
31 Cognitive Mapping 101 Route mapping schemas
32 Cognitive Mapping 101 Survey mapping schemas
33 Cognitive Mapping 101 Survey mapping schemas
34
35 Cognitive Mapping Schemas
36 Cognitive Mapping Schemas
37 Predicting Knowledge Formation The Role of Schemas We have a tendency to compare new stimuli with what is already established in existing memory schemas ( category judgments )
38 Models of Recognition Template and feature matching Incoming sensory information is compared to copies (templates) in long-term memory
39 Models of Recognition Template and feature matching Incoming sensory information is compared to copies (templates) in long-term memory
40 Models of Recognition Template and feature matching Incoming sensory information is compared to copies (templates) in long-term memory
41 Models of Recognition Recognition-by-Components Finding the basic building blocks of (visual) stimuli
42
43
44 Models of Recognition Configural Models Analysis based on deviations from the prototype
45 Models of Recognition Configural Models Analysis based on deviations from the prototype
46 Models of Recognition Configural Models Analysis based on deviations from the prototype
47 Final Thoughts and Take-Aways Schemas help to understand player perceptions, and better predict how they sort and process information, as well as onboarding, and attentional focus Schema violations are okay but use wisely or risk overreliance on more systematic, deliberate, and controlled thinking (vs. automatic processing) Flow is an automatic cognitive process. Schemas help players achieve flow.
48 Final Thoughts and Take-Aways How to virtually guarantee the absence of flow in your game! 1: Place users under heavy cognitive load, which demands constant schema activation and change ( flow state is lost) 2: Too much stop and think will interrupt automatic schema activation ( flow state is lost) 3: Loss of immersion when players stumble via: Wait, what am I doing? Controlled cognitive processing takes over ( flow state is lost)
49 Today s Talk: Cognitive Science in Games
50
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