Bloodborne Pathogens and Communicable Diseases 2012

Transcription

1 Bloodborne Pathogens and Communicable Diseases 2012

2 WHEN YOU START TO THINK THIS LECTURE IS BORING, REMEMBER YOU CAN GET SICK AND DIE, SO PAY ATTENTION! 2

3 Training Objectives Educate CMT employees in bloodborne pathogens seen by EMS workers in the field Discuss methods of protecting CMT employees from bloodborne pathogens Provide information to allow the CMT employee to make an educated decision about the HBV vaccination Discuss the OSHA standard on bloodborne pathogens Discuss CMT s methods of compliance with the OSHA Standard 3

4 Definitions (From OSHA) Bloodborne Pathogen- microorganisms that are present in human blood and can cause disease in humans Exposure Incident- specific eye, mouth, mucous membrane, non-intact skin or parenteral contact with blood or OPIM that results from the performance of a member s duties Parenteral- piercing mucous membranes or the skin barrier through such events as needle sticks, human bites, cuts, and abrasions 4

5 Definitions (Continued) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)- specialized clothing or equipment worn by a member for protection against a hazard. General work clothes (uniforms, jumpsuits, etc.) not intended to function as protection against a hazard are not PPE. Universal Precautions- an approach to infection control where all human blood and certain human body fluids are treated as if known to be infectious Body Substance Isolation (BSI)- a form of infection control based on the presumption that all body fluids are infectious. BSI calls for always using appropriate barriers to infection at an emergency scene, such as gloves, goggles, face shields, gowns, and protective eyewear. 5

6 Definitions (Con t) Exposure Control Plan (ECP)- agency s plan to eliminate or minimize exposure Other Potentially Infectious Material (OPIM)- the following human body fluids: semen, vaginal secretions, CSF, synovial fluid, pleural, pericardial, peritoneal, amniotic, saliva (dental procedures), any bodily fluids contaminated with blood, any fluid that cannot be differentiated between fluid types. Any unfixed tissue or organ from a human (living or dead) 6

7 Definitions (Final) Contaminated Laundry- laundry which has been soiled with blood or OPIM or may contain sharps Contaminated Sharps- any contaminated object that can penetrate the skin including needles, scalpels, broken glass, broken capillary tubes, and exposed ends of dental wire 7

8 OSHA Standard Exposure Control Plan Identifies job/procedures with identified risks Schedule for implementing provisions All provisions have been implemented Procedure for investigation and follow-up Plan is accessible to all employees Annual review by EHSO 8

9 OSHA Standard (Con t) Initial training upon employment Annual re-training required Training in: OSHA Standard Bloodborne Diseases and Transmission Exposure Control Plan Work Practices and PPE use HBV Vaccine Exposure recording and follow-up 9

10 OSHA Standard (Con t) Methods of compliance Universal Precautions Engineering and work practice controls Hand washing PPE/BSI Written cleaning schedule Sharps and regulated waste disposal 10

11 OSHA Standard (Con t) Record keeping OSHA mandates Types of records to be kept Duration of storage Disposal of records Hazard Communication Warning labels required (BioHazard) or Red Bio hazard bags instead of labels 11

12 Bloodborne Pathogen Standard Effective March 6 th, 1992 Purpose Limit the occupational exposure to blood and other potentially infectious material (OPIM) Scope Covers all members who could be reasonably anticipated as a result of performing their duties to face contact with blood and OPIM Everyone who works for CMT or rides as an observer or student are reasonably anticipated to contact blood and OPIM. 12

13 BBP Standard (Con t) Mandates of the standard Exposure Control Plan (ECP) prevention program Work place engineering to prevent exposure HBV vaccine provided by CMT Medical evaluation/follow up Training of employees Record keeping 13

14 PPE and BSI Use as little or as much as you feel the situation dictates During all patient care EXAMINATION GLOVES WILL BE WORN! CMT provides all PPE. You do not pay for any of it. CMT replaces it when it becomes worn or soiled 14

15 PPE/BSI (Con t) CMT provides the following Non-sterile, non-latex exam gloves in four sizes Pre-packaged PPE kits containing Golves Mask Hand sanitizer on all ambulances Soap at the bases 15

16 A word on hand-sanitizer before we continue... - For immediate, short term use - Not suitable as a substitute for hand washing -You still need to wash your hands thoroughly as soon as possible 16

17 Sharps Disposal DO NOT RECAP SHARPS CMT uses several types of sharps for BLS and ALS purposes IV Angiocaths Glucose testing lancets Epi-Pens CMT provides sharps containers on all ambulances Use them! $70, per improperly disposed sharp 17

18 Two Major Definitions Infectious An illness that is caused by the body's rejection of a virus, fungi, or parasite Communicable Able to spread from one person to another A disease can be infectious and not communicable at the same time 18

19 Infectious Material Primary Risks Blood Semen Vaginal Secretions Secondary Risks Synovial (joint) fluid Cardiac fluid (other than blood)) Abdominal and stomach fluid Pulmonary fluids Spinal fluid Amniotic fluid 19

20 Other Potentially Infectious Material (OPIM) Tears Sweat Saliva Urine Stool Vomit Nasal secretions Sputum 20

21 Modes of Transmission Direct contact straight from person to person, exchange of blood or body fluids ex: blood splash into the eyes Indirect contact person to object; infection can spread by touching surfaces that have been contaminated with the bacteria or virus ex: Loading stretcher into ambulance and not removing contaminated gloves before touching steering wheel of ambulance touching a contaminated needle 21

22 Direct Contact 22 Bloodborne Airborne Occult Occult means hidden Occult blood is blood hidden inside some other material Idiopathic Fancy medical word meaning We don t have a clue!

23 Indirect Transmission 23 Vehicle-borne The transfer of an infectious agent to a host via contaminated items such as water, food, milk, or biological products, such as blood, tissues, and organs. Vector-borne The transfer of infectious microorganisms from an infected host via an insect or arthropod.

24 Methods to Reduce Exposure Engineering Controls Devices that may be used to eliminate, minimize, or reduce occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens. Work Practice Controls Practices and procedures that reduce or eliminate the chance of occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens. 24

25 Examples Engineering Controls Sharps containers Self capping needles PPE Work Practice Controls Decontaminating work area Frequent hand washing Consistent use of PPE 25

26 Practices Protect Yourself Wash your hands Wear PPE Avoid contact with broken skin or mucous membranes Wash your hands Did I mention wash your hands 26

27 Practices All infectious materials go into a red biohazard bag. No one is to remove anything from a biohazard bag. All infectious sharps go into a red sharps container. No one is to remove anything from a sharps container. Sharps containers are located on the ambulance and ALS Bag. 27

28 Bio-Hazard Disposal All bio-hazard bags can be disposed of at the hospital in designated bins All sharps containers are to be sealed using 3 tape and labeled CMT Sharps containers are also disposed of at the hospital 28

29 29 Bio-Hazard Bag Portable Sharps Wall Mounted Container Sharps Container

30 Practices (Con t) Hand washing is required after the completion of all patient care. Hand washing is the best way to avoid infection. No food, drink, smoking, application of cosmetics, or handling of contact lenses is permitted in any Patient Care Area. Mouth Pipeting/Suctioning is prohibited. 30

31 Practices (Con t) Disinfecting materials are provided on the Ambulance and in the stations. The materials are: Lysol Disposable paper towels 5:1 Water and bleach can be substituted Annual Training 31

32 Know your enemy DISEASES 32

33 Hepatitis-B Virus that attacks the liver Those with HBV infection are divided into two categories. Both are equally able to infect you Carrier- non-acute patient with virus in blood Acute- virus in blood and is symptomatic 33

34 Hepatitis-B HBV can survive outside of the body for quite some time Up to 14 days in a dried drop of blood Compared to HIV that dies instantly outside its environment HBV is not airborne You cannot catch HBV from casual contact There is a vaccine to protect you from HBV HBV is a larger risk than HIV to the healthcare provider! 34

35 Hepatitis-B Each year over 12,500 Health Care workers acquire this disease as a result of their job Each year more than 500 Health Care workers die as a result of this disease 50 to 60% of infected individuals do not know they have the disease 35

36 Hepatitis-B Begins with flu like symptoms Smokers loose the desire to smoke Yellow skin, eyes itching, dark urine and white colored stool Some individuals may only have flu like symptoms or be completely asymptomatic 36

37 HBV Vaccine Vaccinations available to all members at risk Vaccine provided within three days of hire CMT provides the vaccine, free to you You may decline the offer A declination form is required if declining Can be received at any time if initially declined (notify EHSO in writing) Booster now recommended between 5-10 years 37

38 HBV Vaccine Facts 38 Vaccine is created through genetic engineering. No live or dead vaccine is injected into you. You cannot catch HBV from the vaccine Three IM Injections Day 1, Day 30, and Day 180 Some side effects are 1% will have a sore arm (like a tetanus shot), fatigue, and headache Itchiness or bump at the injection site Allergic Reaction- Vaccine is contraindicated if you are allergic to yeast

39 HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus HIV is the virus that causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Those with HIV Infection may have no symptoms, some symptoms, or may have full blown AIDS HIV destroys the body s immune system, causing death by other diseases that the body would naturally fight off 39

40 HIV/AIDS HIV cannot survive outside the body for a long period of time. When the virus contacts a dry environment, it loses the ability to infect you HIV is not airborne and cannot infect you through everyday contact HIV cannot survive outside the body for a long period of time. When the virus contacts a dry environment, it loses the ability to infect you HIV is not airborne and cannot infect you through everyday contact 40

41 HIV/AIDS Antibodies are formed six to twelve (6-12) weeks after infection. The AIDS test looks for these antibodies, not the virus itself No anti-virus, no vaccine and no cure There are a SMALL NUMBER of healthcare providers who have contracted HIV infection through their duties as compared to HBV 41

42 Risk of Infection Post Needle Stick HBV 30.00% HIV 0.4% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% Percent 42

43 Contracting HBV and HIV Neither of these viruses are airborne. You cannot catch them through routine contact You can contract the virus if You suffer a needle stick from an infected sharp (0.4% for HIV, 6-30% for HBV) Infected material comes in contact with your broken or non-intact skin (chapped, abrased, etc.) Infected material comes in contact with your mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, and mouth 43

44 Hepatitis-C Unrelated to Hepatitis B Viral disease Transmitted by blood, needle stick, and sex WILL BEGIN WITH SAME SYMPTOMS AS HEPATITIS B Only 25 % of infected individuals will show signs or symptoms 44

45 Hepatitis-C Incubation period is up to 200 days NO VACCINE FOR PROTECTION 4 to 8 % of infected individuals are health care workers NO CURE AT THIS TIME 45

46 Tuberculosis Airborne virus attacking respiratory system Historically called Consumption Tudors: Princess Margaret (Henry VIII s sister) Moulin Rouge: Kidman s character dies of tuberculosis toward the end of the movie 46

47 Tuberculosis Groups with high risk HIV patients Nursing home residents Immigrants Refugees Homeless Inmates 47

48 Dependant on TB Exposure Risk Time spent with the infected individual Adequate ventilation preventive measures used Filter Mask Double mask, caregiver and patient 48

49 TB Signs and Symptoms Weight loss Night sweats Swollen lymph glands Cough ( may be productive ) Positive skin test 49

50 TB (Con t) INH is the drug used to prevent disease development Multi-drug resistant TB can develop has been identified in up to 20 states Occurs when a patient fails to take all of their recommended drug regimen LIFE EXPECTANCY IS ONLY 16 WEEKS AFTER CONTRACTING DISEASE 50

51 Meningitis Inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges. May be caused by infection with viruses, bacteria, or other microorganisms. Can be life-threatening because of the inflammation's proximity to the brain and spinal cord; therefore the condition is classified as a medical emergency. [1][3] 51

52 Meningitis Signs and Symptoms Headache and neck stiffness associated with fever Confusion or altered level of consciousness Vomiting Inability to tolerate light (photophobia) or loud noises (phonophobia) Sometimes, especially in small children, only nonspecific symptoms may be present, such as irritability and drowsiness. If a rash is present, it may indicate a particular cause of meningitis; for instance, meningitis caused by meningococcal bacteria may be accompanied by a characteristic rash. [ 52

53 Meningitis Modes of transmission Direct contact with respiratory secretions Physical skin contact Treatment only available for bacterial, but not viral 53

54 Determining a True Exposure Two questions will determine whether or not an exposure has occurred: Is the fluid I came in contact with blood, semen, vaginal secretions, or any other body fluid containing blood? Did the fluid enter my body by a needle-stick, nonintact skin, laceration from a contaminated object, through my eyes, nose, or mouth? Both answers must be yes in order for an exposure to have occurred 54

55 If You Are Exposed Notify dispatcher immediately Finish you call, and disinfect your ambulance if needed You will be send to the local primary care or ER. 55

56 Post Exposure Evaluation Available to all exposed members Confidential medical evaluation Incident Report filed as soon as possible after exposure May include Several office visits Re-vaccination Prophylactic medications 56

57 Final Thoughts Protect yourself well Don t fall victim to bad (and dangerous) habits Don t go home with anything you didn t come to work with 57

58 QUESTIONS? 58