Appendix 16. Open Session of the EuFMD: 2012, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain 1

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1 The cellular innate immune response of cattle and swine to infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) Jared Patch, Pervaiz Dar, Ryan Waters, Mary Kenney, Raisa Glabman, Felix Toka and Bill Golde Plum Island nimal Disease Center gricultural Research Service, USD Innate Responses to viral infection Production of anti-viral cytokines by infected cells, especially interferon Interferon production from uninfected cells of the immune system Dendritic cells ctivation of other inflammatory cells following stimulation via pathogen associated molecular pattern receptors (PMPs) For example, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) ctivation of antiviral cellular killing Natural Killer (NK) cells and gamma/delta T cells Open Session of the EuFMD: 1, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain 1

2 Monocyte derived DC isolated from peripheral blood of pigs infected with FMDV lose the ability to secrete intereron alpha Monocyte derived DC isolated from peripheral blood of pigs infected with FMDV lose the ability to secrete intereron alpha Plasmacytoid DCs from the blood produce intereron alpha in response to TLR 9 mediated stimuli Plasmacytoid DCs opsonized with anti-fmdv antibodies produce high concentrations of interferon alpha in response to FMDV Monocyte derived DC isolated from peripheral blood of pigs infected with FMDV lose the ability to secrete intereron alpha Plasmacytoid DCs from the blood produce intereron alpha in response to TLR 9 mediated stimuli Following FMDV infection, Plasmacytoid DCs of swine lose the ability to secrete intereron alpha in response to TLR 9 mediated stimuli Natural killer (NK) cell induction in swine Plasmacytoid DCs opsonized with anti-fmdv antibodies produce high concentrations of interferon alpha in response to FMDV Innate recall response in convalescent animals? Open Session of the EuFMD: 1, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain

3 Stimulatory effect of cytokines for porcine NK cells Stimulatory effect of cytokines for porcine NK cells 1 CD+/CD8+/CD3- cells vs K-GFP cells 1 CD+/CD8+/CD3- cells vs K-GFP cells non-st* non-st* IL-1/1 IL-1/18 IL-1/18 IL-1/1/18 NK cell cytotoxicity against FMDV-infected SK cells NK cell cytotoxicity against FMDV-infected SK cells SK Cells 4 B IL- IL-1 IL-1 IL-18 IFNa Non-stim NK/non-infect. SK cells Non-stim NK/Infect. SK cells Non-stim NK/non-infect. SK cells Non-stim NK/Infect. SK cells 4 E 4 E: T ratio E: T ratio 4 D IL-1/1 IL-1/18 IL-1/18 IL-1/1/18 NK cell cytotoxicity against FMDV-infected SK cells 4 SK Cells B IL- IL-1 IL-1 IL-18 IFNa 4 LL-FMDV infected SK Cells C IL- IL-1 IL-1 IL-18 IFNa What happens if NK cells are derived from pigs infected with FMDV? Non-stim NK/non-infect. SK cells Non-stim NK/Infect. SK cells 4 E: T ratio 4 D IL-1/1 IL-1/18 IL-1/18 IL-1/1/18 4 E IL-1/18 IL-1/1 IL-1/18 IL-1/1/18 Open Session of the EuFMD: 1, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain 3

4 NK cell cytotoxicity in FMDV infection GFP-K cells as target GFP-K cells as target p91 p913 p914 p91 p94 1 p9 1 p1 p81 p p41 In swine, infection blocks NK activity 1 1 Day Day1 Day Day3 Day4 Day Day Day7 Day Day1 Day Day3 Day4 Day Day Day7 What about cattle?? Time post infection (1 Campos) Time post infection (1 Campos) FMDV infected SK- cells 1 p1 p81 p p41 1 Day Day1 Day3 Day Time post infection (1 Campos) Target cell for NK assays in human, mouse and swine is commonly the human T cell leukemia line K- What about cattle NK??? Target cell for NK assays in human, mouse and swine is the human T cell leukemia line K- Target cell for NK assays in human, mouse and swine is the human T cell leukemia line K- Bovine B cell tumor BL3.1 provides appropriate target cell for bovine NK assays Bovine B cell tumor BL3.1 provides appropriate target cell for bovine NK assays Open Session of the EuFMD: 1, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain 4

5 Test d expressed bovine cytokines for induction of NK activity Test d expressed bovine cytokines for induction of IFN gamma or perforin IFN-γ Perforin 1 1 following vaccination with killed virus vaccine NK activity following FMD virus infection 3 B B43 B 4 Bov1 3 Bov Bov3 Bov4 B Days post vaccination 7 B What about the γδ T cells? Intracellular IFNγ in γδ Tcells Experiment 1 Experiment Figure 4 Open Session of the EuFMD: 1, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain

6 CD33 (NKp4) expression on γδ Tcells 1 1 Intracellular perforin in γδ Tcells NK-like cytotoxicity of γδ Tcells b84 b841 8 b84 4 Experiment 1 14 b84 b841 1 b * b84 b841 b84 Experiment 1 4 Day Day1 Day Day3 Day4 Day Day Day1 Day Day3 Day4 Day Bo8117 Bo8118 Bo Bo93 Bo94 8 Bo9 4 3 B Day Day1 Day Day3 Day4 Day bo93 bo94 bo9 4 Experiment 4 ** Experiment Day Day1 Day Day3 Day4 Day Day Day1 Day Day3 Day4 Day 1 Day Day 1 Day Day3 Day4 Day NK Killing without γδ T cells? NK Killing without γδ T cells? PBMC 1 n = CD PBMC CD n = 7 Removing CD3+ cells reveals increased killing, i.e. most killing in CD3- population Killing ssays with BL3.1 7 Whole PBMC WC-1+ NK like killing 7 BL3 1 4 BL CD3- NK killing Open Session of the EuFMD: 1, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain

7 Swine NK respond to FMDV infected cells Swine NK are inhibited during acute infection Swine NK respond to kill FMDV infected cells Swine NK are inhibited during acute infection Cattle γδ T cells are activated to NK-like killing following infection Cattle NK are activated during acute infection with FMDV Killing is concentrated in NK cells, biphasic response γδ T cells also contribute to NK-like killing, early (day 3) Swine NK respond to FMDV infected cells Swine NK are inhibited during acute infection Cattle γδ T cells are activated to NK-like killing following infection Cattle NK are activated during acute infection with FMDV Killing is concentrated in NK cells γδ T cells also contribute to NK-like killing Jared Patch Pervaiz Dar, Raisa Glabman, Ryan Waters Does this explain why pigs amplify an outbreak??? Elida Bautista Charles Nfon Felix Toka Mary Kenney Questions?? Open Session of the EuFMD: 1, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain 7