결핵 전남대학교병원 호흡기내과 권용수

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1 결핵 전남대학교병원호흡기내과 권용수

2 History of TB Skeletal TB Prehistoric humans in 8000 B.C. Egyptian mummies in B.C. From Tuberculosis 2007.

3 Classification of Mycobacterial Species M. tuberculosis complex M. tuberculosis M. bovis, M. caprae, M. africanum, M. microti, M. pricipedii, M. canetti M. leprae Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) Mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT) Atypical mycobacteria Environmental mycobacteria Opportunistic mycobacteria

4 M. tuberculosis vs. NTM M. tuberculosis - obligate intracellular pathogen - no environmental reservoir NTM - normal inhabitants of the environment - regarded as contaminants or colonizers - opportunists rather than virulent pathogens - not contagious no necessity for patient isolation

5 Pulmonary Tuberculosis Primary TB - initial infection with tubercle bacilli - areas of high tuberculosis prevalence - often seen in children - frequently localized to the middle and lower lung zones - peripheral lesion & hilar or paratracheal lymphadenopathy Postprimary TB (reactivation, secondary or adult-type TB) - endogenous reactivation of latent infection - localized to apical and posterior segments of upper lobes or superior segments of lower lobes

6 Progression from Transmission of M. tuberculosis & Progression from Latent Infection to Reactivated Disease

7 Transmission of M. tuberculosis Spread by droplet nuclei (airborne particles 1 to 5 microns in diameter) Expelled when person with infectious TB coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings Close contacts at highest risk of becoming infected Transmission occurs from person with infectious TB disease (not latent TB infection)

8 Risk of Transmission of M. tuberculosis Close contacts Casual contacts (Grzybowski S, et al. Bull Int Union Tuberc 1975;60:90)

9 Transmission & Natural History of TB Source case Exposure to contacts Contacts No infection (50%) Infection (25-50%) No disease (90%) Disease (10%) Early Progressive (5%) Late Recrudescent (5%)

10 Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Korea

11 200, , ,000 80,000 40,000 0 결핵 : 연도별발생현황 환자수, 명 (case) 연도 (year) * 2001 년부터는민간병의원등록환자포함된결과임

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14 2011 결핵환자신고현황연보

15 신고환자연령별분포 2010 결핵환자신고현황연보

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17 폐결핵 폐외결핵

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19 Incidence Rates of TB (2008) WHO2009

20 결핵의증상 폐결핵의진단은의심으로시작된다 기침, 객담이 2-3 주이상지속되면의심한다 흉통, 발열, 야간발한, 식욕부진, 체중감소, 피로감등의전신증상이있을 수있다 임상소견상결핵이의심되면결핵의과거력, 결핵환자와의접촉여부에대해서물어보아야한다 고위험군 : Recent infection, fibrotic lesions with no history of treatment, HIV infection, silicosis, chronic renal failure, DM, intravenous drug use, immunosuppressive treatment, gastrectomy, jejunoileal bypass, posttransplantation period, malnutrition and severe underweight

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22 Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis

23 Diagnosis of Pulmonary TB sputum AFB smear sputum culture chest X-ray

24 검사실진단 항산균도말검사항산균배양검사분자생물학적진단 (TB PCR) 조직학적진단면역학적진단투베르쿨린검사 (Tuberculin skin test, Mantoux test) 체외 Interferon-γ 검사법약제감수성검사

25 도말검사 장점 단점 간단하고경제적이다 전염력이있는폐결핵환자를찾아낼수있다 민감도가낮다 결핵과비결핵항산균의구별이안된다 항결핵제사용전검사 항산균도말검사는가능한빨리시행하고, 도말양성결과는 24시간이내에통보하여야한다 morning sputum > spot sputum mucoid sputum > watery sputum 최소 3 번이상검사 store in cold area

26 도말검사 Ziehl-Neelsen acid fast stain Auramine stain with fluorescence microscopy

27 배양검사 배양검사를통해서만폐결핵을확진할수있다 배양검사는도말검사에비해민감도가훨씬높다 배양을통해서만정확한균동정이가능하다 결핵균검사를위해의뢰된검체는항산균도말및배양검사를동시에시행하여야한다 검체는고체배지와액체배지에각각접종하여야한다 약제감수성검사가가능하다 시간이오래걸리는것이단점이다

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29 Tuberculin Skin Test (TST, Mantoux test) 결핵균감염을진단, 질병을진단하지는못함 기억 T 림프구에의한지연과민반응관찰 활동성결핵의진단보다는잠복결핵의진단에유효

30 Tuberculin Skin Test 정맥에서멀리떨어지고피부병변이없이깨끗한아래팔 (forearm) 의앞면에 0.1 ml의 5 TU PPD 를피내주사하는 Mantoux 법을이용한다 주사 48-72시간후에발적이아닌경결 (induration) 의크기를측정한다 볼펜을이용하여경결의크기를측정하는방법이많이이용된다 위양성 : 비결핵항산균감염, BCG 접종 위음성 : poor technique, immunosuppressed patients, overwhelming TB HIV infection, viral infection (measles, varicella), live virus vaccination, use of immunosuppressive drugs, sarcoidosis, bacterial infections, fulminant TB, malignancy, malnutrition

31 체외 Interferon-γ 검사법 (IFN-γ release assay, IGRA) QuantiFERON-TB GOLD (Cellestis Inc., Carnegie, Australia) T SPOT-TB blood test (Oxford Immunotec, Abingdon, UK) 세포매개성면역반응관찰 결핵균에감작된사람의 T 림프구가결핵균항원에노출되면 IFN-γ를분비하기때문에 IFN-γ가많이분비되면결핵에감염된것이다 결핵균항원 (ESAT-6, CFP-10, TB7.7) 을사용하여 BCG 접종환자와 NTM 감염환자에서 TST보다정확함 잠복결핵의진단에사용 잠복결핵감염과활동성결핵 (active tuberculosis) 을감별할수없는문제점이있음

32 흉부엑스선검사 ( 성인결핵 ) Upper lobe apical or post. segment, lower lobe superior segment에호발 상엽의증가된음영과침윤성병변은시간이지나면서점차윤곽이뚜렷한그물 (reticular) 과결절성 (nodular) 병변으로진행된다 공동은평균 50% 에서관찰, 일반적으로공동주변에침윤성병변이관찰된다 민감도및특이도 : 70% - 80 % 판독자간의판독소견의차이 (25%), 동일판독자의판독소견의차이 (20%) 흉부엑스선검사만으로결핵의활동성유무를판정해서는안된다

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35 MDRTB 46/F 내원 14 년전폐결핵으로 1 년간치료 99 년 2 월객담도말음성으로흉부사진으로진단하고 10 개월간결핵약복용 01 년 10 월 3 일부터객담도말양성으로결핵약 HREZ 다시복용 02 년 7 월 12 일객담도말배양음전되지않고흉부사진악화되어 MDR 의심하에 2 차약시작 PZA, PRTH, CS, AMXC, LFLX, PAS, KM

36 첫방문 ( ) 2차약 시작 (02-7-9)

37 2 차약 5 개월치료 ( )

38 02 년 12 월 16 일 RLL lobectomy, RUL posterior segmentectomy 시행수술후균도말배양음전됨 04 년 11 월 10 일객담도말양성으로바뀌어다시 2 차약시작 PZA, AMXC, LFLX, CS, PRTH, PAS, KM 당시약제감수성검사결과 Resistant to INH, RFP, EMB, PZA, SM, PTH, CS, PAS, OFLX Sensitive to KM, CPM

39 Post OP (03-7-2) 객담도말양성 ( )

40 Pre OP ( )

41 05년 7월 21일 Rt. Completion pneumonectomy 시행수술후균음전되었고 06년 11월 2일까지균도말배양음성 5회이상되어완치료판정투약종료함. 현재까지재발없이외래관찰중

42 Post OP ( ) 치료종결 ( )

43 마지막외래 ( )

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45 Health-care associated transmission of M. tuberculosis Close contact with persons with TB disease during aerosol-generating or aerosol-producing procedures Bronchoscopy Endotracheal intubation Suctioning Open abscess irrigation Autopsy Sputum induction Aerosol treatments that induce coughing CDC guideline 2005

46 Factors contributing to outbreaks of TB in HCW Delayed diagnosis of TB disease Delayed initiation and inadequate airborne precautions Lapses in AII practices and precautions for coughinducing and aerosol-generating procedures Lack of adequate respiratory protection Multiple studies suggest that the decline in health-care associated transmission observed in specific institutions is associated with the rigorous implementation of infection-control measures

47 Recommendations for Preventing Transmission of M. tuberculosis in Health-Care Settings TB Infection-Control Program Every health-care setting should have a TB infection-control plan The specific details of the TB infection-control program will differ, depending on whether patients with suspected or confirmed TB disease TB Risk Assessment Inpatient Settings with More Than 200 Beds If less than six TB patients for the preceding year, classify as low risk. If greater than or equal to six TB patients for the preceding year, classify as medium risk.

48 Recommendations for Preventing Transmission of M. tuberculosis in Health-Care Settings Managing Patients Who Have Suspected or Confirmed TB Disease: General Recommendations A high index of suspicion for TB disease and rapid implementation of precautions are essential to prevent and interrupt transmission TB Airborne Precautions Settings with AII Rooms (an airborne infection isolation room) AII; previously called negative pressure isolation rooms [NPIR] Managing Patients Who Have Suspected or Confirmed TB Disease: Considerations for Special Circumstances and Settings Emergency Department Intensive Care Unit Surgical Suites Laboratories Bronchoscopy Suites Sputum Induction and Inhalation Therapy Rooms Autopsy Suites

49 Recommendations for Preventing Transmission of M. tuberculosis in Health-Care Settings Training and Educating HCWs TB Infection-Control Surveillance HCW Screening Programs for TB Support Surveillance and Clinical Care Baseline Testing for M. tuberculosis Infection Environmental Controls General Ventilation Air-Cleaning Methods: High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) Filters Respiratory Protection

50 결핵진료지침 : 2014 년개정 병원과같은의료기관에서는밀폐된공간에서환자들이집단생활을하므로결핵균의전염이지역사회에비해상대적으로쉽게발생한다. 또한의료기관에입원해있는환자들은여러가지이유로면역기전이억제되어있는경우가많으므로이들환자가결핵균에감염될경우결핵으로진행할위험성이커질뿐아니라중증결핵이발생할위험성도증가한다. 그러므로결핵환자를입원진료하는모든의료기관은실정에맞게결핵관리지침을마련하고이행하여야한다. 전염성결핵환자란활동성호흡기결핵 ( 폐, 기관지, 후두결핵 ) 환자중에서적절한약물치료가이루어지지않아서객담에서결핵균이방출되고있어타인에게결핵균을전파할수있는환자를말한다.

51 호흡기결핵환자가결핵치료를시작하면급격히전염성이떨어져서초치료폐결핵환자의경우치료개시 2일이내에결핵균이치료개시이전의 1/25로줄고, 다음 2-3주에걸쳐다시1/100 로감소한다. 그러나공동 (cavity) 을동반하거나, 약제내성결핵의경우치료에도불구하고전염성이있는기간이길어질수있다. 의료기관에서결핵균의전파를조장할수있는요소로는 1) 결핵환자와결핵에취약한면역저하환자를같은병실에입원시키는경우, 2) 결핵균검사시설의미비와검사결과 ( 결핵균양성 ) 의보고가늦은경우, 3) 항결핵제의투약이늦어지는경우, 4) 음압시설을갖춘격리병실이없는경우, 5) 전염성결핵환자가마스크없이격리병실을떠나거나격리병실문을열어두는경우등이있다

52 결핵진료지침 : 2014 년개정전염성결핵환자조기발견 호흡기결핵이의심되는환자가발견되면빠른시간내에객담결핵균검사를시행하고도말양성일경우그결과는즉시담당의사에게보고되어야한다. 객담채취를위하여기침을할때결핵균이공기중으로많이배출되므로객담채취는음압시설을갖추거나외부와환기가잘되는별도의장소 ( 채담실 ) 혹은실외에서시행하며검사자는 N95 마스크를착용하도록한다.

53 전염성결핵환자의격리 결핵환자를입원진료하는의료기관은공기매개성전염병의전파를차단할수있는격리병실을갖추어야한다 (IIIA). 전염성결핵이의심되면확진이되기전이라도격리조치하여야한다 (IIIA). 격리치료중인도말양성결핵환자의격리해제를위해서는최소2 주간의결핵치료를시행하여야하고, 임상적으로호전을보여야하며, 추구객담도말검사에서음전 (negative conversion) 이되어야한다 (IIIA).

54 전염성결핵환자의격리 의료기관에서격리치료를받고있는전염성결핵환자라할지라도임상소견이호전되어퇴원이가능할경우객담항산균도말검사에서음전되지않아도퇴원하여집에서균이음전될때까지격리치료할수있다 (IIIB). 다제내성과광범위약제내성결핵환자의경우도말음전될때까지입원격리를고려하여야한다. 전염성결핵이의심되는환자를진료하는의료진은적절한호흡기보호구 (N95 마스크 ) 를착용한후진료및시술에임해야한다.

55 전염성결핵환자의격리 결핵환자를입원진료하는의료기관은공기매개성전염병의전파를차단할수있는음압시설을갖춘격리병실, 또는음압시설을갖추지않았지만별도의화장실, 세면실을갖추고외부와환기가잘되는 1인병실을갖추고있어야한다. 모든환자는입원당시부터전염성결핵환자일가능성을평가하여해당되는경우즉각적으로격리하여야하며, 입원환자가전염성결핵이의심되면확진이되기전이라도격리조치하여야한다 (IIIA). 공기매개주의 (air- borne precaution) 지침을적용하고재원기간중에도수시로격리필요성을재평가해야하며감염성질환및격리표식을하여결핵환자로부터타환자, 직원, 방문객을보호한다.

56 전염성결핵환자의격리 격리병실문은출입시를제외하고는항상닫아두어야하며격리병실은음압유지가잘되고있는지모니터링한다. 격리병실을출입할때에는환자를제외한모든사람은격리병실출입시적절한보호장구 (N95마스크) 를착용하여야한다. 병실밖으로환자의이동은가능한제한하며, 격리실밖으로나갈필요가있을경우, 환자에게수술용마스크를착용하게하고가능하다면기침예절을지키도록교육한다. 격리병실을청소하는직원은격리병실에들어가기전에 N95마스크를착용하고기관에서승인한소독제를이용하여가구등의표면을깨끗이닦도록한다. 환자퇴실후병실은적절한시간동안비워놓으며일반적으로 1시간정도비운다.

57 전염성결핵환자의격리 전염성결핵환자로진단되어격리치료받고있는환자가격리를해제하기위해서는다음조건을만족하여야한다. (1) 도말양성환자의경우최소 2 주간의항결핵치료를시행하여야하고, 임상적으로호전을보여야하며, 추구객담도말검사에서항산균이검출되지않아야한다 (negative conversion). (2) 도말음성환자의경우최소 1 주간의결핵치료를시행하여야하고, 임상적으로호전을보여야한다.

58 전염성결핵환자의격리 의료기관에서격리치료를받고있는전염성결핵환자라할지라도임상소견이호전되어퇴원이가능할경우객담항산균도말검사에서음전되지않아도다음조건을만족하면퇴원하여집에서균이음전될때까지격리치료할수있다 (IIIB). (1) 결핵관리전담간호사와연계되어외래에서적절하게결핵치료가가능해야한다. (2) 환자의집에 6세미만의소아또는에이즈와같은면역억제환자가없어야한다. (3) 환기가잘되는독립된공간이있어야한다. 전염성결핵환자중에서재택격리가어렵거나다제내성과광범위약제내성결핵환자의경우균음전될때까지입원격리를고려하여야한다.

59 요약 : 병원내결핵감염관리 결핵의전염은비말핵 (droplet nuclei, 1 to 5 microns) 으로호흡기를통해전염된다. 결핵감염관리는결핵진단된환자뿐아니라결핵이의심되는환자에서시작한다. 감염관리장소는병실뿐아니라결핵환자의진단및치료가이루어지는외래, 응급실, 중환자실, 기관지내시경실, 객담검사장소, 유도객담검사실등을포함해야한다. 결핵이의심되는환자는음압병실 (AII room) 에입원시킨다. 결핵환자또는결핵의심환자와접촉하는모든의료진은 N95 마스크를착용한다. (1 micro 이상의크기를 95% 이상차단 ) N95 마스크는얼굴에꼭맞게착용해서 10% 이상새는곳이없도록한다. 결핵환자또는결핵이의심되는환자는 N95 마스크가아닌 surgical 마스크를착용시킨다. ( 환자의호흡분비물을차단하는데 surgical 마스크가효과적임 )

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