Module Contact: Dr Gary Rowley, BIO Copyright of the University of East Anglia Version 1

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1 UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA School of Biological Sciences Main Series UG Examination INFECTION AND IMMUNITY BIO-3C28 Time allowed: 3 hours Answer ALL questions in Section A and ONE question from Section B. Write answers to EACH SECTION in a SEPARATE booklet. The maximum number of marks available for your answers in SECTION A is 50 marks The maximum number of marks available for your answer in SECTION B is 50 marks The TOTAL number of marks available for the paper is 100 Numbers in square brackets [ ] indicate the relevant mark applied to each part of the question. Notes are not permitted in this examination. Do not turn over until you are told to do so by the Invigilator BIO-3C28 Module Contact: Dr Gary Rowley, BIO Copyright of the University of East Anglia Version 1

2 2 SECTION A: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS Answer ALL questions 1. What is central and peripheral tolerance? 2. What are the functions of the secondary lymphoid tissues? 3. Name three of the membrane-bound and cytoplasmic receptors expressed by cells of the innate immune system that play a central role in pathogen recognition. 4. What are the key steps involved in triggering complement activation in both classic and alternative pathways? 5. Why are Mycobacteria described as acid fast bacteria? [2 marks] 6. Patients with Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) have often had a prior history of infection with Campylobacter jejuni. What is the link between Campylobacter and GBS? 7. Which organisms do most of the clinically used antibiotics come from? [2 marks] 8. What are the three main ways that humans are exposed to bacterial toxins? 9. Briefly describe how the diphtheria toxin interacts with human cells and outline its mode of action. 10. What is the significance of white cells and opaque cells in Candida albicans? 11. Describe what is meant by an escape mutation and why these are more common for RNA viruses than DNA viruses. 12. Explain the concept of class 1 antigen presentation and how MHC/HLA proteins allow T-cells to detect cells infected with a virus. Section A continues on next page/...

3 3 Section A continued Excluding antibiotic treatment and vaccination, identify three other mechanisms which can contribute to the eradication of infectious diseases.. 14 Give three examples of infection models that are available to fulfil Koch s postulates. 15 Briefly describe how resistance has arisen in vancomycin resistant MRSA (VRSA). [5 marks] END OF SECTION A START YOUR ANSWER TO THE NEXT SECTION IN A NEW BOOKLET Section B begins on next page/... TURN OVER

4 4 SECTION B: ESSAY QUESTION Answer ONE question [50 marks] 16. Slow growing mycobacteria cause some deadly and disfiguring human diseases, most notably tuberculosis and leprosy. Explain how the basic biology of mycobacteria contributes to their success as pathogens and discuss how Mycobacterium marinum has been used as a model to study granuloma formation in zebra fish embryos. 17. Justify the following statement: V(D)J recombination is crucial for the effective functioning of the immune system. 18. Vaccination is a powerful tool in the elimination of infectious disease. Discuss the requirements of a good vaccine, the subtypes of vaccines that are currently used and the potential benefits and problems associated with mucosal vaccination. END OF PAPER

5 5 BIO-3C28 EXAMINATION MARKERS [Do not print this when printing to take to Examinations Office! This is for our information only.] Question No. 1 st Marker 2 nd Marker Section A Q1 Gary Rowley Kay Yeoman 15 Section B Q16 Matt Hutchings Gary Rowley Section B Q17 Helen James Claudio Nicoletti Section B Q18 Gary Rowley Matt Hutchings

Time allowed: 2 hours Answer ALL questions in Section A, ALL PARTS of the question in Section B and ONE question from Section C.

UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA School of Biological Sciences Main Series UG Examination 2012-2013 MICROBIOLOGY BIO-2B28 Time allowed: 2 hours Answer ALL questions in Section A, ALL PARTS of the question in