e Secret Life of the Brain: Teenage Brain Case 1: Courtney Hale Cook, what is happening to him and what is it?
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1 esecretlifeofthebrain:teenagebrain Case1:CourtneyHaleCook,whatishappeningtohimandwhatis it? Stopvideoanddiscussinclass Case2:Sabrina,whatishappeningtoherandwhatisit? Stopvideoanddiscussinclass Case3:Issac:,whatishappeningtohimandwhatisit?
2 Stopvideoanddiscussinclass Dopamine: Stopvideoanddiscussinclass PartIIMoreDangers:Addictions Case2:Jessie,whatishappeningtohimandwhatisit? Stopvideoanddiscussinclass Case6:Coleman,whatishappeningtohimandwhatisit? Stopvideoanddiscussinclass
3 TheTeenageBrain:AWorldoftheirown! TheTeenageBrain:CultureandSchizophrenia Schizophreniaisaformofpsychosischaracterizedbysymptomssuchasdisordered thoughts,hallucinations,delusions,andsocialwithdrawal.althoughitisbelieved thattheillnesshasbeenwithmankindformuchofits'history,thediagnosticlabel wasnotcoineduntiltheearly19thcentury.medicaltextsfromthe1800sdescribed schizophreniaasanillnessthattypicallybeginsinyoungadulthoodandoften becomesachronic,debilitatingcondition.studiesindicatethatschizophreniais morecommoninurbansettingsthaninruralcommunities.thismaybea consequenceofthestressassociatedwithurbanliving,oraresultofthefactthat peoplemigrateintourbanareastoseektreatment. Overall,researchershavefoundthattheratesofschizophreniaacrossdiverse culturalcontextsarestrikinglysimilar.thedevelopmentalpatternoftheillnessis alsoveryconsistentacrosscultures,withtheonsetusuallyoccurringwhenthe individualismakingthetransitionintoadulthood.thefactthatschizophrenia occursataboutthesamerateacrosssomanydifferentcultureshasledsome theoriststoproposethatitstemsfromthehumantendencytousesymbolic communication.inotherwords,ithasbeensuggestedthatschizophreniaisa disorderthathasevolvedalongwiththehumanabilitytouselanguage.although thecross culturalsimilaritiesoutweighthedifferences,thereissomeevidencethat culturalfactorsaffectthecourseandthepatternofsymptomsinschizophrenia. AgroupofscientistsattheWorldHealthOrganizationstudiedthedifferences betweenschizophrenicsindevelopedanddevelopingcountriesinanattemptto unravelwhatrole,ifany,culturemightplayinthedevelopmentofthedisease.this studyshowedthatsomesymptomsoftheillness,aswellasitsprognosis,differed fromcountrytocountry.thecourseofthediseasewasgenerallymoreseverein industrializednationsthanindevelopingcountries.onereasonforthismaybethat indevelopingcountries,thereisoftenabeliefthatmentalillnessiscausedby supernaturalforcesandisthereforenoreflectionontheafflictedperson.the extendedfamiliesfoundintraditionalcommunitiesmayalsoprovideaparticularly supportiveenvironmentforrecoveryandrehabilitation.inaddition,thelackof specializedjobsandcompetitiveexpectationsinnon industrializedsocietiesmay allowapersonwithschizophreniatoreintegratemoreeasilyintohiscommunity
4 afterapsychoticepisode. Westernsocieties,ontheotherhand,varyinthekindofsupportsystemstheyoffer forpatientssufferingfromschizophrenia.also,thecompetitivenatureof technologicallyadvancedsocietiesmayimpedetherecoveryofschizophrenia patientswhosethoughtprocessescanbedisruptedbythestressassociatedwiththe fastpaceofindustrializedlife. Someculturaldifferencesarealsoapparentinthekindofdelusionsthatoccurin schizophreniapatients.often,thedelusionstendtoreflectthepredominantthemes andvaluesofaperson'sculture.forexample,inireland,wherereligiouspietyis highlyvalued,patientswithschizophreniaoftenhavedelusionsofsainthood.in industriallyadvancedcountrieslikeamerica,patients'delusionstendtofocuson sinisterusesoftechnologyandsurveillance.patientsmayreportthattheyarebeing spiedonbytheirtelevisionsorthattheyarebeingx rayedwhentheywalkdown thestreet.injapan,acountrythatprizeshonorandsocialconformity,delusions oftenrevolvearoundslanderorthefearofbeinghumiliatedpublicly.innigeria, wherementalillnessisbelievedtobecausedbyevilspirits,delusionsmaytakethe formofwitchesorancestralghosts. Interestingly,manybehaviorsthatwouldbeseenasschizophrenicsymptomsinthe Westernworldareconsideredsignsofspiritualexaltationindevelopingcountries. ApersonwhoclaimedthathewasagodonearthconsidereddelusionalinWestern society,butinindia,hemightbeconsideredaspiritmediumwhoisthehuman incarnationofahindugod.similarly,insomeafricancultures,hallucinationsare notnecessarilyseenasasignofmentalillness.shamans,tribalpriestswhoactas intermediariesbetweenthenaturalandspiritualworlds,aredeeplyrespectedfor theirabilitytodescribetheirexperiencesinthesupernaturalrealm.indeed,many tribalsocietiesregardthespiritworldasimmediateandaccessibleandbelievethat theycancommunicatewiththeirdeceasedancestors.thesebeliefsreflectcultural normsandarenotconsidereddelusions. Schizophreniapatientsinindustrializednationsalsodifferfromthoseindeveloping countriesintermsofthecourseoftheirillnesses.inthewest,schizophreniais usuallyachronicillness,withagradualratherthansuddenonsetofsymptoms.in developingcountries,suddenpsychoticreactionsofabriefdurationaremore common.thesereactionsarecharacterizedbyparanoiddelusionsand hallucinationsgenerallyprecipitatedbyanintensefearofpersecutionthrough witchcraftorsorcery.unlikeclassicschizophrenia,whichischaracterizedbyalack ofemotionandawithdrawalfromreality,acutepsychoticreactionsmoreoften resultinexcitability,confusionandintenseemotion. Theneuroimagingdivision,headedbyDanielWeinberger,M.D.,KarenBerman,M.D., andrichardcoppola,d.sc.,usesvariousneuroimagingtechniques,suchaseeg, PET,fMRI,MRSI,andMEG,toproberelevantphysiologic,neurochemical,and
5 neuropharmacologicalaspectsofschizophreniaandofgeneticriskfor schizophrenia;anddevelopsimagingphenotypestocharacterizegenetic mechanismsofriskforschizophreniaandofvariationinnormalcognitiveand emotionalinformationprocessinginhumanbrain.investigatorsinthisdivision havepioneeredanewapplicationofneuroimaging,calledimaginggenomics,and haveidentifiedthefirstgeneticmechanismofvariationinhumantemperament. TheUnitforSystemsNeuroscienceinPsychiatry(chief:AndreasMeyer Lindenberg, MDPhD)usesmultimodalneuroimaging,modeling,andinterventionalapproaches tocharacterizefunctionalbraincircuitsunderlyinggenomicmechanismsof cognitionandriskforpsychiatricdisorders,especiallyschizophrenia. Theanimalmodelingdivision,headedbyBarbaraLipska,Ph.D.,exploresinanimals, includingratsandgeneticallyengineeredmice,basicmolecularmechanismsrelated toneurodevelopmentalchangesimplicatedinthebrainsofpatientswith schizophreniaandtogeneticmechanismsimplicatedinriskforschizophrenia. Investigatorsinthisdivisiondevelopedthefirstwidelyutilizedhigh fidelityanimal modelofschizophrenia,basedonanearlydevelopmentdisconnectionof hippocampalandprefrontalcortices. Whenexaminingtheadolescentbrainwefindmystery,complexity,frustration,and inspiration.asthebrainbeginsteemingwithhormones,theprefrontalcortex,the centerofreasoningandimpulsecontrol,isstillaworkinprogress.forthefirsttime, scientistscanofferanexplanationforwhatparentsalreadyknow adolescenceisa timeofroilingemotions,andpoorjudgment.whydoteenagershavedistinctneeds andbehaviors?why,forexample,dohighschoolstudentshavesuchahardtime wakingupinthemorning?scientistshavejustbeguntoanswerquestionsaboutthe purposeofsleepasitrelatestothesleeppatternsofteenagers. TheTeenageBrain:WhydoweSleep? Ifyoutrytomakealistofthethingsyoudidinthelast15years,itwouldprobably looklikethis:threeyearsinjunior high,20monthswithyourboyfriend,ayearof studyinitaly.forgettinganything?asamatteroffact,youareleavingouttheone thingthatyouspentthemosttimedoing.sleep.thismajortimeconsumertook aboutfiveyearsfromthepast15. Whileadultsspendaboutonethirdoftheirtimesleeping,babiesandtoddlerssleep awayhalfoftheirearlychildhood.itcannotbetheterriblewasteoftimethatit seems.orcanitbe?embarrassingly,scientistsstillcannotpersuasivelypointout thebiologicalfunctionofsleep.sex,eating,andsleepingconstitutethetriadofbasic impulsesofhumanbeings.yet,whilethefunctionsofthefirsttwohavebeen obviousformillennia,itisnotclearwhywecravetospendathirdofourlifeinbed.
6 Overthepastdecade,newfindingsthatmayleadtotheresolutionofthis conundrumhavebeenaccumulating.manyscientistsbelievethatinafewyearswe willunderstandnotjustwhywesleep,butalsowhatbiochemicalmechanisms underliethisoddactivity. TheAnatomyoftheBrain:
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