6/8/2016. The Prehistoric World. Introduction

Transcription

1 1 2 Introduction Massage therapy: Manual and scientific manipulation of soft tissues of the body for purposes of establishing and maintaining health and promoting wellness Bodywork: Any therapeutic or personal selfdevelopment practice that may include massage, healing touch, movement, or energetic work The Prehistoric World Indirect evidence supports the use of massage for medical reasons Artifacts and cave paintings (15,000 BC) indicate the use of massage Extensive pictorial records show the use of massage 3 4 The Ancient World Practice of massage goes back to China 3000 BC Chinese developed original massage technique called amma Precursor of all manual and energetic therapies Huang-ti nei-ching or Nei Ching: Classic scripture of traditional Chinese medicine compiled under the name of the mythical Yellow Emperor Sixth century AD: Massage travels to Japan and is very similar to Chinese methods The Ancient World In Japan, amma evolved into shiatsu, which means finger pressure The term shiatsu was first used in the early 1900s Based on same concepts as acupuncture Energy flows in the body in streams called channels or meridians When these channels are blocked or depleted, pain and discomfort occur Shiatsu can be performed on each channel or at specific points called tsubos 5 6 1

2 The Ancient World: India Massage in India has existed for more than 3000 years Massage is part of the sacred practice of ayurveda, or code of life The Manav Dharma Shastra, an important ayurvedic text written around 300 BC, mentions massage The Ancient World: Greece The Western concepts of health and medicine began to take shape during the sixth and seventh and centuries BC Legendary physician Asclepius (c. 500 BC) evolved into a god responsible for the emerging medical profession His holy snake and staff remain the symbol of the medical profession Various ideas of healing treatment were formalized as techne iatriche (healing science) 7 8 Hippocrates The Ancient World: Rome Father of modern Western medicine Mentioned massage in several contexts His collected works are called the Corpus Hippocraticum, which summarized much of what was known about disease and medicine in the ancient world Courtesy U.S. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland. 9 A few individuals helped to pass on the medical knowledge of the Greeks and incorporate it into Roman medicine during the transitional period between Greek and Roman dominance Aulus Celsus wrote De Medicina, which bridges the gap between his time and that of Hippocrates, during which massage had gained acceptance Julius Caesar used massage to help his epilepsy Galen of Pergamon, the personal physician of Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius, wrote De Sanitate Tuenda in support of massage 10 The Ancient World Ancient populations that also used massage: Slavs Mayas Inca Cherokees Navajos The Middle Ages After the collapse of the Roman Empire, Western medicine declined; a few Western physicians preserved the knowledge of Greeks and Romans, which then spread throughout the Arabic world after the fall of Alexandria Greco-Roman medical doctrine merged with Persian and Hindu medical knowledge Rhazes wrote about medical practices, including massage, in The Comprehensive Book of Medicine Avicenna wrote the Canon of Medicine, which compiled theoretical and practical medical knowledge of the time and made many references to massage Mondino dei Luzzi wrote Anothomia, the first modern treatise on anatomy

3 This period (AD ) was an exciting time in the history of medicine and medical treatments Western medicine was revitalized by new translations of old Greek and Latin texts The printing press allowed recirculation of Celsus De Medicina Vesalius ( ) wrote De Humani Corporis Fabrica (1543), which established the foundations of human anatomy in the West Paracelsus ( ) laid the foundations of chemical pharmacology (rather than herbal remedies) Ambroise Paré ( ) was a military surgeon who invented several surgical instruments, discussed therapeutic effects of massage, and classified types of massage movements Girolamo Mercuriale ( ) spent several years in Rome studying manuscripts of ancient writers; his extensive knowledge of the attitudes of Greeks and Romans toward diet and exercise are evident in De Arte Gymnastica (1569) Timothy Bright ( ) published Hygienina on Restoring Health and Therapeutica on Restoring Health, in which he discussed baths, exercise, and massage The sixteenth century also saw the publication of a Chinese text that discussed pediatric massage and a Japanese publication about both passive and active massage procedures By the end of the seventeenth century, Western medicine had been revolutionized Giovanni Alfonso Borelli ( ) analyzed muscular contractions William Harvey ( ) demonstrated blood circulation by heartbeat Thomas Sydenham ( ) compiled clinical descriptions of disease and developed specific remedies Massage became a popular treatment in Europe The eighteenth century incorporated medical discoveries of the previous 200 years The Modern Era: Pehr Henrik Ling ( ) Pehr Henrik Ling (Cont.) Era of modern massage began in the early nineteenth century, when many authors were developing their own systems Pehr Henrik Ling was a Swedish physiologist and gymnastics instructor who is considered the father of Swedish massage Resolved to teach movements of the body in a systematic manner Developed Swedish gymnastics known as the Ling System Focused on movement for treatment of disease or injury Blended massage with physiology Eventually led to the development of physical therapy as a profession Courtesy Calvert RN: The history of massage: an illustrated survey from around the world, Rochester, 2002, Healing Arts Press. 17 Used active, passive, and duplicated movements Active movements: Stretching movements performed by patient Passive movements: Movement of patient performed by therapist Duplicated movements: Performed by patient with cooperation of therapist Swedish massage: Improves circulation and range of motion Relieves muscle tension Promotes general relaxation 18 3

4 Johann Mezger ( ) Physician who introduced French terminology to massage Effleurage Pétrissage Tapotement French was the international language in the nineteenth century Massage Therapy in the United States George Henry Taylor and Charles Fayette Taylor Brought Swedish system to the United States in 1856 George Henry Taylor wrote the first American massage textbook (1860): An Exposition of the Swedish Movement Cure Douglas O. Graham Wrote about massage history A Treatise On Massage, Its History, Mode of Application And Effects, Hartvig Nissen In 1883, opened the Swedish Health Institute for the Treatment of Chronic Diseases by Swedish Movements and Massage in Washington, D.C. Published the paper Swedish Movement and Massage in several medical journals, which led to the book Swedish Movement and Massage Treatment John Harvey Kellogg Published the magazine Good Health Wrote the book Art of Massage: A Practical Manual for the Nurse, the Student and the Practitioner Judi Calvert Society of Trained Masseuses Formed by women in Great Britain in 1894 Established a massage curriculum Accredited massage schools Required qualified instructors Established a board certification program Chartered Society of Massage and Medical Gymnastics The Society of Trained Masseuses merged with the Institute of Massage and Remedial Exercise to form this society in 1920 Required physician referrals and the issuance of certificates of competence Had 12,000 members by

5 Changes in America The American Society of Physical Therapy Physicians formed after World War I Programs for physical therapists were becoming standardized By 1947, physical therapy and rehabilitation was established as a medical specialty In addition to the art of massage, practitioners needed to learn anatomy, physiology, and pathology The Esalen Institute Retreat center and educational institution in California that was founded during the early 1960s Helped to associate massage therapy with personal development, mind/body well-being, and overall health Founders Michael Murphy and Richard Pierce envisioned Esalen as a think tank for American counterculture The Esalen Institute Massage Professional Organizations and Associations Institute s practices are part of larger cultural trends that focus on natural health For many, Esalen was their first exposure to massage The Rolfing method, developed by Ida Rolf, is one of the influential styles of body therapy to emerge from Esalen Modern leaders in health and healing who have taught at Esalen include Andrew Weil and Deepak Chopra Courtesy of the Rolf Institute. 27 The American Massage Therapy Association (AMTA; formerly the American Massage and Therapy Association, which was formerly the American Association of Masseurs and Masseuses) is the second largest massage therapist association 28 Massage Professional Organizations and Associations The Associated Bodywork and Massage Professionals (ABMP) organization was founded in 1987 and includes massage therapists and bodywork therapists Current Events National Certification Board of Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork (NCBTMB) was created by the AMTA in : Became independent and developed the National Certification Exam for Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork (NCETMB), which included both Eastern and Western principles 2005: Offered second exam, National Certification Exam for Therapeutic Massage (NCETM), which focused only on Western principles 2013: Retired National Certification credential and began offering NCETMB and NCETM for licensure only; also launched a Board Certification Credential (see Chapter 17 in the textbook)

6 Massage Therapy Foundation 1990: Called the American Massage Therapy Foundation and established by the AMTA 2004: Became an independent organization and changed to current name Touch Research Institute Established in 1992 by Dr. Tiffany Field at the University of Miami School of Medicine Studies effects of massage and touch therapy and its application to science, medicine, and treatment of disease Federation of State Massage Therapy Boards 2005: Date established 2008: Released the Massage & Bodywork Licensing Exam (MBLEx) Massage Therapy Body of Knowledge 2008: Established steward group to create a body of knowledge for massage 2009: Task force selected to create inaugural Massage Therapy Body of Knowledge (MTBOK) 2010: MTBOK released More than 80 massage methods classified Most styles developed in the United States since Human Trafficking: A Dark Chapter in Massage History Historically, prostitution has used the term massage therapy to cover its operations As of 2010, approximately 525 massage parlors still offered sex services in New Jersey alone In 2011, an estimated 5000 fake massage businesses were operating in the United States Human Trafficking: A Dark Chapter in Massage History Diploma-mill massage schools have arisen to fabricate training and sell massage diplomas and transcripts to traffickers The FBI has been conducting operations in suburbs to help free young women The NCBTMB includes an antihuman trafficking pledge to be signed by every assigned school, approved continuing education provider, and certificant