Pathology of the Respiratory System 4: Pneumonia

Transcription

1 Pathology of the Respiratory System 4: Pneumonia Shannon Martinson, March VPM 222 Systemic Pathology

2 LUNG PNEUMONIA Review Classification of Pneumonia Diffuse

3 LUNG BRONCHOPNEUMONIA Examples of Diseases that Cause Bronchopneumonia in Domestic Animals Suppurative Bronchopneumonia Fibrinous Bronchopneumonia

4 LUNG BRONCHOPNEUMONIA - CATTLE Enzootic Pneumonia of Calves Multifactorial Etiology: Environmental factors* Crowding, humidity, temperature, air quality, stress Viral infection*: BRSV BPIV-3 BoHV-1 (IBR) Bacterial infection Pasteurella multocida* Histophilus somni* Mycoplasma bovis Trueperella pyogenes Mannheimia hemolytica High morbidity / Low mortality

5 LUNG BRONCHOPNEUMONIA - CATTLE Enzootic Pneumonia of Calves Suppurative bronchopneumonia Should do bacteriologic culture and virologic testing!

6 LUNG BRONCHOPNEUMONIA - CATTLE Shipping Fever (Pneumonic Mannheimiosis) Etiology: Mannheimia hemolytica (biotype A) Part of the normal URT flora Impairment of pulmonary defence mechanisms: Environmental factors / stress Transit, crowding Viral infections Low morbidity / High mortality

7 LUNG BRONCHOPNEUMONIA - CATTLE Shipping Fever (Pneumonic Mannheimiosis) Fibrinous bronchopneumonia Sepsis and leukotoxins

8 LUNG BRONCHOPNEUMONIA - CATTLE Shipping Fever (Pneumonic Mannheimiosis) Coagulative necrosis

9 LUNG BRONCHOPNEUMONIA - CATTLE Shipping Fever (Pneumonic Mannheimiosis) Other bacteria causing similar lesions: Histophilus somni* Mycoplasma mycoides ssp. mycoides small colony type Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia exotic / reportable disease Often affects the caudal lobes and sequestra are common

10 LUNG BRONCHOPNEUMONIA - CATTLE Mycoplasma bovis Lung abscesses Necrotizing / Necrosuppurative bronchopneumonia and bronchiectasis Dilation and destruction of bronchioles Difficult to differentiate grossly from abscesses Gross images: Dr E Aburto

11 LUNG BRONCHOPNEUMONIA - CATTLE Mycoplasma bovis Doesn t grow on routine culture: Mycoplasma culture or Histology and PCR or IHC Necrotizing / Necrosuppurative bronchopneumonia and bronchiectasis Dilation and destruction of bronchioles Difficult to differentiate grossly from abscesses Gross images: Dr E Aburto

12 LUNG BRONCHOPNEUMONIA SHEEP Ovine Enzootic Pneumonia Multifactorial Etiology: Environmental factors Crowding, humidity, temperature, air quality, stress Viral infection: RSV BPIV-3 Adenovirus Bacterial infection Mannheimia hemolytica Pasteurella multocida Mycoplasma ovipneumonia Histophilus somni High morbidity / Low mortality Suppurative bronchopneumonia Should do bacteriologic culture and virologic testing!

13 LUNG BRONCHOPNEUMONIA SHEEP Pneumonic Mannheimiosis Etiology: Mannheimia hemolytica Predisposing factors Viral infection, Stress Septicemic Pasteurellosis (previously Mannheimiosis) Etiology: Bibersteinia trehalosi Sepsis +/- ulcerative lesions in the esophagus/oral cavity

14 LUNG BRONCHOPNEUMONIA - PIGS Porcine Enzootic Pneumonia Etiology: Mycoplasma hyopneumonia Impairment of pulmonary defence mechanisms: Environmental factors Crowding ammonia, temperature, stress High morbidity / Low mortality Mycoplasma hyopneumonia

15 LUNG BRONCHOPNEUMONIA - PIGS Porcine Enzootic Pneumonia Histology, IHC and PCR for diagnosis Suppurative bronchopneumonia P. multocida is often isolated in suppurative bronchopneumonia of pigs

16 LUNG BRONCHOPNEUMONIA - PIGS Porcine Pleuropneumonia Etiology: Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia (APP) Primary pathogen Highly contagious 2-5 month old pigs Sudden death with blood tinged froth from the nares Dyspnea and coughing High mortality in naïve herds

17 LUNG BRONCHOPNEUMONIA - PIGS Porcine Pleuropneumonia Fibrinous bronchopneumonia Often dorsocaudal in distribution Coagulative necrosis Sepsis / Shock Sequestrum Images: Cornell Veterinary Medicine

18 LUNG BRONCHOPNEUMONIA DOGS AND CATS Most often secondary Common bacterial isolates: Pasteurella multocida Streptococcus spp Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Bordetella bronchiseptica Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus Fatal hemorrhagic pneumonia in dogs

19 LUNG BRONCHOPNEUMONIA ALL SPECIES Aspiration Pneumonia

20 LUNG BRONCHOPNEUMONIA ALL SPECIES Aspiration Pneumonia Dog

21 LUNG BRONCHOPNEUMONIA ALL SPECIES Aspiration Pneumonia

22 LUNG INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA Examples of Diseases that Cause Interstitial Pneumonia in Domestic Animals Rib Imprints and Elastic Texture

23 LUNG INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA

24 LUNG INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA - CATTLE Viral Pneumonia BPIV-3 BRSV BoHV-1 Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virologic testing: PCR, FAT, IHC

25 LUNG INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA - CATTLE Atypical Interstitial Pneumonia Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis Bovine Pulmonary Edema and Emphysema Reinfection Syndrome BRSV Dictyocaulus viviparous Inhalation of gases (H 2 S or NO 2 )

26 LUNG INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA - CATTLE Bovine Pulmonary Edema and Emphysema (BPEE) Pathogenesis Tryptophan 3-methyl indole (3-MI) in blood to Club cells Tryptophan 3-methyl indole (3-MI) in rumen

27 LUNG INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA - CATTLE Bovine Pulmonary Edema and Emphysema (BPEE) Edema and Emphysema

28 LUNG INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA CATTLE AND HORSES Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis Etiology: Inhalation of bacterial spores from moldy hay: Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula Pathogenesis: Antibody response circulating antibodies Formation and deposition Ag- Ab complexes in airblood barrier Activation of Complement (C )

29 LUNG INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA CATTLE AND HORSES Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis Etiology: Inhalation of bacterial spores from moldy hay: Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula Pathogenesis: Antibody response circulating antibodies Formation and deposition Ag- Ab complexes in airblood barrier Activation of Complement (C )

30 LUNG INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA HORSES Viral Pneumonia Equine Influenza*: Transient with high morbidity and low mortality. Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis* Equine Herpesvirus 1 and 4 Also neurologic disease and abortion Virologic testing: PCR, FAT, IHC

31 LUNG INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA HORSES Viral Pneumonia Others viruses affecting the lung Equine Viral Arteritis (Arterivirus) Mainly hemorrhage and edema African Horse Sickness (Orbivirus) Massive pulmonary edema Hendra Virus (Henipavirus) Edema, vasculitis, thrombosis Zoonotic

32 LUNG INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA PIGS Viral Pneumonia Swine Influenza: Transient with high morbidity and low mortality. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) PRRS virus (Arterivirus) PCV-2 Associated Respiratory Disease Porcine Circovirus type-2

33 LUNG INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA PIGS Viral Pneumonia Virologic testing: PCR, FAT, IHC

34 LUNG INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA PIGS Other Other causes of interstitial pneumonia in pigs: Nipah virus Sepsis Salmonella spp. Ascaris suum migration (Hypersensitivity)

35 LUNG INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA DOGS AND CATS Viral Pneumonia DOGS Canine Distemper (Morbillivirus) Lesions are more significant in brain Canine Parainfluenza Canine Adenovirus Canine Influenza CATS Feline rhinotracheitis (FeHV-1) Feline Calicivirus

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