Health effects of combined exposure to particles and noise

Transcription

1 Health effects of combined exposure to particles and noise Wierzbicka A. 1, Albin M. 2, Andersson U.B.K. 2, Assarsson E. 2, Axmon A. 2, Barregård L. 5, Berglund M. 3, Bohgard M. 1, Broberg K. 2, Brunskog J. 4, Gudmundsson A. 1, Gunnskog A. 2, Hagerman I. 3, Jönsson B. 2, Kåredal M. 2, Nilsson P. 1, Österberg K. 2, Pagels J. 1, Poulsen T. 4, Rissler J. 1, Stockfelt L. 5, Sällsten G. 5, and Xu Y. 2 1 Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology,Lund University, Lund, Sweden 2 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Lund University, Lund, Sweden 3 Department of Cardiology, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden 4 Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden 5 Department of Acoustics, DTU, Copenhagen, Denmark

2 Why combined exposure to particles and noise?

3 Research area: air pollution and health effects

4 Research area: air pollution and health effects Epidemiological studies consistently report various health effects associated with increases in PM2.5 and PM10 levels. Cardiovascular diseases increased risk of cardiopulmonary mortality (PM2.5 - Pope III et al, 2002; Fan et al., 2009) increase in ischemic heart disease (PM2.5) triggering of myocardial infarction and arrhythmias (Dockery et al., 2005; Rosenlund et al., 2009;) Changes in autonomic nervous system activity - assessed by heart rate variability Liao et al., 2004) The mechanisms behind the observed health effects are still not fully understood

5 Research area: noise exposure and health effects Source: National Danish Consumer Agency, Environmental Noise, 2001 Brüel&Kjær

6 Research area: noise exposure and health effects Epidemiological studies report sufficient evidence for causal relationship between noise exposure and cardiovascular effects Hypertension (70 db(a) - Passchier-Vermeer and Passchier, 2000; Babisch and Kamp, 2009;) Ischemic heart disease (70 db(a) - Passchier-Vermeer and Passchier, 2000) Increased risk for myocardial infarction (above 60 db (A) Babisch 2006, Selander et al, 2009) A noise induced release of stress hormones has been considered as a biological pathway of importance in linking noise exposure and cardiovascular disease.

7 Why study the health effects of combined exposure to particles and noise? Two research areas (particles and noise) report similar health outcomes In cities both PM2.5 and noise originate from the same source - traffic There are a few studies that combine these two important variables while studying the health effects Mechanisms behind the observed health effects are still not fully understood

8 Controlled chamber exposure study Four exposure scenarios: Low traffic noise High traffic noise Low particle conc. High particle conc. 46 db(a) < 3 µg/m 3 75 db(a) < 3 µg/m 3 46 db(a) 75 db(a) ~ 300 µg/m 3 ~ 300 µg/m 3

9 Controlled chamber exposure study Eighteen healthy volunteers (9 men and 9 women) 3 hours exposure for four exposure scenarios 3 test subjects in the chamber at each session

10 A diesel Volkswagen Passat Swedish MK1 diesel fuel with sulphur content less than 10 ppm 10

11 Dilution System

12 Particle measurements Mass concentration TEOM (model 1400a, R&P Inc.) Number conc. and size distribution (SMPS 3934TSI Inc. USA) Effective density (DMA-APM system) Particulate PAH Particulate organic and elemental carbon Elemental analysis (Particle Induced X-rays Emissions) Electron microscopy images

13 Gas phase measurements On line: CO CO 2 NO NO 2 Off-line: VOC PAH Benzene 1.3-butadiene Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde

14 System: CD player 2 amplifiers 2 attenuators 2 loudspeakers

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17 Conducted tests/measurements Before, during and after exposure Test /measurements Time series of ECG Beat to beat blood pressure Purpose Frequency analysis of heart rate variability Blood pressure variations Peak expiratory flow measurement Lung function assessment Samples of saliva Self-rating questionnaire d2 test of attention Salivary cortisol - stress indicator Sensory symptoms, fatigue, stress and annoyance Assesment of cognitive performance Before and after exposure After exposure Samples of venous blood, urine, breath condensate and nasal lavage Spirometry Acoustic rhinometry Endothelial dysfunction test Markers of oxidative stress and inflammation Lung function Nasal patency Assessment of endothelial dysfunction

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19 Average total number concentration, GMD and mass concentration during exposures with diesel particles Total number concentration (particles/cm 3 ) GMD (nm) and mass conc (µg/m 3 ) number conc GMD mass conc Exposures with diesel particles

20 Particle number size distribution during exposure with diesel particles dn/dlogdp (particles/cm 3 ) Mobility equivalent diameter (nm)

21 Average concentration of particle mass and gases: CO, NO, NO mass conc (µg/m3) NO, NO2 and CO Conc mass conc NO (ppm) NO2 (ppm) CO (ppm) Exposures with diesel particles

22 50 nm 50 nm

23 Preliminary results Self-ratings of sensory symptoms, fatigue, stress and annoyance were generally very low Increase in eye irritation and throat discomfort during exposure to diesel Decrease in peak expiratory flow during exposure to diesel, although no effects could be seen from spirometry and rhinometry tests

24 Preliminary results This methodology provides quanitative measures of physiological effects Frequency analysis of heart rate variability, blood pressure and endothelial dysfunction assessment can be used as non-invasive markers for cardiovascular effects in these settings

25 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study was financed by the Swedish Research Council FORMAS and performed within the framework of Metalund, the Centre for Medicine and Technology for Working Life and Society, a competence centre at Lund University, Sweden, supported by FAS, the Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research.

26 Biological indicators and markers: Cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α ICAM-1 (inflamation) 8-isoprostane (oxidative stress) Leukotriene B4 (inflamation) 8-oxo dg (DNA oxidation)

27 Preliminary results: Fatigue (drowsiness, headache, and concentration difficulties) self-rating, scale 1-100

28 Preliminary results: Eyes discomfort, self-rating, scale 1-100