SOCQ121/BIOQ121. Session 1. An Introduction to Understanding Research. Department of Social Science. endeavour.edu.au

Transcription

1 SOCQ121/BIOQ121 Session 1 An Introduction to Understanding Research Department of Social Science endeavour.edu.au

2 Activity This activity aims to introduce students to other members of their group Brief Introduction and why you decided to study your chosen modality and what you were doing previous to embarking on this journey. Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 2

3 Section 1 Introduction Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 3

4 Foundations of Critical Enquiry o This subject covers what you as a student and future practitioner need to know to source and critically read research articles and to write literature reviews Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 4

5 Session Objectives o An overview and expectations of the subject o Assessments o An introduction to the idea that there are different types of knowledge and ways of knowing o To introduce the history of healing traditions o To understand the link between the social and cultural context and changing understandings of health and wellness over time Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 5

6 Subject Overview In this subject you will learn to: o recognise traditional and evidence based perspectives on health and wellness o understand research processes, methods and different approaches to research o critically evaluate research sources Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 6

7 Assessments Discussion Forums (approximately words per tutorial ) Assignment 1: Short Answer ( words) Assignment 2: Database Search and Literature Retrieval (200 words) Assignment 3: Literature Review ( words) Assignment 4: Presentation of Abstract ( words) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 7

8 What is knowledge? o Dictionary definition from Collins Paperback English 1- facts or experiences known by a person or group of people. 2- the state of knowing. 3- specific information about a subject Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 8

9 How we come to know things o Different ways of knowing, or belief systems in different periods of history o Ideas and laws about health and wellness have been based on: o Religion o Superstition o Tradition o Empiricism observation o Scientific Evidence Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 9

10 Truth/truth/truths o What is truth? o a statement that corresponds to fact or reality (Bing Dictionary) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 10

11 But what do we know? Patricia Piccinini The Long Awaited 2008 (detail) silicone, fibreglass, human hair, plywood, leather, clothing 92 x 152 x 80cm Endeavour College of Natural Health Detached Cultural endeavour.edu.au Organisation, Hobart 11 Photo: Graham Baring

12 Blue Dragon Glaucus Atlanticus, photographed by Taro Taylor via Creative Commons Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 12

13 Empiricism o from the ancient Greek word empeiria, experience. o Simply put it means we believe in what we can see or experience: this is foundational in both traditional and scientific knowledge Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 13

14 ohowever, we need to be aware that we can t simply believe in what we see owe need ways to test and understand what we see Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 14

15 Activity What do you think of when you think of knowledge? How do we know things? Where does knowledge come from? How does knowledge about health and wellbeing change over time? Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 15

16 As we progress through this subject please take note of the following: o The internet is an excellent resource for research, however it is important to be critical about the source Wikipedia can be updated by anyone, not all articles are well researched, well presented opinion can masquerade as fact o When sourcing information take care to note, the author, date, title, publisher, & where you got the info from so you can find it again o In an age of information overload how do we make sense of information to make good quality clinical decisions? Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 16

17 Section 2 Knowledge about health in different historical periods Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 17

18 o Both traditional knowledge and scientific knowledge inform complementary medicine o This section introduces you to: traditional knowledge in a variety of modalities Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 18

19 TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE Our knowledge about health and wellness comes from a wide variety of sources some modern and some ancient Understandings developed many thousands of years ago may still have relevancy today In Australia today to be considered legitimate knowledge must have been in use for 3 generations or over 75 years Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 19

20 Traditional knowledge o A broad term referring to knowledge systems o Encompasses a wide variety of areas o Held by traditional groups or communities o Knowledge acquired in a non-systemic way Download many free books- National College of Natural Medicine (Scotland): Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 20

21 Traditional knowledge systems have been utilised successfully over long periods of time They have significance and relevance not only to the holders of the information but also to the rest of the humanity Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 21

22 There are many different systems of knowledge or ways of knowing Humanity is composed of many creative explorers. We have been this way since the beginnings of our existence as a race and before. This is the cornerstone of what it is to be a thinking human being "Dreams of Gaia" by David Derr Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 22

23 Traditional Herbal Knowledge 60,000 BC o First documented evidence in Iraq o it is likely that: o plants that produced a feeling of well-being were used by early man o specific roots and barks aided digestion after feasting, & o certain soft, green plants were known to condition the stomach for the intake of food after prolonged fasting. (Hicks 1966) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 23

24 Traditional Aboriginal Knowledge Australian Bush Food and Traditional Aboriginal medicines in the Northern Territory of Australia. Publications in this area are relatively recent however, the knowledge is thought to date from 50,000 years or more ago Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 24

25 Nutritional Medicine Traditional Knowledge (5000BC) o The earliest recorded evidence of food used in healing was in Egyptian pictographs from 5000BC o The term macrobiotic means long life in Greek and was first noted by Hippocrates to describe healthy and long-lived people and to describe a life-style that is concerned about a simple balanced diet. o In 1747, James Lind discovered the link between oranges and lemons and the prevention of scurvy which helped develop an interest in the science of nutrition. Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 25

26 Nutritional Medicine Traditional Knowledge Dr Wilhelm Heinrich Schuessler ( ) An Abridged Therapy Based on Physiology and Cellular Pathology (1874) Schuessler's system of treatment is called Biochemic Therapy Source: Viewed 15/ 2/14 Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 26

27 Nutritional Medicine Traditional Knowledge Schuessler s work was based on the investigations of two researchers Dr. Rudolf Virchow who researched the functioning of cells and Jacob Moleschott who discovered the importance of mineral salts for the functioning of the body. "Restoration of the cell, and thereby of the body, will result from restoration of the deficit of the inorganic salts." Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 27

28 Traditional Naturopathic Knowledge o Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of The report said, "Unlike many drugs, the role of herbal dietary supplements is to enhance the diet by adding safe and natural plants and their constituents to support and protect bodily functions and processes. Containing combinations of numerous naturally-occurring plant chemicals, herbs generally act in a wider, more general, less specific way than most singleingredient pharmaceutical drugs. Their actions are more gentle' than conventional medicines and work usually in more long-term situations." (U.S. Senate, 1994.) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 28

29 Traditional Chinese Medicine Knowledge (2000BC) The Yellow Emperor Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 29

30 Traditional Chinese Medicine Knowledge Yellow Emperor Inner Classic A Chinese medical text that has been treated as the fundamental source for Chinese medicine for more than two millennia. Comparable in importance to the Hippocratic Corpus in Greek medicine (Hippocrates) The work is composed in a question-and-answer format between the Yellow Emperor and six of his ministers. Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 30

31 Historical Period 1500 BC o The Bible Leviticus possibly the first written health code in the world o King of Babylon Code of Hammurabi one of the earliest known sets of rules or laws about public health Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 31

32 Historical Period 1500 BC o Codex Ebers o - The Egyptian Codex Ebers, also called the Ebers Papyrus, is the oldest preserved medical document dating from about 1552 B.C. It is one of the most complete records of Egyptian medicine containing 700 formulas for a range of diseases Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 32

33 Historical Period 500 BC-500AD o Hippocrates Founder of Western Medicine o Freed medicine from beliefs based on magic, and superstition o Greek culture, included hospitals, aqueducts and drains o The Charaka Samhita is believed to have arisen around BC. It is felt to be one of the oldest and the most important ancient authoritative writings on Ayurveda You can find it here: Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 33

34 Historical Period o The Middle Ages / The Dark Ages Illness attributed to sin/spiritual causes/ superstition Illness seen to be the fault of the individual Bloodletting and alchemy Epidemics including the black Plague (1348) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 34

35 Historical Period The Renaissance o The Renaissance o Revolution in technology o Rebirth of thinking about nature and humans o Eye glasses one of most important advances o World exploration leading to exposure to different ideas about health and healing Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 35

36 Activity o Talk to the person next to you for 2-3 minutes. Discuss the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (slide 28). We will follow this with a class discussion. o What does the Act say? o Do you agree/disagree that they are more gentle? o Do they generally work in a more long term way? Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 36

37 Traditional Homeopathic Knowledge Samuel Hahnemann Founder of Homeopathy ( ) German physician who earned his Doctor of Medicine degree in 1779 at the beginning of an era characterised by industrial, technical and social revolution. Scientific advances were beginning to be seen in the fields of chemistry, physics, physiology and anatomy. The clinical practice of medicine, however, was rife with superstition and lack of scientific rigor. Hahnemann recognized this and wrote several papers on topics such as Arsenic poisoning, hygiene, dietetics and psychiatric treatment. Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 37

38 Traditional Homeopathic Knowledge o Today this principal is known as the "Law of Similars" and is the basis for the use of the term homeopathy ("similar suffering"). o Key Texts o Materia Medica Pura encyclopedia of materials which may be used to prepare homeopathic medicines o The Organon of Medicine The doctrine of Hahnemann s ideas about homeopathy Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 38

39 MST Traditional Knowledge Musculoskeletal medicine embodies all medical disciplines that deal with the diagnosis of acute and chronic conditions affecting the musculoskeletal system in adults and children, including the psychosocial impact of these conditions. Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (2014) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 39

40 MST Traditional Knowledge The techniques were originally devised and described by Fred Mitchell Snr Mitchell s technique was known as muscle energy treatment (MET) Mitchell credits TJ Ruddy s osteopathic rhythmic resistive duction therapy as a major source of inspiration Source: Leon Chaitow Health Education Website. Viewed 5 December Leon Chaitow s book Muscle Energy Techniques outlines works of Ruddy & Mitchell Snr Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 40

41 Historical Period s o Increasing industrialisation o Advances in understandings of health and medicine o Many medicinal compounds isolated from plants for the first time- Morphine, opium, quinine, cocaine Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 41

42 Historical Period s o herbal, chemical, and mineral remedies material medica becomes a laboratory science of pharmacology. o Link between environment and health acknowledged sewers and drains become part of public health initiatives Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 42

43 HISTORICAL PERIOD 1900S Mid century post war welfare states emerge Lifespans lengthen Changes in diseases, understandings, and language used Through the century there is a shift from institutionalisation and lifestyle cures to community care and chemical interventions Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 43

44 When researching traditional knowledge it is important to be aware of how knowledge and language have changed Apoplexy, a syndrome of fainting spells that might mean stroke, seizure, or syncope today, was understood to arise from a nervous sympathy. Doctors agreed that even a near miss by a cannonball without contact could shatter bones, blind people, or even kill them.. Reports of spontaneous combustion, especially of brandy-drinking men and women, received serious, if sceptical, consideration. Jones, DS, Podolsky, SH & Greene, JA 2012, NEJM, Ne England Journal of Medicine, vol. June, no. 366, pp , viewed 8 December 2014, < =Print Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 44

45 Causes of changes in disease types It is important to remember that: A variety of social, economic, environmental and political factors influence our understandings of disease and response New Causes motor vehicle accidents, radiation poisoning New Behaviours smoking, drug use Consequences of new therapies open heart surgeries leading to increased frequency of other age related conditions Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 45

46 Causes of changes in disease types Changing environmental and social conditions can increase prevalence of previously obscure diseases New diagnostic technologies uncovering previously undiagnosed conditions Drugs change the nature of disease, penicillin the wonder drug of the early 20th century by the 21st century resistance to antibiotics is a problem Changing social mores changing what is considered a disease e.g. homosexuality, masturbation Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 46

47 The Changing nature of disease Jones, DS, Podolsky, SH & Greene, JA 2012, NEJM, Ne England Journal of Medicine, vol. June, no. 366, pp , viewed 8 December 2014, < >. Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 47

48 2000 s Rapid and radical technological advancement Increasing patient-empowering, informationleveraging technologies, smart phones, ipads, (however currently there is a need for apps that present evidence-based guidelines allowing patients to properly manage their conditions). A shift from physician-centric medication (biomedical model) to patient-centric medication (patient empowerment model of care) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 48

49 2000s Obesity epidemic means increases in chronic conditions: cardio vascular disease asthma, diabetes 7th leading cause of death in Australia and growing at 7% per year health care costs Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 49

50 2000 s Aging population means changes in the demographic ratio of working to non-working increasing pressure on health care system increasing price sensitivity untreated chronic conditions may see decline in life span in the developed world Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 50

51 Discussion Forum question session 2 Please post your answers in discussions forum for session 2 on LMS. Due date for this post is pm on Sunday following session 2. o Pick one of the periods in history that has been mentioned in this session. o Describe one health related discovery or innovation from this period that you find especially interesting or important. o Justify your choice. Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 51

52 You should now know o What this unit will cover and be aware of the assessments o Different types of knowledge commonly used in health care. o What research is and distinguish scientific research from traditional evidence Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 52

53 For next session please read Chapter 1 of your text book Greenhalgh, T. (2014). How to read a paper: the basics of evidence-based medicine (5 th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons Chapter 1: Why read papers at all? Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 53

54 Next session we cover: Next Session o The assessments o Traditional use and evidence o The scientific method o David Sackett the evolution of evidence based medicine Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 54