INDEX. azithromycin, 171, 182

Transcription

1 INDEX absolute concentration method, 137 acquired drug resistance, see drug resistance acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AllDS),77, 177, 179, 181 acquired MDR, see MDR acquired or secondary resistance, 60 administrative measures, 270 Aequorea victoria, 150 Africa,33,206,300 Benin, 33 Botswana, 33 Ivory Coast, 33 Karonga District in Malawi, 33 Kenya, 33 Lesotho, 33 representative studies, 33 Sierra Leone, 33 Swaziland, 33 Tanzania, 33 Western Cape province in South 33 Zimbabwe, 33 Algeria, 6, 67 ambulatory settings, 272 American Thoracic Society (ATS) 3 63 amikacin (AK), 29, 96-98, 163, 180: 182,199 see also aminoglycosides aminoglycosides, 2 amikacin (AK), 163 kanamycin (KM), 163 streptomycin (SM), 163 aminosalicylic acid, 180, 182,206 amithiozone, 182 amoxycillinlclavulanate, 182,218 anti-tuberculosis drug resistance, 59, 119, see also drug resistance TB clinical management and other factors producing 59, 61, 62 genesis of, 59 an~-tuberculosis drugs, availability of, 69 ant~-tuberculosis, global survey of, 1 anti-tuberculosis therapy, effective, 68 Argentina,35,36 Asia, studies in, 36 automated DNA sequencing, see DNA sequencing Azerbaijan, 6, azithromycin, 171, 182 bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG), 213, 218 vaccination, , 275 vaccine, 230 versus TST screening, 230 BACTEC methods, 139, 141, 145, Bangladesh, 36, 38,191, Belarus, 39 Belgian hospitals, 281 Benin, 34, see also Africa benzoxazinorifamycins, 243 Bolivia, 35, 36 Bosnia, 39 Botswana, 34, 69 see also Africa Brazil, 69, 231 British Medical Research Council (BMRC),2 Bulgaria, 39 capreomycin, 2,96-98,164,291,180, 182, 199,294, see also polypeptides Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 3, 18,63,216, 297 Central African Republic, 35 chemoprophylaxis, 213, 214 for drug-resistant TB, 216 chemotherapeutics, development of, for MDRTB,241 Chile, 35 China, 36, 38 ciprofloxacin (CPX), 168, 182,292 see also quinolones clarithromycin (CLR), 171,182, cleavase fragment length polymorphism (CFLP),150 clinical mismanagement, 62 clofazimine (CF), 165, 182, 196,218 Colombia, 35, 36 cough induction, 275 Cuba, 69 cycloserine (CS), 2,166,180,182, 196, 199,206,218,292,294 Czech Republic, 39

2 308 delayed diagnosis, 62 Delphi survey, 217 diagnosis, 271 dideoxy fingerprinting (ddf), 150 directly observed therapy (DOTS), 29, 66,115,125,176,275,282,286 discharge planning, 275 Djibouti, 67 DNA fingerprinting, 51, 229 DNA microarrays, 149 DNA sequencing, automated 146 Dominican Republic, 35 DOTS programmes, 6, 118, 123, 195, 198,199,297 in China, 199 in East Mrican countries, 198 in Peru, 199 in the former Soviet Union, 200 in Yietnam, 199 DOTS, current strategy for TB control, 116 DOTS, levels of coverage, 117 DOTS-based strategy, political commitment, 288 DOTS-Plus, 10,285,286,287,290 DOTS-Plus programs, 288, , 298,299 in Russia, 289 pilot in Peru, 286 DOTS-Plus projects, 292, 295 drug development, 246 drug resistance CDS), 67, 176,288 acquired, 176, 177 biologic mechanisms of, 176 effects of, 178 molecular mechanisms, 77 situation world-wide, 118 surveillance, 291 drug susceptibility testing (DST), 32, 63, 133, 145,286,290 see also tuberculosis drug susceptibility tests, 135 drug-resistant TB, 6, 7 see also anti-tuberculosis drug resistance E-test, 152 early identification, 271 Eastern Europe, studies in, 38 effective anti-tuberculosis therapy, 68 EGG-based medium, 135 emba,87 embb,87 embc,87 INDEX empiric treatment, 209 engineering controls, 276 epidemiological factors, 4 MDRTB,4 poverty, 4 epidemiology of TB, 20 ESP, 139 ESP culture sytem II, 155 established market economies, see MDRTB Estonia, 38, 39 ethambutol (EMB), 5, 64, 78, 116, 140, 179, 180, 182, 183, 196, 199,207, 291 ethionamide, 2, 167, 180, 182, 199,206, 218,291 eucaryotic cells, 153 fifamycin, 243 fixed dose combinations, 69 ftuoroquinolones (FQs), 77, 168, 182, 217,292 follow-up, incomplete, 66 Gambia, 35 gastro-intestinal resection, 181 general ventilation, see also ventilation systems, 277 Georgia, 39 Guinea, 35 gyra,93-96 gyrb,93-95 haemodialysis, 181 Haiti, 35 counseling, 275 education, 274 furloughing the, 233 managing the, 232 prophylaxis of the, 232 screening, 275 training, 274 health care facility risk assessment, 270 health care workers (HCWs), 213, 225, 230,231,234,269,270,277,279, 280,282,298 HEPA filtration, 278, 281 HIY co-infection, US trends in, 45, 46 HIY-negative patients, 50, 178, 206, 226, 207,208,209 HIY-positive patients, 45, 52, 53, 62, 64, 208,209 HIY/AIDS epidemic, 20

3 INDEX 309 Hong Kong, 206, 261, 262, 300 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 17,45,52,176,177,179,197,205, 331 hybridization protection assays, 150 inadequate initial therapy, 63 inappropriate drug regimens, 63 India, individualized treatment regimens (ITRs), 194, 286 Indonesia, 36, 38 infection control plan, 271 initial or primary resistance, 60 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 181 isolation, 62 isoniazid, 2, 5, 64, 65, 78,116,140,151, 154, 176, 178, 179, 183, 196, 199, 207,215,232,243,244,247,253, 254,291 isoniazid resistance, 79 IUATLD,63 Ivory Coast 34, see also Africa kanamycin, 96-98, 163, 180, 182, 196, 291 see also aminoglycosides KatG, 7,82,244 KatG, catalase/peroxidase, 79 Kazakhstan, 39 Kenya 34, see also Africa Korea, 6, 67, 69 KRM-1648,243 Kyrgyzstan, 39 latent organisms, 243 Latin America, studies in, 35 Latvia, 38, 39 Lesotho, 69 levofloxacin (LEVO), 168, 169, 180, 182 see also quinolones ljra,95 Line Probe Assay (LiPa), 148 local exhaust ventilation, see also ventilation systems, 276 low- and middle-income countries, 29 luciferase, 247 MB/BacT, 139 MDR, see multi-drug resistance MDRTB, see multi-drug resistance tuberculosis MDRTB-AIDS,46 MDRTB-endemic prison populations, 6 medical treatment, 184 metronidazole, 171,218,243 Mexico, 35 microcolony detection method, 154 minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC),152 Mongolia, 38, 153 Morocco, 35 Mozambique, 35 multi-drug resistance (MDR), 154 acquired, 256, 258 cases, 260, 261,263, 264 dynamics of, 258 mathematical model for, 254 patients, 261 strains, 31, 77 multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB), 1,7,11,34-39,45,46, 53,63,65,67--69, 115, 116, 127, 133, 171, 175, 177, 179, 185, 186, , ,213,216,220, 225, ,248,253,265,282, 286,290,292 among prisoners, 6 assessment of, 32 burdens, 293,295 cases, 226, 287 cases, surgery for, 201 control of, 253, 269, 285 elimination of, 125 emergence of, in the US, 18 emerging new technologies for rapid detection of, 149 epidemiology of, 29 epidemiology of, in the US, 17 future, 9 in developing countries, causes of, 191 in developing countries, extent of, 192 in developing countries, problems, 193 in developing countries, treatment of, 191, 194 in established market economies, 17, 24 in the United States, 21, 280 initiation of retreatment for, 181 misdiagnosis of, 193 outbreaks of, 48 patients, 47, 51, 70, 185, 198,217, 229,294,301 patients, key characteristics of data, 45 prevalence, trends of, 123 prevention of, 269 problem, magnitude, 33 programmes, 197

4 310 public health problem, 121 rates, high, 200 rates, low, 198 research issues, 127 strains, 8, 60, 270 strict definition of, 6 studies, 115 transmission dynamics of, 30 treatment, 175, 180,242, , 293,297,299 treatment programmes, 7,198,298 treatment regimens, 218 treatment of outcome of, 205 US trends in, 45 Myammar,38 mycobacteria growth indicator tube (MGIT), system, 139, 151 mycobacteriology laboratories, 290, 293 Mycobacterium abscessus, 87, 97 Mycobacterium avium, 153, 171,216 Mycobacterium bovis, 85,96,149,186 Mycobacterium bovis BCG, 150 Mycobacterium chelotule, 87,97 Mycobacterium fortuitum, 97 Mycobacterium kansasii, 86 Mycobacterium leprae, 87, 167 Mycobacterium smegmatis, 80, 82-84, 95,97 Mycobacterium species, 146, 149 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 60, 86 National Action Plan, 18 national TB programmes (NTP), 31 Nepal, 37, 69 New Zealand, 69 Nigeria, 35 nitroimidazopyran, 171 Nocardia mediterranea, 2 nosocomial MDRTB, involving HCWs, 226 nosocomial outbreaks of MDRTB, 230 nosocomial TB transmission, 271, 272 novel genotypic techniques, 146 novel phenotypic techniques, 151 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 279 ofloxacin (OFL), 168, 169, 180, 182, 199, 217 see also quinolones original proportion method, 135 other drug-resistant tuberculosis (ODRTB),6 OxyR,82 INDEX Pakistan, 36 para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), 2, 170, 199,218,292 parc, 93 pare,93 patient isolation, 274 patient with MDRTB, 229 patients with MDRTB, treatment of, 180 patients with tuberculosis, 184,232 patients, with HN infection, 179 patients, with immunosuppression, 179 PCR-heteroduplex formation (pcr-hdf),147 PCR-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP),147 penitentiary system, 289 peroxide stress response, 82 personal respiratory protective devices, effectiveness, 279 Peru,35,36, 195, 197,262,288,289,294 Peru, see also DOTS-Plus, 298 Peruvian National TB Program, 292 PhaB assay, 152 phenotypic procedures, 154 phthisiophobia, 234 phthisis, 1 polypeptides, 163 capreomycin (CM), 164 viomycin (VM), 164 population dynamics, 253 preclinical TB drug development, 242 prevention of tuberculosis, see tuberculosis preventive treatment, 215 primary MDR, 256, 258 procaryotic cells, 153 programmatic factors, 67 prophylactic therapy, 230, 231 proportion method, disc version of the, 139 proportion method, national Jewish modification of the, 139 prothionamide, 292 Ps.aeruginosa, 95 pyrazinamide (PZA), 2, 5, 63, 65, 78, 116,140,179, 180, 182, 183, 196, 199,206,207,215,243,291 quinolones, 182, 196,217 ciprofloxacin (CIP), 168, 169 levofloxacin (LEVO), 168 ofloxacin (OFL), 168 sparfloxacin (SPAR), 168

5 INDEX 311 rapid metabolic tests, 153 re-treatment, monitoring, 183 reference laboratories, 290 reporter systems, 149 resectional surgery, the role of, 184 resistance, epidemiology of, 177 resistance-ratio (RR) method, 136 respirator's performance criteria, 279 respirators, specific, 279 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), 230 retreatment cases, 32, 36, 37 retreatment regimens, drugs used in, 182 rifabutin (RFB), 242, 292 rifalazil, 171 rifampicin, 2, 5, 53, 63-65, 77, 116, 146, 151,154,176,178,179, 183,196, 199,215,243,244,253,254,291 rifampin,i40,207,232,242 rifamycin, 242 semisynthetic derivatives of, 242 rifapentine,171,242,243 RNNRNA duplex base-pair mismatch assay, 150 rpoa,88 rpob,88, rpoc,88 rpsl, 90, 92, 97 rrs, 92, 97 Russia, 38,39,261,289 see also DillS-Pius program Rwanda, 191, 196 S. aureus, 95 SCC/DillS,6 Scotland, 69 scrofula, 1 Second-line antituberculosis drugs, pharmacology of, 163 second-line antituberculosis drugs, procurement of, 294, 296 second-line drugs, 65, 154,289,295 semisynthetic derivatives of, 242 see also rifamycin short-course chemotherapy, 63, 297 short-course chemotherapy (SCC), 3, 5, 116,119, 125 short-course chemotherapy regimens, 300 short-course chemotherapy, amplifier effect of, 299,300 Siberia, 6 Singapore, 206, 300 solid phase hybridization assay, 148 South Africa, 288 spaxfloxacin (SPAR), 168, 169,218 see also quinolones specimen collection, 272 standard short-course chemotherapy (SSCC), 29, 68, 265 standardised approach, 195 Streptomyces griseus, 90 Streptmyces mediterranei, 87 streptomycin (S), 2, 5, 77, 116, 140, 163, 176,178,180,182,196,199,291 see also aminoglycosides sub-saharan Africa, 281 supranational reference laboratories (SRLs), 291, 293 Swaziland, 69 Tajikistan, 39 tuberculosis (TB), 1, 11,225,282 cases, 19,20 co-infection, 52 control, 118, 119,214,285,289,294 control initiatives, 290 control practices, adoption, 280 control practices, costs, 281 control practices, effectiveness, 280 control programmes, 4,67,216,276 drug susceptibility testing (DST), 193 epidemiology and pathogenesis of, 1 historical perspective, I infection control plan, 273, 280 infection control practices, in limited resource, 282 infection control practices, regions and countries, 282 infection control program, 279 infection control program, evaluation, 276 infection, risk, 225 isolation procedures, 274 outbreaks of the 1980s and early 1990s,226 patients, 191,229,234,270,275 prevention, 185, 186,214 prevention guideline 1994, 279 preventive therapy, 220 tests using 7H 1 OI7H 11 agar, CDC version, 138 tetrazolium salts, 153 Thailand, 37, 67 therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), 172 therapy, preventive, 65 thiacetazone, 171

6 312 INDEX thoracoplasty, 2 treatment, 67 treatment adherence, 66 treatment modifications, 65 treatment programs, 176 treatment regimens, 68 treatment, direct observation of, 68 treatment, premature cessation of, 64 tuberculin skin test (TST), 225, 269 programs, 226 screening program, 231, 275 Turkmenistan, 39 u.s. Food and Drug Administration (FDA),170 Uganda, 35 Ukraine, 39 Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation (UVGI), 276, 278, 281 United States, 208, 297 Uruguay, 36 Uzbekistan, 39 Venezuela, 36 ventilation systems, general ventilation, 276 ventilation systems, local exhaust ventilation, 276 Vietnam, 37 viomycin, 2, 96-98, 164 see also polypeptides virulence, 7 WHO/IUATLD global project on DRS, 9,35,37,38, 293 guidelines, 34 World Health Organization (WHO), 1, 3, 33, 63, 115, 135, 175, 177, 192, 286 Essential Drugs List (EDL), 295 strategy of TB control, 115 targets, 265 Zimbabwe, 69